Denitrification and Nitrate Reduction to Ammoniumin Taihu Lake and Yellow Sea Inter-Tidal MarineSediments

Denitrification and nitrate reduction to ammonium in Taihu Lake and Yellow Sea inter-tidal marinesediments were studied. The sediment samples were made into slurry containing 150 g dry matter per liter.Various amounts of glucose and 5 mmol L-1 of potassium nitrate were added in order to achieve differentratios of glucose-C to nitrate-N. Acetylene inhibition technique was applied to measure denitrification in theslumes. All samples were incubated anaerobically under argon atmosphere. Data showed that Taihu Lakesediment produced more N2O than marine sediment. Denitrification potential was higher in Taihu Lakesediment than in marne one. Glucose added increased denitrification activity but not the denitrification po-tential of the sediments. Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium seemed to occur in marine sediment,but not in freshwater one. When the marine sediment was treated with 25 mmol L-1 glucose, its denitrification poteatial, as indicated by maximum N2O production by acetylene blockage, was lower than that treatedwith no or 2.5 mmol L-l glucose. Acetylene was suspected to have inhibitory effect on dissimilatory nitratereduction to ammonium.

Reductive denitrification of nitrate by scrap iron filings

Reduction of nitrate by zero-valent iron is a highly exergonic reaction that has long been known to occur. Use of scrap iron filings (SIF) as the PRB (Permeable Reactive Barrier) material can be used to recycle certain by-products, and identify cheaper replacements for expensive conventional PRB materials, especially pure metallic iron. The feasibility of reductive denitrification of nitrate by SIF was studied by batch experiments. Operational parameters such as pH value, SIF dosage and initial concentration of nitrate were investigated. The removal efficiency of nitrate reached 80% under the conditions of pH of 2.5, nitrate initial con- centration of 45 mg/L and SIF dosage of 100 g/L within 4 h. Results indicated that nitrate removal is inversely related to pH. Low pH value condition favors for the nitrate transformation. Different from the results of others who studied nitrate reduction using iron powder, we found that there was a lag time before nitrate reduction occurs, even at low pH. Finally, the possible mechanism of nitrate reduction by Fe0 is discussed.

Optimize Operation of Partial Denitrification System for Simultaneous Treatment of Low C/N Municipal and Nitrate Wastewaters

In order to realize the simultaneous treatment of low C/N municipal and nitrate( NO3^--N) wastewaters,a sequencing batch reactor( SBR) was used to optimize the partial denitrification( PD),which the influent substrate and the anoxic reaction time were appropriately controlled. The carbon and nitrogen removal and the characteristic parameters of PD during long-term operation were studied. Experimental results showed that the PD showed stable characteristics of nitrogen and carbon removal and NO2^--N accumulation after an adaptation of 20 d with municipal wastewater used. The anoxic reaction time was extended from 50 to 70 min with the initial COD/NO3^--N decreased from 3. 0 to about 2. 5. When the influent NO3^--N was 117. 93 mg/L,the effluent NO2^--N and NAR were 23. 10 mg/L and 82. 26%,respectively,and the nitrogen and carbon removal rate reached 91. 76% and 65. 70%,respectively. The effluent NO2^--N/NH4^+ -N meantime reached 1.17-1. 22. Moreover,the cumulative concentration of NO2^--N and the system NAR increased linearly with the consumption of NO3^--N and COD,and the change trend was highly significant within 0-20 min,and gradually flattened.

Effect of carbon source on the denitrification in constructed wetlands

The ability of constructed wetlands with different plants in nitrate removal were investigated. The factors promoting the rates of denitrification including organic carbon, nitrate load, plants in wetlands, pH and water temperature in field were systematically investigated. The results showed that the additional carbon source （glucose） can remarkably improve the nitrate removal ability of the constructed wetland. It demonstrated that the nitrate removal rate can increase from 20% to more than 50% in summer and from 10% to 30% in winter, when the nitrate concentration was 30-40 rag/L, the retention time was 24 h and 25 mg/L dissolved organic carbon （DOC） was ploughed into the constructed wetland. However, the nitrite in the constructed wetland accumulated a little with the supply of the additional carbon source in summer and winter, and it increased from 0.15 to 2 mg/L in the effluent. It was also found that the abilities of plant in adjusting pH and temperature can result in an increase of denitrification in wetlands. The seasonal change may also impact the denitrification.

