Multicenter case-control study of the risk factors for ulcerative colitis in China

AIM:To evaluate potential risk factors in the development of ulcerative colitis(UC) in China.METHODS:A total of 1308 patients with UC and 1308 age-matched and sex-matched controls were prospectively studied in China.The UC cases were collected from 17 hospitals in China from April 2007 to April 2010.Uniform questionnaires were designed to investigate risk factors including smoking,appendectomy,stress,socio-economic conditions,nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs(NSAIDs),oral contraceptives,diet,breastfeeding,infections and family sanitary conditions.Group comparisons by each factor were done using simple logistic regression analysis.Conditional logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis.RESULTS:By univariate analysis,the variables predictive of UC included feeling stress,light and heavy alcoholic drinking,spicy food,sugar consumption and infectious diarrhea,while heavy tea intake and tap water consumption were protective against UC.On multivariate analysis,the protective factor for UC was tap water consumption [odds ratios(OR) = 0.424,95%CI:0.302-0.594,P < 0.001];while the potential risk factors for UC were heavy sugar consumption(OR = 1.632,95%CI:1.156-2.305,P < 0.001),spicy food(light intake:OR = 3.329,95%CI:2.282-4.857,P < 0.001;heavy intake:OR = 3.979,95%CI:2.700-5.863,P < 0.001),and often feeling stress(OR = 1.981,95%CI:1.447-2.711,P < 0.001).Other factors,such as smoking habit,appendectomy,breastfeeding,a history of measles,rural or urban residence,education,oral contraceptives,and NSAID use have not been found to have a significant association with the development of UC in the present study.CONCLUSION:Our study showed tap water consumption was a protective factor for UC,while spicy food,heavy sugar consumption and often feeling stress were risk factors for UC in this Chinese population.

Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in patients with hepatolithiasis:a case-control study

BACKGROUND:Why 3.3% to 10% of all patients with hepatolithiasis develop intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) remains unknown.We carried out a hospital-based case-control study to identify risk factors for the development of ICC in patients with hepatolithiasis in China.METHODS:Eighty-seven patients with pathologically diagnosed hepatolithiasis associated with ICC and 228 with hepatolithiasis alone matched by sex,age (±2 years),hospital admittance and place of residence were interviewed during the period of 2000-2008.Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for each risk factor.RESULTS:Among the patients with hepatolithiasis associated with ICC,the mean age was 57.7 years and 61.0% were female Univariate analysis showed that the significant risk factors for ICC development in hepatolithiasis were smoking,family history of cancer,appendectomy during childhood (under age 20),and duration of symptoms >10 years.In multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis,smoking (OR=1.931,95% CI:1.000-3.731),family history of cancer (OR=5.175,95% CI:1.216-22.022),and duration of symptoms >10 years (OR=2.348 95% CI:1.394-3.952) were independent factors.CONCLUSION:Smoking,family history of cancer and duration of symptoms >10 years may be risk factors for ICC in patients with hepatolithiasis.

Risk Factors of Low Back Pain among the Chinese Occupational Population:A Case-control Study

Objective To explore the risk factors of low back pain among the Chinese occupational population in several major industries. Methods A total of 7200 subjects （3600 cases and 3600 controls） were randomly sampled from a cross-sectional study, and they were investigated for individual and occupational factors of low back pain. The potential risk factors were first selected by using chi-square tests. Secondly, collinearity diagnosis proceeded by using the Kendall＇s rank correlation. Finally, binary logistic regression model was used for multi-factor analysis. Results Collinearity diagnosis showed that there was a severe collinearity problem among the potential risk factors of low back pain. Logistic regression model included 20 variables with statistical significance. Bending neck forward or holding neck in a forward posturefor long periods （0R=1.408） was the most important risk factor inducing low back pain in this study, followed by bending heavily with the trunk （0R=1.402）, carrying out identical work almost for the whole day （0R=1.340）. Additionally, suHicient normal break was a protective factor of low back pain. Conclusion Low back pain among the Chinese occupational population was associated with body height, occupation, work organization, physical work, working posture, and others. All these risk factors could be regarded as the indicators of low back pain, and some relevant preventive measures should be taken to reduce low back pain risk.

