Characterization of depth-related microbial communities in lake sediment by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified 16S rRNA fragments

The characterization of microbial communities of different depth sediment samples was examined by a culture-independent method and compared with physicochemical parameters, those are organic matter （OM）, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, pH and redox potential （Eh）. Total genomic DNA was extracted from samples derived from different depths. After they were amplified with the GC-341 f/907r primer sets of partial bacterial 16S rRNA genes, the products were separated by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）. The profile of DGGE fingerprints of different depth sediment samples revealed that the community structure remained relatively stable along the entire 45 cm sediment core, however, principal-component analysis of DGGE patterns revealed that at greater sediment depths, successional shifts in community structure were evident. The principle coordinates analysis suggested that the bacterial communities along the sediment core could be separated into two groups, which were located 0-20 cm and 21-45 cm, respectively. The sequencing dominant bands demonstrated that the major phylogenetic groups identified by DGGE belonged to Bacillus, Bacterium, Brevibacillus, Exiguobacterium, γ-Proteobacterium, Acinetobacter sp. and some uncultured or unidentified bacteria. The results indicated the existence of highly diverse bacterial community in the lake sediment core.

Analysis of interspecies adherence of oral bacteria using a membrane binding assay coupled with polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling

Information on co-adherence of different oral bacterial species is important for understanding interspecies interactions within oral microbial community. Current knowledge on this topic is heavily based on pariwise coaggregation of known, cultivable species. In this study, we employed a membrane binding assay coupled with polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） to systematically analyze the co-adherence profiles of oral bacterial species, and achieved a more profound knowledge beyond pairwise coaggregation. Two oral bacterial species were selected to serve as ＂bait＂： Fusobacterium nucleatum （F. nucleatum） whose ability to adhere to a multitude of oral bacterial species has been extensively studied for pairwise interactions and Streptococcus mutans （S. mutans） whose interacting partners are largely unknown. To enable screening of interacting partner species within bacterial mixtures, cells of the ＂bait＂ oral bacterium were immobilized on nitrocellulose membranes which were washed and blocked to prevent unspecific binding. The ＂prey＂ bacterial mixtures （including known species or natural saliva samples） were added, unbound ceils were washed off after the incubation period and the remaining cells were eluted using 0.2 mol.L1 glycine. Genomic DNA was extraeted, subjeeted to 16S rRNA PCR amplification and separation of the resulting PCR produets by DGGE. Selected bands were recovered from the gel, sequenced and identified via Nucleotide BLAST searches against different databases. While few bacterial species bound to S. mutans, consistent with previous findings F.. nucleatum adhered to a variety of bacterial species including uncultivable and uneharacterized onesl This new approach can more effectively analyze the co-adherence profiles of oral bacteria, and could facilitate the systematic study of interbacterial binding of oral microbial species.

Variations in Laboratory-Scale Actinomycete Communities Exposed to Cadmium as Assessed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis Profiles

The actinomycete populations and functions in cadmium （Cd） contaminated soil were investigated by the cultivation- independent molecular methods. The genomic DNA was extracted and purified from soil adulterated with various con- centrations of Cd in the laboratory. The partial 16S rDNA genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction （PCR） using specific primers bound to evolutionarily conserved regions within these actinomycete genes. The diversity in PCR- amplified products, as measured by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （EGGE）, was used as a genetic fingerprint of the population. Principle component analysis and Shannon-Weaver diversity index （H） analyses were used to analyze the DGGE results. Results showed that the two principal components accounted for only a low level of the total variance. The value H in contaminated soil was lower than that in the control at later stages of cultivation, whereas at earlier stages it was higher. Among the six sampling time points, the first, fifth and sixth weeks had the highest values of H. Significantly negative correlations between bioavallable Cd concentration and H values existed in the samples from weeks 2 （R = 0.929, P 〈 0.05） and 4 （R = 0.909, P 〈 0.05）. These results may shed light on the effect of Cd on the soil environment and the chemical behavior and toxicity of Cd to actinomycetes.