Bio-reduction of nitrate from groundwater using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor

A hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor （MBfR） using H2 as electron donor was investigated to remove nitrate from groundwater. When nitrate was first introduced to the MBfR, denitrification took place on the shell side of the membranes immediately, and the effluent concentration of nitrate continuously decreased with 100% removal rate on day 45 under the influent nitrate concentration of 5 mg NO3^--N/L, which described the acclimating and enriching process of autohydrogenotrophic denitrification bacteria. A series of short-term experiments were applied to investigate the effects of hydrogen pressures and nitrate loadings on deniWification. The results showed that nitrate reduction rate improved as H2 pressure increasing, and over 97% of total nitrogen removal rate was achieved when the nitrate loading increased from 0.17 to 0.34 g NO3^--N/（m^2.day） without nitrite accumulation. The maximum deniwification rate was 384 g N/（m^3.day）. Partial sulfate reduction, which occurred in parallel to nitrate reduction, was inhibited by denitrififcation due to the competition for H2. This research showed that MBfR is effective for removing nitrate from the contaminated groundwater.

Volatile fatty acids carbon source for biological denitrification

In the suspended sludge system, when pH and temperature were suitable and carbon source was not limited, the denitrification and C-uptake rate followed a zero-order reaction. Mixed VFA C-source had higher denitrification rate than single VFA C-source consisting of them. When VFA were used as carbon source, consumed carbon quantity for denitrification was closed to 1. 07 mg VFA-C/mg NO-N. About 20% of the applied C/N was used for assimilative purposes. As rising up influent C/N by increasing the C load ,the sludge yield YN increased. The part of carbon consumption increased and the effluent oxidized nitrogen decreased. At pH 7. 5, 25℃ and sludge yield 0.72 mg VSS/mg NO-N, the calculated influent VFA-C /NO critical value was 1. 43 for complete denitrification.

Nitrous oxide concentration and nitrification and denitrification in Zhujiang River Estuary,China

The concentrations of nitrous oxide varies between 57 and 329 nmol/dm3, saturation is 674%～4 134% in the Zhujiang River Estuary. This suggests that the area is an emissive source of nitrous oxide. The acetylene inhibition technique is employed to evaluate the rates of nitrification, denitrification and nitrate reduction by bacterial activities in the sediments at three sites. The average of nitrification, denitrification and nitrate reduction rates ranges from 0.32 to 2.43, 0.03 to 0.84 and 4.17 to 13.06 mmol/(m2·h), respectively. The ver- tical profiles of the sediments show that the nitrification and denitrification processes mainly take place in the depth from 0 to 4 cm and depend on regional conditions. The rates of nitrification, denitrification and nitrate reduction are dominated by Eh, nitrate and ammoni- um concentrations in sediments and DO in overlay water. There is a coupling between nitrification and denitrification.

Nitrogen removal characteristics of heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification by Alcaligenes faecalis C16