Risk factors for the occurrence of insulinoma: a case-control study

BACKGROUND: The etiology of insulinoma is poorly understood. Few studies investigated the possible roles of environmental factors and lifestyle in the pathogenesis of insulinoma. The aim of this study is to identify risk factors associated with occurrence of insulinoma in the Chinese population. METHODS: This study consisted of 196 patients with insulinoma and 233 controls. Demographic information of the patients and controls and risk factors of the disease were analyzed. Univariate and unconditional multivariable logistic regression analyses were made to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and possible risk factors. RESULTS: Approximately 68.88% (135/196) of the patients were from rural areas in contrast to 10.30% (24/233) of the controls (P【0.0001). This difference was confirmed by the multivariate analysis (OR=4.950; 95% CI: 2.928-8.370). Family history of pancreatic endocrine tumor (OR=16.754; 95% CI: 2.125-132.057) and other cancers (OR=2.360; 95% CI: 1.052-5.291) was also related to a high-risk population of insulinoma. CONCLUSION: Rural residents or people who have a family history of pancreatic endocrine tumor and other cancers are a high-risk population of insulinoma.

Incidence, risk factors, and cumulative risk of delirium among ICU patients: A case-control study

Objectives: Delirium is a common acute cognitive impairment syndrome among intensive care unit (ICU) patients.This study was aimed to investigate the incidence,risk factors,and cumulative risk of delirium among ICU patients.Methods: A case-control study including clinical records of 452 patients were retrospectively analyzed.Delirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU and Richmond Agitation -Sedation Scale.Results: We found that 163 out of the 452 patients (36.1%) had delirium.Multivariate analysis showed that use of sedatives,length of ICU hospitalization,and physical restraint were independent risk factors for delirium.The additive effect of all three factors resulted to an odds ratio of 30.950.Conclusion: The incidence of delirium remained high.Thus,nurses shall strengthen the monitoring of delirium,regularly access the patient's level of calmness,and limit the use of physical restraint.

Logistic regression analysis on risk factors for vascular dementia following cerebral infarction in 403 patients from Chongqing City Hospital and family follow-up studies

BACKGROUND： Studies have demonstrated that the risk factors of vascular dementia following stroke are greatly different in region, race and other aspects. OBJECTIVE： To analyze the conditions and incidental risk factors of vascular dementia in patients with acute cerebral infarction from Chongqing City. DESIGN： Case analysis. SETTING： Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. PARTICIPANTS： Altogether 546 inpatients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to Department of Neurology, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA between May 1999 and December 2002 were involved in this study. The involved patients, including 295 males and 251 females, aged 55 - 94 years, dwelled in Chongqing over 5 years. They were admitted to hospital within 48 hours of attack of acute ischemic stroke, and survived for over 3 months. Informed consents were obtained from all the involved subjects. METHODS： ① Following the same standard, cognitive and social function evaluations were conducted by one physician on admission and 3 months after admission, Unified questionnaire, consisting of general characteristics, vascular risk factors, stroke characteristics, neurological physical sign, and other 28 factors of involved subjects, was used in all the patients. According to the investigation results, the patients were assigned into 2 groups： dementia group and non-dementia group. ②Ischemic stroke was diagnosed according to acute ischemic brain disorder 〉 24 hours and CT or MRI imageology.③ Neurophysiological examination was conducted in all the patients at 7 to l0 days after stroke （score was two SD less than or equaled to normal level was considered as abnormal）. ④Diagnosis and statistics of dementia were carried out with Mini-Mental State Examination and The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Ⅳ （published by American Psychiatric Association） on admission and 3 months after admission. Neurologic deficit scoring was carried out with the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. ⑤ Chi-square test was used for categorical variable, and t test for quantitative variable between dementia group and non-dementia group. Dementia-related factors were performed multiple-factor Logistic regression model analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Incidence of dementia and dementia-related risk factors of patients. RESULTS： Altogether 546 patients with stroke were involved in this study, 403 of them participated in the final analysis, and 143 dropped out. A total of 342 were followed-up in the hospital and 61 at home. At 3 months after cerebral infarction, vascular dementia occurred in 87 （21.6%） of 403 patients. The main risk factors were age （OR 1.179; 95%CI 1.130 - 1.230）, low education level （OR 1.806; 95%CI 1.024 - 3.186）, daily alcohol drinking （OR 3.447; 95%（1/ 1.591 - 7.468）, stroke history （OR 2.531; 95%CI 1.419 - 4.512）, atrial fibrilation（OR 3.475; 95%CI 1.712 - 7.057）, dysphonia （OR 5.873; 95%6/2.620 - 13.163） and left carotid artery infarction （OR 1.975; 95%（1/1.152 - 3.388）. CONCLUSION： The incidence of vascular dementia is determined by synthetic action of multiple risk factors. Dysphonia is the most important influencing factor.