Monitoring of microbial community structure and succession in the biohydrogen production reactor by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(DGGE)

To study the structure of microbial communities in the biological hydrogen produc-tion reactor and determine the ecological function of hydrogen producing bacteria,anaerobic sludge was obtained from the continuous stirred tank reactor(CSTR)in different periods of time,and the diversity and dynamics of microbial communities were investigated by denaturing gra-dient gel electrophoresis(DGGE).The results of DGGE demonstrated that an obvious shift of microbial population happened from the beginning of star-up to the 28th day,and the ethanol type fermentation was established.After 28 days the structure of microbial community became stable,and the climax community was formed.Comparative analysis of 16S rDNA sequences from reamplifying and sequencing the prominent bands indicated that the dominant population belonged to low G+C Gram-positive bacteria(Clostridium sp.and Ethanologenbacterium sp.),β-proteobacteria(Acidovorax sp.),γ-proteobacteria(Kluyvera sp.),Bacteroides(uncultured bacte-rium SJA-168),and Spirochaetes(uncultured eubacterium E1-K13),respectively.The hydrogen production rate increased obviously with the increase of Ethanologenbacterium sp.,Clostridium sp.and uncultured Spirochaetes after 21 days,meanwhile the succession of ethanol type fer-mentation was formed.Throughout the succession the microbial diversity increased however it decreased after 21 days.Some types of Clostridium sp.Acidovorax sp.,Kluyvera sp.,and Bac-teroides were dominant populations during all periods of time.These special populations were essential for the construction of climax community.Hydrogen production efficiency was de-pendent on both hydrogen producing bacteria and other populations.It implied that the co-metabolism of microbial community played a great role of biohydrogen production in the reactors.

PCR-DGGE技术分析韩式大酱与中式大酱中微生物多样性

微生物在大酱发酵过程中起到至关重要的作用,并与大酱的风味与质量密切相关,因此研究大酱中微生物的多样性有重要意义。该研究选择加工工艺不同的韩式大酱与中式大酱为对象,采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)技术,通过PCR扩增、切胶回收、PCR测序等分析不同大酱中的微生物多样性。结果表明,大酱中的微生物由于制作工艺的不同存在明显差异。在韩式大酱中,细菌如芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、四联球菌属(Tetragenococcus)、嗜盐单胞菌属(Halomonas),真菌如根毛霉属(Rhizomucor)、青霉菌属(Penicillium)、毛霉属(Mucor)、外瓶霉属(Exophiala)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)等分布广泛。在中式大酱中,乳酸菌如片球菌属(Pediococcus)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、明串珠菌属(Leucanostoc)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter),酵母如鲁氏接合酵母(Zygosaccharomyces rouxii)分布较多。与中式大酱相比,韩式大酱中的真菌种类更丰富。研究结果为进一步探讨传统发酵大酱品质提供了理论依据。

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting of soil bacteria in the vicinity of the Chinese Great Wall Station, King George Island, Antarctica

Bacterial diversity was investigated in soil samples collected from 13 sites around the Great Wall Station, Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） of 16S rRNA genes. The classes α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria, as well as the phylum Actinobacteria, were found to be the dominant bacteria in the soils around the Great Wall Station. Although the selected samples were not contaminated by oil, a relationship between soil parameters, microbial biodiversity, and human impact was still seen. Sample sites in human impacted areas showed lower bacterial biodiversity （average H′= 2.65） when compared to nonimpacted sites （average H′= 3.05）. There was no statistically significant correlation between soil bacterial diversity and total organic carbon （TOC）, total nitrogen, or total phosphorus contents of the soil. Canonical correlation analysis showed that TOC content was the most important factor determining bacterial community profiles among the measured soil parameters. In conclusion, microbial biodiversity and community characteristics within relatively small scales （1.5 km） were determined as a function of local environment parameters and anthropogenic impact.

PCR-DGGE Analysis of Bacterial Communities Structure in Babylonia areolata Culture Systems of The Subtidal Zone and The Pond Mulched Plastic Film and Sand in Bottom

To know the bacterial communities structure in Babylonia areolata culture systems and to research and optimize the management pattem of Babylonia areola-ta culture systems of the pond mulched plastic film and sand in bottom, the bacte- rial communities in Babylonia areolata culture systems of the sub-tidal zone and the pond mulched plastic film and sand in bottom were analyzed at molecular level by adopting the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE）. The results indicated that the dominant bacterial communities in Babylonia areolata culture systems of the sub-tidal zone and the pond mulched plastic film and sand in bottom, which were built on the basis of the seawater in East-island of Zhanjiang, included Proteobac- teda Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria and Actinobacteria. The dominant bacterial groups in the above pond culture system were Garnmaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaprotecbacteda, Epsilonproteobacteda, Anaerolineae, Cyanobacteria and Acti- nobacteda. The dominant bacterial communities in the subtidal zone culture system were Gammaprotecbacteda, Alphaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Anaerolineae and Cyanobacteda, and there were less Epsilonproteobacteria and Actinobacteria in the culture system. The higher diversity was detected in the above two culture sys- tems. The results of unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average （UPG- MA） showed that the bacterial communities of the sediment samples S1 and S2 in the above two culture systems were a cluster, the similarity of bacterial communities was 54.5%. The bacterial communities of seawater samples S3 and S4 in the above culture systems were in clusters, and the similarity of the bacterial communi- ties was 84.0%. The results showed that the microorganism ecological level in the Babylonia areolata culture systems of the pond mulched plastic film and sand in bottom could be similar to the sub-tidal zone culture systems through changing the pond seawater and monitoring the microbial population.

