“Deliberative Democracy”的创新解析

"deliberative democracy"作为当代中西方共同关注的重要政治理论,恰当的中文译法对于该理论在中国的传播及发挥的启发作用影响极大。本文通过对目前汉语界对"deliberative democracy"的几种译法的分析,结合该理论的内涵意义,提出在中国政治语境下的恰当中文译法。

Deliberative Democracy Establishment in Environmental Policies： alternatives for the Environmental Conflict Resolution

The environmental problems can not be addressed in all their depth and complexity, and the most viable solutions can be made only by direct and continuous reference to the large issues of the development of the society as a whole. Environment and economic development are indissoluble, the first is where we all live, and development is what we all do to improve our fate in this environment. A main cause is the attitude of economic operators towards the environment, an attitude according to which profit should be pursued immediately, while nature protection is left for later. Ecological crisis is a new phenomenon, but derived from anthropological crisis. This reflects, at a global level, man＇s inner crisis. Every man in part, and not people or humanity in general, is responsible for this crisis. Individual responsibility is not a question of quality, but a question of quantity. The ecological crisis is linked to the personal and social life of man as a whole. The convenience, lack of respect for things, irrational waste, lack of measure, irresponsibility, injustice, exploitation, winning dirty money, eudemonism, which manifest on all aspects of life and human activity, are factors that provoke it. And, unfortunately, they maintain it.

Deliberative Governance as an Instrumental Mechanism: A Study of Different Types of Environmental Deliberations

Deliberative governance of environmental issues indicates that environmental governance has undergone a transformation from relying on government authority for solutions to reaching consensus among participants.This can be regarded as an important strategy for the structural transformation of China’s environmental governance.In this paper,the practices of environmental deliberation in China are classified into four types by the attributes of environmental issues and the relationships of participants as:response-,autonomy-,consultation-,and supervision-based.On the basis of the government’s interests and motives to engage in environmental deliberations,we analyze its practice orientations from five perspectives:scope of issues,functions,participants,procedures,and methods.Then we point out that environmental deliberations have both public and instrumental governance motives,but the governance motive,which aims for governance effectiveness and social control,is more conspicuous.We further conclude that the value pursuit of deliberative democracy for public reasons is to some extent replaced by an instrumental deliberative motive that intends to address specific environmental issues,standardize public participation orderliness,safeguard social harmony and stability,strengthen organizational functions,provide consultation on environmental policies,and promote the implementation of those policies.

协商民主与政治协商

协商民主是20世纪后期在西方兴起的一种民主理论,其核心概念是公共协商,强调对话、讨论、辩论、审议与共识。协商民主既肯定公民积极参与政治生活,又尊重国家与社会间的界限,力图通过完善民主程序、扩大参与范围、强调自由平等对话来消除冲突,保证公共理性和普遍利益的实现,以修正传统民主模式的缺陷和不足,所以具有规范意义和实践意义。协商民主的理论和实践不仅仅属于西方,中国也存在着不同形式的社会主义协商政治,但其中具有较成熟和完善制度架构的是以中国人民政治协商会议为平台的政治协商制度,它既有明显的优势,也面临着严峻挑战。为了发展和完善社会主义民主,应该完善政治协商,促进社会主义协商民主的发展。

Reinforcement learning for mobile robot:fromreaction to deliberation

Reinforcement learning has been widely used for mobile robot learning and control. Some progress of this kind of appreaches is surveyed and argued in a new way which emphasizes on different levels of algorithms according to different complexity of tasks. The central conjecture is that approaches which combine reactive and deliberative control to robotics scale better to complex real-world applications than purely reactive or deliberative ones. This paper describes ha,sic reactive reinforcement learning algorithms and two classes of approaches to achieve deliberation, which are modular methods and hierarchical methods. By combining reactive and deliberative paradigms,the whole system gains advantages from different control levels. The paper gives results of experiments as a case study to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.

Study and promotion of safety culture using mixed methods research

Objective:With a positive safety culture,institutions offer the best quality and safe care to their patients.The objective of this study was to analyze patient safety culture from the perspective of the multidisciplinary team,to identify factors that influence patient safety culture,and to create/promote-jointly with the study participants-strategies for improving processes of change.Methods:The study design represented a mixed methods research approach,with a sequential explanatory design.A multidisciplinary team of workers at a general hospital was eligible for the study.To collect quantitative data,we administered the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire(SAQ).The qualitative phase was accomplished via focus groups(FGs),with participants from the first phase of the study using the principles of deliberative dialogue(DD)as a knowledge-translation strategy.The STROBE guideline was used to develop the study.Results:The overall SAQ score was positive(75.1±10.4).Negative scores were found in the fields of Safety Climate,Working Conditions,and Stress Recognition.Focus group discussions identified the aspects that create a negative impact on safety culture,such as ineffective communication,punitive approach in the event of errors,the lack of commitment and adherence to the protocols,and the non-recognition of the stress and the mistakes.Actions for the promotion of safety culture were developed and implemented during the study.Conclusions:The use of the principles of DD as a strategy for knowledge translation(KT)made it possible to identify and plan for joint actions to generate improvements in safety culture.