Risk Factors for Low Birth Weight and Preterm Birth：A Population-based Case-control Study in Wuhan,China

Low birth weight（LBW） and preterm birth（PB） are associated with newborn mortality and diseases in adulthood.We explored factors related to LBW and PB by conducting a population-based case-control study from January 2011 to December 2013 in Wuhan,China.A total of 337 LBW newborn babies,472 PB babies,and 708 babies with normal birth weights and born from term pregnancies were included in this study.Information of newborns and their parents was collected by trained investigators using questionnaires and referring to medical records.Univariate and logistic regression analyses with the stepwise selection method were used to determine the associations of related factors with LBW and PB.Results showed that maternal hypertension（OR=6.78,95% CI：2.27–20.29,P=0.001）,maternal high-risk pregnancy（OR=1.53,95% CI：1.06–2.21,P=0.022）,and maternal fruit intake ≥300 g per day during the first trimester（OR=1.70,95% CI：1.17–2.45,P=0.005） were associated with LBW.BMI ≥24 kg/m^2 of mother prior to delivery（OR=0.48,95% CI：0.32–0.74,P=0.001） and gestation ≥37 weeks（OR=0.01,95% CI：0.00–0.02,P〈0.034） were protective factors for LBW.Maternal hypertension（OR=3.36,95% CI：1.26–8.98,P=0.016）,maternal high-risk pregnancy（OR=4.38,95% CI：3.26–5.88,P〈0.001）,maternal meal intake of only twice per day（OR=1.88,95% CI：1.10–3.20,P=0.021）,and mother liking food with lots of aginomoto and salt（OR=1.60,95% CI：1.02–2.51,P=0.040） were risk factors for PB.BMI ≥24 kg/m^2 of mother prior to delivery（OR=0.66,95% CI：0.47–0.93,P=0.018）,distance of house from road ≥36 meters（OR=0.72,95% CI：0.53– 0.97,P=0.028）,and living in rural area（OR= 0.60,95% CI：0.37–0.99,P=0.047） were protective factors for PB.Our study demonstrated some risk factors and protective factors for LBW and PB,and provided valuable information for the prevention of the conditions among newborns.

Socio-maternal risk factors of ADHD among Iraqi children: A case-control study

Background: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic disorder that appears first in childhood at preschool age (4 - 5) years, and is manifested by a symptomatic pattern of difficulties with attention, motor activity and impulsivity. Maternal factors like stress, socio-demographic and maternal life style factors are potential risk factors for ADHD. Methodology: A retrospective case-control study was conducted in Baghdad-Iraq. Cases have been taken from 5 private paediatric clinics. Controls were chosen from kindergartens within the same residential area of the paediatric private clinics. Mothers of cases and controls were investigated for the risk factors of ADHD using a self-administered questionnaire. The total sample size was 260. Number of cases was 130 and number of controls was 130. Results: Five variables were significantly associated with development of ADHD after using a multivariate logistic regression model, maternal war stress (Adjusted OR 9.08, 95% CI 4.70 - 17.52 and P value < 0.001), maternal smoking (Adjusted OR 3.27 95% CI 1.40 - 7.63, P < 0.001), father lost job (Adjusted OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.51 - 5.24, P value < 0.001), and house damaged (Adjusted OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.04 - 6.24, P < 0.05). Family income was also associated with risk of ADHD (OR 1.02 95% CI 1.00 - 3.12, P value < 0.05). Conclusion and suggestion: Maternal exposure to war stress has 9 times higher risk of developing ADHD among offspring. This study aimed to offer to the policy makers a good benchmark to plan more programmes related to women and child health with respect to the fourth and fifth Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in reduction of child mortality and morbidity and improvement of maternal health. There is a real necessity to address the need of vulnerable pregnant mothers at war and disaster’s time for programmes which will be able to control the stress that those pregnant mothers would encounter during those hard times.