PCR-DGGE技术用于湖泊沉积物中微生物群落结构多样性研究

采用PCR-DGGE分子指纹图谱技术比较南京市玄武湖、奠愁湖和太湖不同位置的表层沉积物微生物群落结构，研究结果表明，三湖泊沉积物微生物的16SrDNA的PCR扩增结果约为626bp，为16S rDNA V3～V5区特异性片段。玄武湖和莫愁湖表层沉积物中大约有20种优势菌群，且同一湖泊不同采样点DGGE图谱的差异性不大，细菌群落结构具有较高的相似性，而太湖样品DGGE条带的数目和位置表现出明显差异，且不同采样点图谱的差异性较大。三湖泊除具有特征性的微生物种属外，还分布约5个相同的细菌种群，可能与沉积物的理化性质和水生植被的影响相关。对DGGE图谱中7条主带进行回收、扩增和测序，结果显示其优势菌群具有不同的序列组成，其中5个序列与Genebank中已登录的细菌种群的同源性≥99％，2个序列的同源性为96％和93％，其中2个相似的细菌类群目前尚未获得纯培养。

PCR-DGGE技术在农田土壤微生物多样性研究中的应用

变性梯度凝胶电泳技术 ( DGGE)在微生物生态学领域有着广泛的应用。研究采用化学裂解法直接提取出不同农田土壤微生物基因组 DNA,并以此基因组 DNA为模板 ,选择特异性引物 F357GC和 R518对 1 6Sr RNA基因的 V3区进行扩增 ,长约 2 30 bp的 PCR产物经变性梯度凝胶电泳 ( DGGE)进行分离后 ,得到不同数目且分离效果较好的电泳条带。结果说明 ,DGGE能够对土壤样品中的不同微生物的 1 6Sr RNA基因的 V3区的 DNA扩增片断进行分离 ,为这些 DNA片断的定性和鉴定提供了条件。与传统的平板培养方法相比 ,变性梯度凝胶电泳 ( DGGE)技术能够更精确的反映出土壤微生物多样性 ,它是一种有效的微生物多样性研究技术。

PCR-DGGE方法分析原油储层微生物群落结构及种群多样性

使用基于 16 S r DNA的 PCR- DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳 )图谱分析结合条带割胶回收 DNA进行序列分析 ,对新疆克拉玛依油田一中区注水井 (12 # 9- 11)和与该注水井相应的两个采油井 (12 # 9- 9S、13# 11- 8)井口样品微生物群落的多样性进行了比较并鉴定了部分群落成员。 DGGE图谱聚类分析表明注水井与两油井微生物群落的相似性分别为 30 %和 2 0 % ,而两油井间微生物群落结构的相似性为 5 4 %。DGGE图谱中优势条带序列分析表明注水井样品和油井样品中的优势菌群为未培养的环境微生物 ,它们与数据库中 α、γ、δ、ε变形杆菌 (Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌 (Bacteroidetes)有很近的亲缘关系。 DGGE与分子克隆相结合的分子生物学方法在研究微生物提高原油采收率 (MEOR)机理 ,以及指导

DG-DGGE分析产氢发酵系统微生物群落动态及种群多样性

应用双梯度-变性梯度凝胶电泳(DG-DGGE)对生物制氢反应器微生物种群的动态变化及多样性进行监测。间隔7d从反应器取厌氧活性污泥,以细菌16SrDNA通用引物进行V2～V3区域PCR扩增,长约450bp的PCR产物经DGGE分离后,获得污泥微生物群落的16SrDNA指纹图谱。污泥接种到反应器后微生物群落中既有原始种群的消亡和增长,也有次级种群的强化和演变。反应器在运行初期群落演替迅速,15d时微生物群落结构变化最大。群落结构的相似性随着演替时间的增加而逐渐升高,种群动态变化后形成稳定的群落结构。29d时微生物多样性基本保持不变,微生物优势种属达到19个OTU。在细菌竞争和协同作用制约下,种群多样性降低后趋于稳定,形成顶级群落。有些种群在群落结构中一直存在,是群落建成的原始种群,原始种群与次级种群在代谢过程中具有协同作用,表现出群落的综合生态特征。