Broaching Political and Theoretical Divides through Deliberation

Commitment to deliberative democracy as a tool for social and political ordering is shared by political philosophers from many traditions. This paper examines John Rawls and Iris Marion Young＇s respective commitments to deliberative democracy in hopes of finding a methodological proposal for peace between followers of Rawls, the greatest liberal political philosopher of the 20th century, and Young, the late anti-liberal and anti-oppression theorist. While there are important differences between their respective positions, this paper posits that deliberative democracy can appease adherents of both thinkers, providing a shared method for determining conflicts between them. Liberal democracy is preferable, partly since it creates a place for anti-liberal positions （viz., Young＇s position can exist within the larger Rawlsian framework）, but deliberative democracy can succeed even if one is not a liberal democrat.

Negotiated Complexity: Framing Multi-Criteria Decision Support in Environmental Health Practice

The complexity we take into account when dealing with complex issues and the way we deal with that complexity is not given or self-evident, it is framed and negotiated. Based on two environmental health decision support case studies we address a set of key methodological choices, crucial in shaping the multi-criteria decision support and illuminate how they followed from transdisciplinary collaboration and negotiation: diversity tolerance, dealing with uncertainty and difference of opinion, weight of information and the epistemological divide between traditional closed and alternative open paradigms. The case studies exemplify the growing conviction amongst methodologists that, especially regarding complex issues, best methods do not exist as such: methods are chosen and tailored in practice and the quality to a large extent is dependent on the process in which methodological development is embedded. We hope to contribute to making explicit the importance of methodological decision making regarding environmental health complexity.

人大代表与协商民主

什么是协商民主？该词的英文是deliberative democracy,先前也有学者译成商议性民主、商谈民主、审议民主、辩谈民主等。它的核心思想就是公民通过对话、讨论、辩论、审议等形式参与公共决策形成过程,最终达成共识。翻译成协商民主,可能更贴切地反映参与主体的平等地位、对话讨论、权力制约、合作与共识等基本特征,更容易与中国的传统语言习惯与现有政治实践相衔接。 协商民主一词由美国学者于1980年首次提出,其后得到了诸如哈贝马斯、罗尔斯等许多政治学大佬的推崇和发展。为什么西方政治学者会提出协商民主？仔细一看,不难发现,这是西方学者针对西方选举制度日益暴露出的困境而寻找到的一条出路。

The Pragmatic Functions of I think in Different Genres

The present paper aims to examine the occurrence of I think in different genres.A collected data of I think from graduate student research interview and objectivism group study within Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English(MICASE)is analyzed.Both quantitative and qualitative analyses are included and the selection tool Antconc 3.4.4 are adopted in the study.By using concordance,all the context including I think are collected.Meanwhile,some phrases(such as I think so,what I think,I think of,etc.)are deleted from the analysis.It is found that I think in different positions and with different collocations fulfill different pragmatic functions respectively.The phrase I think is very frequent in GSRI and OSG,which is due to the nature of the discourse,where the participants are engaged in the communication.From the perspective of syntax and collocation,a lot of examples are analyzed in details.It is found that the interpretation of I think cannot be reached without exploring its linguistic context.In addition,a more detailed observation of linguistic context of I think in OSG and GSRI is explored.Some epistemic certainty(certainly,really,etc.)are included in research interview,with the function of emphasis and deliberation.The study might help to reconsider the functions of I think in different genres.

Deliberative Democracy in China: A Sociology of Knowledge Perspective

This paper analyzes from the perspective of the sociology of knowledge how the theory of deliberative democracy was introduced into China.This perspective means that the analysis of this article will not focus on the theory itself,but rather on the various strategies adopted in this process(the strategy of introducing deliberative democracy theory into China and the strategy of putting this theory into practice)and their effects.

Deliberative Collision Avoidance for Unmanned Surface Vehicle Based on the Directional Weight

The purpose of this study is to realize the intelligent deliberative obstacle avoidance for unmanned surface vehicle(USV), based on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea called COLREGS.Firstly, a three-level system architecture is designed for the ship intelligent collision avoidance system. Secondly,an intelligent collision avoidance algorithm is presented based on the calculation of motion parameters and the rules of COLREGS. Thirdly, according to COLREGS, the marine environment is modeled from the electronic chart data and radar information, and a deliberative collision avoidance algorithm is written. Finally, the deliberative collision avoidance simulation is carried out for the USV. The feasibility and reliability of intelligent collision avoidance algorithm are verified by the vivid simulation results.