Alcaligenes faecalis C16 was found to have the ability to heterotrophically nitrify and aerobically denitrify. In order to further understand its nitrogen removal ability and mechanism, the growth and ammonium removal response were investigated at different C/N ratios and ammonium concentrations in the medium with citrate and acetate as carbon source separately. Furthermore, experiments of nitrogen sources, production of nitrogen gas and enzyme assay were conducted. Results show that the bacterium converts NH+4-N and produces NH2 OH during the growing phase and nitrite accumulation is its distinct metabolic feature. A. faecalis C16 is able to tolerate not only high ammonium concentration but also high C/N ratio, and the ammonium tolerance is associated with carbon source and C/N ratio. The nitrogen balance under different conditions shows that approximately28%–45% of the initial ammonium is assimilated into the cells, 44%–60% is denitrified and several percent is converted to nitrification products. A. faecalis C16 cannot utilize hydroxylamine, nitrite or nitrate as the sole nitrogen source for growth. However, nitrate can be used when ammonium is simultaneously present in the medium. A possible pathway for nitrogen removal by C16 is suggested. The preliminary enzyme assay provides more evidence for this nitrogen removal pathway.

Remediation of Coastal Sediments by Addition of Calcium Nitrate and Presence of Benthos in a Muddy Tidal Flat

This study investigated the change in denitrification rate in muddy tidal flats sediment by chemical and biological remediation. Column experiments were conducted to determine the dependence of denitrification rate on the redox potential. Filtered seawater was fed continuously to the pipe filled with sediment from the muddy tidal flats. An increase in the redox potential from -198 mV to 21 mV with bioturbation led to increases in the denitrification rate from 24.2 mg/m2/day to 29.8 mg/m2/day. The increase in denitrification was explained by the acceleration of mass transfer in the sediment. Redox-potential increased from -400 mV to -200 mV by the addition of 10 g calcium nitrate, acid volatile sulfide was below the detection limit to 20 cm depth, and denitrification rate was increased from 21.3 mg/m2/day to 36.4 mg/m2/day. It is considered that the increased nitrogen concentration led to an increase in microbial activity.

Spatial Distribution and Environmental Determinants of Denitrification Enzyme Activity in Reed-Dominated Raised Fields

Denitrification is an important process of nitrogen removal in lake ecosystems.However,the importance of denitrification across the entire soil-depth gradients including subsurface layers remains poorly understood.This study aims to determine the spatial pattern of soil denitrification enzyme activity(DEA) and its environmental determinants across the entire soil depth gradients in the raised fields in Baiyang Lake,North China.In two different zones of the raised fields(i.e.,water boundary vs.main body of the raised fields),the soil samples from 1.0 m to 1.1 m depth were collected,and the DEA and following environmental determinants were quantified:soil moisture,p H,total nitrogen(TN),ammonia nitrogen(NH4+-N),nitrate nitrogen(NO3–-N),total organic carbon(TOC),and rhizome biomass of Phragmites australis.The results showed that the soil DEA and environmental factors had a striking zonal distribution across the entire soil depth gradients.The soil DEA reached two peak values in the upper and middle soil layers,indicating that denitrification are important in both topsoil and subsurface of the raised fields.The correlation analysis showed that the DEA is negatively correlated with the soil depth(p < 0.05).However,this phenomenon did not occur in the distance to the water edge,except in the upper layers(from 0.2 m to 0.7 m) of the boundary zone of the raised fields.In the main body of the raised fields,the DEA level remained high;however,it showed no significant relationship with the distance to the water edge.The linear regression analysis showed significant positive correlation of the DEA with the soil TN,NO3–-N,NH4+-N,and TOC;whereas it showed negative correlation with soil p H.No significant correlations with soil moisture and temperature were observed.A positive correlation was also found between the DEA and rhizome biomass of P.australis.