A Case-control Study of Environmental Risk Factors for Nonsyndromic Cleft of the Lip and/or Palate in Xuzhou,China

In this study, we sought to determine the association between environmental factors and nonsyndromic cleft of the lip and/or palate （NSCLP） to understand the etiology of the disease. A total of 200 NSCLP cases and 327 controls were recruited at the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Xuzhou City. We conducted face-to-face interviews with the mothers of both cases and controls. The factors increasing the risk of NSCLP were a positive family history [odds ratio （OR）=56.74], pesticide exposure （OR=8.90）, and indoor decoration pollution （OR= 4.32）. On the other hand, the factors decreasing the risk of NSCLP were a high education level （OR=0.22） and supplementation of folic acid （OR=0.23） and multivitamins （OR=0.16）. Positive family history, pesticide exposure, and indoor decoration pollution are associated with the risk of NSCLP. In contrast, high education level and folic acid and multivitamin supplementation are protective factors against NSCLP.

A Case-Control Study of Obstetric Fistula Risk Factors in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Background: Pregnant women in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) are at increased risk for developing obstetric fistulas (OFs) as a result of obstructed labor, in conditions similar to many other African countries. No case-control study of biological and social risk factors for OF has been reported from the DRC. This study aimed to identify factors that would aid in prevention and early identification of women who are at risk of developing OF. Methods: Participants were enrolled in a case-control study at four obstetric clinics in the central DRC. Cases of OF were evaluated as they presented, then a control participant was enrolled among women presenting subsequently to the same clinic, seeking to match parity at the time of the fistula and tribe of the case. A questionnaire was administered to elicit physical, obstetric, demographic, socioeconomic, religion, geographic, and delivery attributes of the participants. Case-control comparisons sought to identify independent risk factors for OF in the total case-control pairs and in subgroups of the participants. Logistic regression was utilized to identify independent risk factors for OF in the total case-control study group and in selected subgroups of the participants, and linear regression was utilized to estimate the variation explained between case and control outcomes from the variables independently significant in the logistic regression models. Results: A total of 177 case-control pairs were enrolled. Among all pairs, shorter height of the case (odds ratio = 1.06, 95% Confidence Limits 1.02 - 1.12);more kilometers travelled to the delivery site (1.02, 1.01 - 1.02);her village, not town, residence (OR = 5.52, 2.72 - 11.2), and her lower professional status (2.95, 1.53 - 5.72) were statistically independent factors associated with OF development. When applied in linear regression comparison of the pairs, these variables yielded an r2 = 0.48, imputing 48% of the difference in delivery outcome between the pairs was explained by these variables. Among the 38 pairs who were primigravida, the independent variables were more kilometers travelled to the delivery site (1.02, 1.00 - 1.05), village, not town, residence (50.0, 10.2 - 248.7), and facility intended for lower patient acuity (3.7 s, 1.01 - 13.6, r2 = 0.66) patients who were matched on parity and tribe, the significant risk factors were professional status (OR = 0.29), greater distance travelled to the clinic (OR = 1.02, 1.01 - 1.02), village, not town, residence (5.52, 2.72 - 11.2), and mother’s lower professional status (2.95, 1.53 - 5.72) when the OF occurred. Conclusions: Our study showed biological and social factors associated with the development of OF. Shorter height was the only biological risk factor found to be statistically significant in the study population. Other factors were related to limited resources and limited access to medical care.