利用PCR-DGGE技术指导高温油藏中功能微生物的分离

采用PCR-DGGE技术对高温油藏的微生物群落进行了多样性分析,并将得到的信息用于指导油藏微生物的分离.本研究通过PCR-DGGE技术对油藏水样中DNA的16S rDNA V3、V8、V9 3个高可变区的扩增产物进行了比较,确定采用可得到更多微生物多样性信息的V9区引物进行PCR扩增,优势条带序列分析表明,在高温油藏中存在的微生物与GenBank数据库中α,β,γ-变形杆菌和芽孢杆菌的序列相似性最高.利用多元细菌培养技术,以序列信息为指导,采用富集培养、直接培养和特殊培养的方法,从水样中分离出5株高温菌(而传统分离方法只能获得3株),其中3株高温解烃菌分别属于Bacillus属、Geobacillus属和Petrobacter属,它们能够在55℃以上兼性厌氧条件良好生长,对原油的降解率分别为56.5%7、0.01%和31.87%,对原油的降粘率分别为40%、54.55%和29.09%,使原油的凝固点分别降低3.7、5.2和3.1℃.因此,序列指导和改变培养条件是分离更多有效采油微生物的改进方法,这3株高温菌的对原油的作用效果证明其具备提高石油采收率的潜力.

DGGE污泥堆肥工艺微生物种群结构分析

用DGGE指纹图谱技术对污泥堆肥工艺中的细菌种群动态变化及多样性进行了研究.结果表明,生物法污泥堆肥周期小于8d.对污泥堆肥各工艺环节样品进行DGGE指纹图谱和相似性系数Cs值分析,发现随着反应的持续进行,微生态结构的Cs值越来越高,说明微生物种群结构愈趋稳定.证实污泥微生态能迅速进行优胜劣汰的筛选,调整内部细菌种群结构,从而达到适应环境的目的.在发酵过程中形成的优势细菌种群能长时间保持稳定.

生物炭对农田土壤细菌群落多样性影响的PCR-DGGE分析

为评价生物炭对农田土壤细菌群落多样性的影响,对不同施肥方式农田土壤细菌总DNA进行提取和16S rDNA特异性扩增,运用变性梯度凝胶电泳DGGE的分子生物学技术,对施肥土壤细菌群落的多样性进行表征。DGGE电泳结果表明,不同处理均可得到20条以上的电泳条带,说明水稻土土壤细菌群落较丰富。从泳道条带数量及光密度值方面对细菌群落多样性指标比较发现,施加生物炭的土壤(T2、T3、T4)细菌丰富度最高,细菌种群较多,其次为秸秆还田处理土壤(T1),而空白对照处理土壤(CK1)细菌群落丰富度最低,各处理之间的细菌种群均匀度指数差异不显著;对细菌群落的条带信息与土壤理化性质进行相关性分析得到,细菌群落的结构变化与各土壤理化性质的相关性大小依次为速效钾>总有机碳>有效磷>全氮>pH。

基于DGGE分析的大鼠粪便及肠道细菌DNA提取方法研究

为获得高质量肠道细菌总DNA用于研究膳食纤维对大鼠肠道菌群的影响,本实验以SD大鼠为实验动物,灌胃番茄皮膳食纤维,收集大鼠粪便及盲肠,-70℃冰箱保存。分别采用Tiangen细菌基因组试剂盒法、蛋白酶K-十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)法和溶菌酶法提取粪便和肠道中的细菌总DNA,通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳、细菌通用引物PCR扩增和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)对提取效果进行观察比较,发现将溶菌酶法进行改进后,可以获得满意效果。改进后的溶菌酶法与另外两种方法比较,具有成本低、时间短、DNA得率高和多样性好等特点;该方法获得的DNA样品适合于用DGGE技术分析大鼠粪便及肠道菌群。

PCR-DGGE分析东北传统发酵酸菜中乳酸菌多样性

以传统自然发酵的酸菜为研究对象,采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(polymerase chain reactiondenatured gradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE)技术监测酸菜发酵过程中细菌的动态变化,计算不同发酵时间细菌的多样性指数,并对图谱特异性条带进行克隆、测序、构建系统发育树。结果表明:酸菜发酵第40天多样性指数达最高值,说明此时细菌种群多样性最高;发酵过程中含丰富的乳酸菌,主要的优势菌群为乳杆菌属,包括植物乳杆菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌、短乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、棒状乳杆菌、戊糖乳杆菌、唾液乳杆菌以及Iwatensis乳杆菌。其中发酵前期的优势菌群为乳酸乳球菌和戊糖乳杆菌,而植物乳杆菌为发酵中后期的优势菌种。