Simulation of denitrification in groundwater from Chaohu Lake Catchment,China

The eutrophication of Chaohu Lake in China is mainly attributed to nitrate inflow from non-point sources in the lake catchment. In this study,biological nitrate reduction from groundwater in the Chaohu Lake Catchment was investigated under laboratory conditions in a continuous upflow reactor. Sodium acetate served as the carbon source and electron donor. Results showed that a carbon-to-nitrogen(C/N) molar ratio of 3:1 and hydraulic retention time(HRT) of 8 d could achieve the most rapid nitrate nitrogen(NO_3^--N) depletion(from 100 mg/L to 1 mg/L within120 h). This rate was confirmed when field groundwater was tested in the reactor, in which a NO_3^--N removal rate of 97.71% was achieved(from60.35 mg/L to 1.38 mg/L within 120 h). Different levels of the initial NO_3^--N concentration(30, 50, 70, and 100 mg/L) showed observable influence on the denitrification rates, with an overall average NO_3^--N removal efficiency of 98.25% at 120 h. Nitrite nitrogen(NO_2^--N)accumulated in the initial 12 h, and then kept decreasing, until it reached 0.0254 mg/L at 120 h. Compared with the initial value, there was a slight accumulation of 0.04 mg/L for the ammonia nitrogen(NH4-N) concentration in the effluent, which is, however, less than the limit value.These results can provide a reference for evaluating performance of denitrification in situ.

Effect of C/N Ratio,Temperature,pH on Autotrophic Denitrification Rate with Hydrogen Gas,Iron(Ⅱ) and Sodium Sulfide as Electron Donors

Nitrate is considered to be one of the most widely present pollutants leading to eutrophication of environment. The purpose of this work was to isolate and identify new anaerobic denitrifying bacteria from reservoir sediments and utilize different electron donors for isolates to improve nitrate removal efficiency. Using traditional enrichment approach,one purified anaerobic bacterium( Y12) capable of NO-3-N removal from sediments was obtained. The species identity of Y12 was determined via 16 S rRNA gene sequence analysis to be Acinetobacter. In this work,the fastest denitrification rates were observed with ferrous iron as electron donor.And,slightly slower rates were observed with hydrogen and sodium sulfide as electron donors. However,when used hydrogen gas, ferrous iron and sodium sulfide as electron donors, C / N ratios had little effect on autotrophic denitrification rate at the initial C / N ratio from 1.5 to 9.0. Meanwhile,when made use of hydrogen gas,ferrous iron and sodium sulfide as electron donors,a maximum nitrate removal ratio of 100.00%,91.43%and 87.99% at the temperature of 30 ℃,respectively. Moreover,maximum denitrification activity was observed at p H 6.0-7.0.

Effects of allelochemicals on activity of nitrate reductase

Study on the effects of allelochemicals such as trans \|ferulic acid ( t \|FA), benzoic acid (BA) and p \|hydroxybenzoic acid ( p \|HA), isolated from decomposed wheat straw on the activity of nitrate reductase at different concentrations of allelochemicals and different pH is described. t \|FA (0.26, 2.58 and 5.15 mmol/L) and BA (4.09, 8.19 mmol/L) showed a certain inhibition to the activity of nitrate reductase. The highest inhibition rate was 18.40%, but BA (0.41 mmol/L) and p \|HA (0.36, 1.81 and 3.62 mmol/L) showed stimulation, the more strong stimulation rate was 15.80%. At pH 6 condition, the activity of nitrate reductase was stronger inhibited than pH 7 and pH 8, but the mixture of 3 allelochemicals at pH 6 showed a stimulation. The mixture, however, at pH 7 and pH 8 showed some inhibition. It was found that there was a relationship between production of NO\+-\-2 and transformation of NO\+-\-3.

Nitrate Removal from Drinking Water with Sodium Citrate as Sole Carbon Source

This paper investigates the effect of using sodium citrate（NaC6H5O6·2H2O）as sole carbon source for nitrate removal from drinking water.With sodium citrate as sole carbon source, batch experiments have been conducted to study the law of denitrification influenced by pH, C/N and temperature. Results show that a denitrification rate reaching 1.32 g NO-3-N /（g Biomass·d） was obtained when pH was at 7.5,C/N at 1.7（atom ratio）, and temperature from 20 ℃ to 30 ℃. The results also show that denitrification rate with sodium citrate as carbon source approaches to that with methanol as carbon source.