Lyme Borreliosis-associated Risk Factors in Residents of Beijing Suburbs: a Preliminary Case-control Study

A population-based case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relative fac^tors in the environments, agricultural works, outdoor activities, and the effectiveness of Lyme borreliosis （LB）- associated personal protective measure.c; in Beijing. Thirty-four cases and 272 controls were personally interviewed by well-trained interviewers. Venous blood samples were taken from eac：h subject. Sowing or harvesting in summer （OR=2.571, 95% CI： 1.109-5.962）, living in house with weeding in the yard （OR=2.247, 95% CI： 1.062-4.755）.

Extrinsic Risk Factors for Women Breast Cancer in Gaza Strip, Palestine: Associations and Interactions in a Case-Control Study

Background: Worldwide, breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed neoplastic disease in women around menopause that is the leading cause of DALYs, because it causes a significant reduction of these women’s ability to function normally in everyday life. Methods: The present hospital-based case-control study was carried out between January and August 2018 using a structured questionnaire on 105 breast cancer women and 210 controls who are clinically free from breast cancer. Data about the study cases were collected in the oncology day-care clinics of the two main hospitals in Gaza strip “Al-Shifa and European Gaza hospitals”. Univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to identify the significant factors associated with BC. Results: Multivariate logistic regression analyses with adjustment for all confounders revealed that woman with BMI more than or equal 30 kg/m2 are under risk of getting BC 2.9 times greater than those having BMI less than 29 kg/m2 (AOR = 2.895;95% CI: 1.305 - 6.423). Analysis of risk according to reaching menopause showed that the estimated AOR was greater among those reached menopause (3.137, 95% CI 1.824 - 5.395) than among those that did not reach menopause. The risk of developing BC in the case of a history of incidence of BC in the family was more than two times higher (AOR = 2.632, 95% CI 1.528 - 4.535) than in case of the history of a free family of BC. Conclusion: In this context, the above-mentioned risk factors must be taken into consideration in BC management processes in the Gaza strip.

Risk factors for sporadic colorectal cancer in southern Chinese

AIM:To investigate the role of smoking, alcohol drinking, family history of cancer, and body mass index(BMI) in sporadic colorectal cancer in southern Chinese.METHODS:A hospital-based case-control study was conducted from July 2002 to December 2008.There were 706 cases and 723 controls with their sex and age(within 5 years) matched.An unconditional logistic regression model was used to analyze the association between smoking, alcohol drinking, family history of cancer, BMI and sporadic colorectal cancer.RESULTS:No positive association was observed between smoking status and sporadic colorectal cancer risk.Compared with the non alcohol drinkers, the current and former alcohol drinkers had an increased risk of developing sporadic colorectal cancer(CRC)(adjusted OR = 8.61 and 95% CI = 6.15-12.05;adjusted OR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.27-4.17).Moreover, the increased risk of developing sporadic CRC was significant in those with a positive family history of cancer(adjusted OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.12-3.34) and in those with their BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2(adjusted OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.10-1.75).Stratification analysis showed that the risk of developing both colon and rectal cancers was increased in current alcohol drinkers(adjusted OR = 7.60 and 95% CI = 5.13-11.25;adjusted OR = 7.52 and 95% CI = 5.13-11.01) and in those with their BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2(adjusted OR = 1.38 and 95% CI = 1.04-1.83;adjusted OR = 1.35 and 95% CI = 1.02-1.79).The risk of developing colon cancer, but not rectal cancer, was found in former alcohol drinkers and in those with a positive family history of cancer(adjusted OR = 2.51 and 95% CI = 1.24-5.07;adjusted OR = 1.82 and 95% CI = 1.17-2.82).CONCLUSION:Alcohol drinking, high BMI(≥ 24.0 kg/m2) and positive family history of cancer are the independent risk factors for colorectal cancer in southern Chinese.