Democratization of ecosystem services--a radical approach for assessing nature's benefits in the face of urbanization

Objectives:(1)To evaluate how ecosystem services may be utilized to either reinforce or fracture the planning and development practices that emerged from segregation and eco-nomic exclusion;(2)To survey the current state of ecosystem service assessments and synthesize a growing number of recommendations from the literature for renovating ecosys-tem service analyses.Methods:Utilizing current maps of ecosystem service distribution in Bushbuckridge Local Municipality,South Africa,we considered how a democratized process of assessing ecosys-tem services will produce a more nuanced representation of diverse values in society and capture heterogeneity in ecosystem structure and function.Results:We propose interventions for assessing ecosystem services that are inclusive of a broad range of stakeholders'values and result in actual quantification of social and ecological processes.We demonstrate how to operationalize a pluralistic framework for ecosystem service assessments.Conclusion:A democratized approach to ecosystem service assessments is a reimagined path to rescuing a poorly implemented concept and designing and managing future social-ecological systems that benefit people and support ecosystem integrity.It is the responsi-bility of scientists who do ecosystem services research to embrace more complex,pluralistic frameworks so that sound and inclusive scientific information is utilized in decision-making.

协商民主在人大工作中的应用

党的十八大报告首次明确提出协商民主这个概念,引起了社会各界的广泛关注和讨论。那么,究竟应该如何正确理解协商民主?协商民主和选举民主、人大民主是怎样的关系?协商民主有利于提高选民的理性□党的十八大报告首次明确提出,要"健全社会主义协商民主制度"。请您解释下协商民主这个理论概念的来源。协商民主的理论,是西方在20世纪80年代提出的。中国国内也受到这一理论的影响,有些学者较早开展了对西方协商民主理论的研究。1987年,中共十三大提到了建立社会协商对话制度。

Education Action Zones:Tackling Educational Disadvantage Through Area-Based Interventions

SCHOOL REFORM IN ENGLANDAND THE"THIRD WAY"The New Labour Government has expressed acommitment to a programme of social reform aspart of its drive to tackle the combination of

Global Governance: Differences on World Order and Reconciliations between China and the West

currently, the mainstream Western views on world order mainly include hegemony order theory, balance of power theory, world system theory, the clash of civilizations theory, and democratic peace theory. These five theories are based on conflicting order of the evil human nature assumption. After the end of the cold war, the trends of power multi-polarization, economic globalization, political democratization, social networking, and global-wide risks have increasingly become challenges to the concept of conflicting order. In this context, the significance of a harmonious order based on China traditional views has emerged. The concept of a harmonious order based on kind human nature assumption tries to discover and promote the human moral elements. In the view of harmonious order, the world order is a harmonious state of coexisting multi-actors, the relationship between main actors is friendly relationship, and the interaction between actors is mainly in the form of mutual aid and courtesy. The western frontier theoretical progress, for example, constructivism, feminism, global governance, and international ethics studies basically fit into the harmonious order logic. Simultaneously, the advantage of the harmonious order concept is reflected in its logical similarity to and its strong applicability of an "integrated order", etc. Global governance is a kind of reconciliation idea, which is based on the harmonious order concept, and its basic logic is "weak conflict logic plus strong harmony logic",the basic framework is to establish a world-wide authoritative coordination, with country-to-country relations structure emphasizing friendship from interests, seeking common ground while reserving differences, and being multi-actors deliberative democracy in the form of interaction.

完善选举民主 健全协商民主

发展人民政协的协商民主(deliberative democracy)制度,必须首先进一步完善人民代表大会制度。这是因为:一、协商不等于决策、不能代替决策。在代议民主制度下,公众协商的意见只能作为公共决策或政府行政的参考依据,公共机构不可能采纳所有协商方的意见,最终还是投票或选举。事实上,一些个人主义、功利主义者也可能借用政治协商结果的不确定性把协商变成一种拖延战术,这对于追求效率的国家来说是不能接受的,这时必须运用"

When democratic deliberation encounters Confucian moral governance:Rethinking consultative politics in rural China

The last decades have witnessed the flourishing of consultative democracy(xieshang minzhu,a concept similar to deliberative democracy)in China,with ambitions for implementing consultative politics and governance.In the West,mainstream deliberative democracy studies largely overlook the fact that deliberation is an elusive and polysemic notion,which develops into various practices in different social and cultural contexts.Therefore,a non-Western-centred approach needs to be adopted to further investigate deliberative experimentation in rural China.Based on the four months of fieldwork conducted in several villages in rural China,this paper argues that China’s rural villages have inherited a strong Confucianism-based idea of deliberation and consultation.With case studies from the sociological-political perspective,this paper also aims to shed some new light on the compatibilities between modern democratic governance approaches and the informal,hierarchical and highly moralised forms of public order in the rural Chinese acquaintance society.Incorporating these empirical observations could bridge the gap between Western and Chinese perspectives on the theory and practice of deliberative democracy.