PCR-DGGE技术解析生物制氢反应器微生物多样性

为了揭示发酵法生物制氢反应器厌氧活性污泥的微生物种群多样性 ,从运行不同时期取厌氧活性污泥 ,通过细胞裂解直接提取活性污泥的基因组DNA .以细菌 16SrRNA基因通用引物F338GC/R5 34进行V3高变异区域PCR扩增 ,长约 2 0 0bp的PCR产物经变性梯度凝胶电泳 (DGGE)分离后 ,获得微生物群落的特征DNA指纹图谱 .研究表明 ,不同时期的厌氧活性污泥中存在共同种属和各自的特异种属 ,群落结构和优势种群数量具有时序动态性 ,微生物多样性呈现出协同变化的特征 .微生物多样性由强化到减弱 ,群落结构之间的相似性逐渐升高 ,演替速度由快速到缓慢 .优势种群经历了动态演替过程 ,最终形成特定种群构成的顶级群落 .

应用PCR-DGGE技术解析白酒大曲细菌群落结构

应用DGGE技术分析不同批次的大曲细菌群落结构,采用SDS+酶法提取大曲基因组DNA,以细菌通用引物进行16SrRNA基因V3高变异区PCR扩增,将产物进行DGGE分离,获得表征大曲细菌群落结构的DGGE指纹图谱,结果表明,不同批次的大曲细菌群落结构组成类似,系统发育分析结果显示大曲中细菌主要属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),包括乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)、芽孢杆菌科(Bacillaceae)和放线菌科(Thermoactino-mycetaceae)等。另外在大曲中除了存在酒醅中多有发现的细菌外,还存在着不可培养的微生物。

循环水养殖系统生物滤池细菌群落的PCR-DGGE分析

通过模拟实验对循环水养殖系统中不同初始NH4+-N浓度的生物滤池中生物膜上和水中的细菌数量及群落种类组成进行了研究。对成熟生物膜及水体样品中的异养菌、氨氧化菌、亚硝酸盐氧化菌的培养计数结果表明,随着生物滤池初始氨氮浓度增大,除异养细菌数量逐渐下降外,生物膜上的氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌数量呈逐渐增加趋势,且均高出水样3～4个数量级;同时对上述样品的16S rRNA基因片段的PCR扩增产物进行变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析及其序列同源性分析的结果表明,生物膜和水中都有较高的细菌多样性,同一初始氨氮浓度的滤池中生物膜上的细菌多样性高于水中的。生物滤池中的细菌主要由拟杆菌门的黄杆菌纲和变形菌门的α-、β-、γ-变形菌纲的15种细菌组成。生物膜上的优势菌包括奥雷氏菌属、湖饲养者菌属、泥滩杆菌属、沉积杆菌属、雷辛格氏菌属、冷蛇形菌属和亚硝化单胞菌属等;水体中的优势菌则有明显差异,主要有蛋黄色杆菌属、Nautella,玫瑰杆菌属和一种硫氧化菌等。初始氨氮越高的滤池中,亚硝化单胞菌属的细菌在生物膜上所占比例越高,逐渐成为优势菌之一。实验证实,挂膜初期,提高水体中初始氨氮浓度,有利于硝化细菌的富集和固着,提高生物滤池的除氮效率。

应用DGGE分析三疣梭子蟹养殖塘底泥细菌的多样性

将传统的菌落菌体形态分类方法与分子生物学方法相结合研究了三疣梭子蟹养殖塘底泥中一个细菌类群的多样性。首先采用平板稀释法对三疣梭子蟹养殖塘底泥中的细菌进行分离与纯化,根据各菌株的菌落形态特征初步将118株分离物分为8个类群,其中最大的一个类群的菌落基本特征为圆形、边缘整齐、表面凸起、菌落有光泽,对该类群的细菌多样性分析表明,通过芽孢染色可将产芽孢菌和不产芽孢菌区分开,不产芽孢菌根据其菌体形态又分为3个亚群,其中卵圆形细菌是最大的一个亚群,共有16株。应用PCR-DGGE方法对该类群进行菌株的遗传多样性分析。结果表明,卵圆形类群16株细菌中就有11株不同系统发育型的细菌。最后,将这11株细菌进行了16S rDNA部分序列(约750bp)的测定,并做系统发育学分析,结果显示,这些细菌的系统发育学地位相距很远,分属于γ-Proteobacteria、α-Proteobacteria和Firmicutes等类群。试验结果表明,以菌落特征的差异来挑选不同的菌株作为分析细菌多样性的第一个筛选步骤,会大大低估可培养异养细菌的多样性。