Evaluation of nitrate removal effect on groundwater using artificial neural networks

Considering the non-linear, complex and muhivariable process of biological denitrification, an activated sludge process was introduced to remove nitrate in groundwater with the aid of artificial neural networks （ANN） to evaluate the nitrate removal effect： The parameters such as COD, NH3-N, NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N, MISS, DO, etc. , were used for input nodes, and COD, NH3-N, NO3^- -N, NO2^- -N were selected for output nodes. Experimental ANN training results show that ANN was able to predict the output water quality parameters very well. Most of relative errors of NO3^- -N and COD were in the range of ± 10% and ±5% respectively. The results predicted by ANN model of nitrate removal in groundwater produced good agreement with the experimental data. Though ANN model can optimize effect of the whole system, it cannot replace the water treatment process.

地下水系统中的抗生素对反硝化的影响研究进展

微生物反硝化过程是地下水中硝酸盐最重要的脱氮形式。再生水利用和养殖业引起的抗生素污染常与硝酸盐共存。因此,需深入研究抗生素及其存在形式对地下水中硝酸盐反硝化过程及抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)产生、富集和传播的影响,以综合解析地下水硝酸盐浓度升高的原因。近年来的研究识别了地下水系统中抗生素的解离/络合形态、吸附形式(层间吸附/表面吸附)、水解与微生物降解产物等存在形式,并从反硝化微生物群落、功能酶的种类与活性、功能基因丰度以及ARGs产生与传播途径阐释了抗生素对反硝化过程的抑制机制。主要结论为:(1)地下水系统中,抗生素以多种形式存在,而不同形式的抗生素对微生物的毒性有显著差异;(2)在每升纳克至微克水平的抗生素存在下,地下水反硝化过程受到抑制,抗生素改变了微生物群落结构,抑制了功能酶活性,增加了ARGs的丰度,在这些作用的协同影响下,硝酸盐降解动力学由零级向一级转变;(3)在抗生素抑制反硝化过程中,还增加了温室气体N2O的释放量,抗生素影响了功能基因nosZ表达,N2O浓度与nosZ丰度呈负指数关系。在综述相关文献的基础上,对未来研究提出了展望:(1)定量识别典型抗生素进入地下水系统后的存在形式;(2)厘清不同存在形式的抗生素对反硝化微生物群落、功能酶种类与活性、功能基因丰度和多样性的影响;(3)探索反硝化功能基因在抗生素不同存在形式和不同输入方式下的变化过程,并建立ARGs产生、富集与传播模式;(4)结合野外观测和室内实验从分子生物学、环境化学和水文地质学多尺度研究复合污染下地下水系统的反硝化过程,可为日益复杂的地下水污染防治和饮用水安全保障提供理论依据。

风化壳颗粒大小是决定典型干旱区硝态氮深部累积特征的关键因素

我国干旱区农田关键带过量施氮造成氮肥利用率低和土壤硝态氮大量累积,威胁生态环境安全。阐明干旱区土壤硝态氮累积特征及其影响因素,可为干旱区水肥综合管理提供科学参考。选择典型干旱区——新疆阿克苏地区为研究区域,从南向北沿地形序列布设三个钻孔点,分别为60年棉田XJ1(40°36′48.7″N,80°48′14.2″E)、32年老苹果园XJ2(41°16′16.2″N,80°19′9.1″E)和15年新苹果园XJ3(41°20′37.6″N,80°17′11.0″E),海拔依次为971 m、1129 m和1213 m,采样深度依次为7.75 m、10.52 m和9.91 m,利用线性和非线性相关分析方法研究了土壤有关理化性质与土壤硝态氮浓度变异的关系。结果表明,海拔低处棉田和海拔高处不同种植年限的苹果园土壤深部均出现了硝态氮显著累积特征,深部浓度高达44 mg·kg^(-1),最大累积深度超过10 m。土壤含水量和不同粒径颗粒(砾石、砂粒、粉粒与黏粒)含量等关键理化性质可解释土壤硝态氮浓度垂直变异的约50%。其中,土壤含水量和土壤颗粒大小是决定土壤硝态氮深部累积特征的重要因素,土壤含水量越高、土壤颗粒越细,土壤硝态氮浓度通常越高。棉田土壤硝态氮在4 m深地下水位以下发生了明显的反硝化作用,使累积的硝态氮浓度降至较低水平(<1 mg·kg-1)。苹果园因地下水位较深,土壤硝态氮未发生明显的反硝化作用,且已大量迁移累积至植物根系难以触及的深部区域(>5 m)。土壤含水量是影响土壤硝态氮深部累积特征的地下部直接性因素;土壤颗粒大小通过调控土壤含水量空间变异,而成为影响土壤硝态氮深部累积特征的地下部根本性因素。