Analysis of Risk Factors Associated with Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Objective: To discuss the risk factors of cognitive dysfunction in patients with atrial fibrillation. Methods: The 150 cases of patients with atrial fibrillation were analyzed in the first affiliated hospital of Nanchang University who were treated in the cardiovascular department, general medicine department and gerontology department from August 2018 to June 2019. We used Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score to evaluate cognitive function of patients with atrial fibrillation. According to the level of education and MMSE score, patients with atrial fibrillation were divided into three groups: normal cognitive function group, mild cognitive impairment group (MCI) and dementia group. And then the demographic data, the previous use of taking drugs, the results of ultrasonic cardiogram (UCG) and laboratory test were analyzed. Results: 1) The basic situation of research object: a total of 150 patients with atrial fibrillation were enrolled in the study, and the average age of these patients was 65.05 ± 8.74 years old, which included 78 males (52%) and 72 females (48%). The mean MMSE score was 23.42 ± 4.65. According to MMSE score, 86 cases (57.3%) of cognitive dysfunction occurred in 150 patients with atrial fibrillation, which included 41 cases (27.3%) of mild cognitive impairment and 45 cases (30%) of dementia. 2) The comparison of general clinical data: there were significant differences in age, smoking, level of education, left ventricular ejection fraction, left atrial diameter, D-dimer, fibrinogen, homocysteine, platelet and previous use of taking warfarin, dabigatran, CCB, statins among the three groups (P < 0.05). 3) The linear correlational analysis between risk factors of cognitive function and MMSE score in patients with atrial fibrillation: there was a positive correlation between left ventricular ejection fraction and MMSE score, but age, left atrial diameter, homocysteine, low density lipoprotein, platelet, BMI, NT-proBNP, D-dimer were negatively correlated with MMSE score. 4) The risk factors with statistical significance in ANOVA were analyzed by ordinal and multinomial logistic regression, which showed that age (OR = 1.174, 95% CI: 0.091 - 0.231), the level of education (illiteracy OR = 4.162, 95% CI: -0.032 - 2.955, primary school OR = 2.751, 95% CI: -0.172 - 2.197, junior high school OR = 3.539, 95% CI: -0.048 - 2.577, senior high school and special secondary school OR = 1.332, 95% CI: -1.080 - 1.655), no CCB (OR = 1.174, 95% CI: 0.091 - 0.231), no warfarin (OR = 13.749, 95% CI: 1.480 - 3.762), no dabigatran (OR = 16.395, 95% CI: 1.462 - 4.131), D-dimer (OR = 2.745, 95% CI: -0.611 - 2.631), fibrinogen (OR = 3.228, 95% CI: 0.399 - 1.946) were related to the high occurrence of cognitive dysfunction. Conclusions: 1) Patients with atrial fibrillation had a higher risk of cognitive dysfunction (the incidence of 57.4%). 2) There was a positive correlation between left ventricular ejection fraction and MMSE score, but age, left atrial diameter, homocysteine, low density lipoprotein, platelet, BMI, NT-proBNP, and D-dimer were negatively correlated with MMSE score. 3) High level of education, previous use of taking warfarin and dabigatran etexilate were protective factors for cognitive function in patients with atrial fibrillation;but age, previous use of taking CCB, D-dimer and fibrinogen were the risk factors in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Risk factors for Parkinson's disease and interaction analysis in Chinese patients

BACKGROUND： The etiology of Parkinson＇s disease （PD） remains unclear. The majority of studies have focused on the correlation between various factors and PD, with very different conclusions. To date, there has been no study on the interaction between PD family history and other risk factors, and very few studies have reported on hedtability. OBJECTIVE： To explore the risk factors for PD, the interaction between family history and other risk factors, and the impact of genetic factors on PD. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTNG： A paired, retrospective, case-control study was performed at the Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University from November 2006 to October 2008. PARTICIPANTS： The case group included 157 Chinese PD patients selected from the Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University in China from 2006 to 2008. An additional 157 patients treated in the same department during the same period were selected as the control group, and they were paired with regard to gender, age, and nationality to the case group. METHODS： Various scored factors were investigated in all participants. The association between various factors and PD was analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Interaction analysis between family history and other risk factors was performed using a logistic regression model. Heritability analysis was performed with the Falconer method. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Risk factors for PD, interaction between family history and other risk factors, and heritability. RESULTS： Logistic regression analysis showed that family history, mental work, insecticide exposure, alcohol, and depression positively correlated with PD （odds ratio = 6.75, 2.37, 2.42, 2.03, 5.20, P〈 0.05）, whereas smoking had a negative correlation with PD （odds ratio = 0.49, P 〈 0.001）. The proportions of the effect attributable to interaction of family history and insecticide exposure, alcohol, and depression were 55.2%, 34.0%, and 41.4%, respectively, with a relative excess risk due to interaction of 8.96, 3.31, and 7.85, respectively. PD heritability from first-degree relatives was （36.86 ± 5.76） % and from second-degree relatives was （20.66 ± 6.81） %. CONCLUSION： Family history, mental work, insecticide exposure, alcohol, and depression were determined to be risk factors for PD, whereas smoking was a protective factor. Family history had a positive interaction with coexisting risk factors. Genetic factors had a smaller action on PD than environmental factors.

A case－control study on risk factors of stress fractures in military recruits during basic training

Stress fracture(SF) is an important training injury with a high incidence during recruits' basic training. In order to primarily investigate its risk factors and to provide etiologic threads for a further study,we carried out a case control study on SF. The results of univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that attending training on the occasion of injury or fatigue , and a lower length ratio of tibia and pelvic limb were the main risk factors of SF. The authors are of the opinion that compared with the absolute length of tibia , the relative length of tibia(tibia length/pelvic limb length) may be more relevant to the tibia biomechanical characteristics. , The harm of attending training under the circumstances of injury or fatigue is discussed in this paper.

Maternal and foetal risk factors of cerebral palsy among Iraqi children. A case control study

Background: The importance of studying cerebral palsy comes from the fact that, this disorder imposes huge burden families psychologically, emotionally, financially and socially. Moreover, it imposes a major burden on the National Health System because it is simply a chronic disorder, which needs a continuous care and multiple financial resources. At the same time, it needs collaborative efforts and team work between many parties and organizations for a good management and rehabilitation. In Iraq, risk factors of cerebral palsy have not been explored before. Our study objective was to measure the association between, maternal factors, foetal and early neonatal factors, and occurrence of cerebral palsy among Iraqi children. Postnatal risk factors of cerebral palsy were excluded in our study. Methods: We did a retrospective case-control study in Baghdad-Iraq. The place of study was The Central hospital of Children of Baghdad. Cases and controls were fully investtigated (retrospectively) for the risk factors of cerebral palsy using a self-administered questionnaire. The sample size was 300. Number of cases in our study was 100 while the number of controls in our study was 200. Results and conclusion: 84% of the mothers of Cerebral Palsy children were employed compared to 49% of the mothers of normal children who were employed (P value 0.00). After using a multiple logistic regression model, the final adjusted odd ratios included 6 variables which were, employment of mother (OR 8.05, 95% CI 0.98 - 6.62), Primigravida(OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.10 - 0.60), gender of the child(OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.04 - 0.51 ), asphyxia (OR 10.58, 95% CI 3.59 - 31.21), hypoglycemia (OR 40.99, 95% CI 6.93 - 242.27) and hypocalcaemia (OR 27.91, 95% CI 2.04 - 380.96). Our study came to a conclusion that neonatal asphyxia, hypoglycemia and hypocalcaemia were still the major risk factors for cerebral palsy In Iraq.