以丝瓜络为碳源的固相反硝化系统性能

构建以丝瓜络为碳源的固相反硝化系统,探究不同水力停留时间(HRT)和进水硝酸盐浓度(INC)下该系统的反硝化性能,为丝瓜络作为水产养殖尾水反硝化碳源的工艺优化提供理论依据。以丝瓜络(LS)为一维反硝化反应器(denitrification reactor,DR)外加碳源,在流场环境下,测定不同HRT(16、20、24和28 h)和INC(50、75、100和125 mg/L)下反硝化系统对硝酸盐氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO_(2)^(-)-N)、氨氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和化学需氧量(CODcr)的去除效果。并采用高通量测序技术对丝瓜络反硝化反应器(LS-DR)在运行初期和末期时的细菌群落结构进行分析。当INC为50 mg/L,HRT为24h时,LS-DR对NO_(3)^(-)-N和TN均有较好的去除效果,去除率分别为98.97%±0.52%和97.84%±0.94%,此时出水NO_(2)^(-)-N浓度也达到较低水平(小于0.5 mg/L);在HRT为24 h的基础上,当INC增加至75、100和125 mg/L时,其NO_(3)^(-)-N去除率和NO_(3)^(-)-N去除速率(NRR)均随INC的增加而显著增加,出水COD则随INC的增加而降低,但均未实现完全反硝化,然而,LS-DR在整个实验期间均能完全去除NH_(4)^(+)-N;扫描电镜结果显示,丝瓜络表面结构有利于微生物附着生长;高通量测序结果显示,LS-DR的优势菌门包括变形菌门、拟杆菌门、弯曲杆菌门、厚壁菌门和疣微菌门;被鉴定的优势菌属中热单胞菌属(1.46%)、陶厄氏菌属(0.55%)、固氮螺菌属(3.32%)、Simplicispira(1.01%)、假黄色单胞菌属(0.39%)、草螺菌属(3.02%)和Uliginosibacterium(0.9%)主要参与反硝化的进行,Cytophaga xylanolytica(1.61%)和Cloacibacterium(2.69%)主要参与了丝瓜络的降解,黄杆菌属(1.17%)和Diaphorobacter(0.64%)既能进行反硝化,也能降解丝瓜络。LS-DR的最佳HRT为24 h,最适宜的INC为50 mg/L。本研究为丝瓜络固相反硝化工艺的优化提供了理论基础,为开发新型缓释碳源在养殖尾水处理中的应用提供参考。

新型生物脱氮技术及其相关酶系的研究进展

水中氮素浓度过高会导致水体富营养化,而新型生物脱氮技术有多种耦合手段,可以针对不同的氨氮浓度进行使用,因此在水体氮素污染处理领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文系统介绍了新型生物脱氮技术的反应通路、研究进展及优缺点;并对不同反应路径中生物脱氮酶的作用机制、酶活测定和研究现状等进行了系统的阐述,最后对新型生物脱氮通路上的生物脱氮酶进行总结归纳,对生物脱氮酶的未来提出展望。本综述旨在为提高新型生物脱氮技术在水体氮素处理中的效率及相关生物脱氮酶的研究提供理论依据。