Evidence and thinking on risk factors of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis

Background:To explore the related risk factors of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)through meta-analysis,and to provide evidence-based medical basis for preventing ICH in hypertensive patients.Methods:The databases of CNKI,Wanfang,VIP,CBM,PubMed,Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched by computer.Case control study on risk factors for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage were collected from the database establishment to October 2021.Two reviewers independently screened the literature,extracted the data,and evaluated the bias risk of the included studies.Meta-analysis was conducted on the results of the included studies using RevMan5.3 software.Results:A total of 7 studies were included,including 1512 patients.Meta-analysis results showed that:Smoking history(OR=6.23,95%CI(4.32,8.99),P<0.00001),drinking history(OR=7.24,95%CI(1.96,26.72),P=0.003),diabetes mellitus(OR=47.52,95%CI(10.31,219.31),P<0.00001),coronary heart disease(OR=9.90,95%CI(2.96,33.13),P=0.0002),daily salt intake(OR=10.21,95%CI(2.69,38.79),P=0.0006),failure to take medication regularly on time(OR=10.62,95%CI(5.40,20.91),P<0.00001),total cholesterol(OR=6.58,95%CI(2.45,17.65),P=0.0002),triglyceride(OR=8.63,95%CI(6.70,11.12),P<0.00001),body mass index(OR=6.63,95%CI(4.56,9.64),P<0.00001)and experiencing severe economic difficulties(OR=23.97,95%CI(14.82,38.77),P<0.00001)were risk factors for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.Conclusion:Controlling smoking,drinking,reducing daily salt intake,controlling body weight,preventing diabetes and coronary heart disease,low-fat diet,controlling total cholesterol and triglyceride,taking antihypertensive drugs regularly and improving economic status can prevent hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.

hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism modifies the significance of the environmental risk factor for colon cancer

AIM:To determine the association of hOGG1 (8-oxoguanine glycosylase I,OGG1) polymorphism of Ser326Cys substitution with colon cancer risk and possible interaction with known environmental risk factors. METHODS:A case-control study with 125 colon cancer cases and 247 controls was conducted, RESULTS:There was no major difference in Ser326Cys genotype distribution between cases and controls.The meat intake tended to increase the odds ratio for colon cancer with an OR of 1.72 (95 % confidence interval;CI=1.12-2.76). Such tendency was more prominent in Cys/Cys carriers (OR=4.31,95 % CI=1.64-11.48),but meat intake was not a significant risk factor for colon cancer in Ser/Ser or Ser/ Cys carriers.The OR for colon cancer was elevated with marginal significance in smokers who were Cys/Cys carriers (OR=2.75,95 % CI=1.07-7.53) but not in Ser/Ser or Ser/ Cys carriers. CONCLUSION:These results suggest that the hOGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism is probably not a major contributor to individual colon cancer susceptibility overall,but the Cys/ Cys genotype may alter the impact of some environmental factors on colon cancer development.

Nutritional factors and gastric cancer in Zhoushan Islands, China

AIM: To investigate the association between nutrient intakes and high incidence rate of gastric cancer among residents in Zhoushan Islands.METHODS: A frequency-matched design of case-control study was used during the survey on dietary factors and gastric cancer in Zhoushan Islands, China. A total of 103 cases of gastric cancer diagnosed in 2001 were included in the study and 133 controls were randomly selected from the residents in Zhoushan Islands. A food frequency questionnaire was specifically designed for the Chinese dietary pattern to collect information on dietary intake. A computerized database of the dietary and other relative information of each participant was completed. Total calories and 15 nutrients were calculated according to the food composition table and their adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by gender using unconditional logistic regression models.RESULTS: High intakes of protein, saturated fat, and cholesterol were observed with the increased risk of gastric cancer particularly among males (ORQ4 vsQ1 were 10.3, 3.24, 2.76 respectively). While carbohydrate was a significant high-risk nutrient (ORQ4 vsQ1 = 14.8; Pfor linear trend = 0.024) among females. Regardless of their gender, the cases reported significantly higher daily intake of sodium mainly from salts. As to the nutrients of vitamins A and C, an inversed association with the risk of GC was found. Baseline characteristics of participants were briefly described.CONCLUSION: The findings from this study confirm the role of diet-related exposure in the etiology of gastric cancer from the point of view of epidemiology. An increased risk of gastric cancer is associated with high intakes of protein, saturated fat, cholesterol and sodium,while consumption of polyunsaturated fat, vitamin A and ascorbic acid may have a protective effect against gastric cancer.