Relationships between Earth’s Rotation or Revolution and Geographical Extent of the Global Surface Monsoons

Monsoon seasons, occasionally also known as wet seasons or trade-wind littoral seasons, are found in the regions where there is a complete seasonal reversal of the prevailing surface winds. Accompanying these shifts in the prevailing surface winds are modulations in rainfall activity. Given the fact that our knowledge of the monsoons is mainly based on the interpretation of the mean values of precipitation, cloudiness and winds;relationships between earth’s rotation or revolution and geographical extent of the global surface monsoons deserve to be highlighted. In the abundant literary and audiovisual production devoted to monsoons worldwide and despite the fact that everyone agrees with physical law which shows that Coriolis force acts to the right in the northern hemisphere (to the left in the southern hemisphere), there is no reference to the relationship between Coriolis force (due to earth’s rotation) effects on troposphere general circulation and geographical extent of the global surface monsoons. Furthermore knowing that the ITCZ oscillations on either side of the equators (due to earth’s revolution) determine the seasons (mainly winter and summer), it is clear that earth’s revolution also plays a crucial role in the seasonal reversal of the prevailing surface winds observed in the regions where monsoons are found. Our main objective is to provide a rational answer to the question: what is a monsoon?

Earth’s Atmosphere Prevailing Surface Winds Based on Effectiveness of Mbane Biouele Formula Derived in 2009

Any system designed to simulate the earth's atmosphere general circulation, must necessarily be based on the spatial-or temporal average conditions. Irregularities in the profiles of air motions that we observe on daily weather maps often make lose any real meaning to the general circulation. As complicated and inconsistent that is the daily traffic of air particles, it is interesting to define a general circulation characteristic of the average air transportation around the globe. Indeed, this transport responds to a need to transfer heat from the equator (heat source) to the poles (cold sources). Mbane Biouele formula (2009), derived from Clausius-Clapeyron relation (1832), now allows faithful and unique representation of the tricellular general circulation: Hence, the possibility of access to the earth’s atmosphere prevailing surface winds in summer as well as winter.

Identification and Interpretation of Earth’s Atmosphere Dynamics’ and Thermodynamics’ Similarities between Rogue Waves and Oceans’ Surface Geostrophic Wind

In their daily practices, meteorologists make extensive use of the geostrophic wind properties to explain many weather phenomena such as the meaning and direction of the horizontal winds that take place around the low atmospheric pressures. The biggest challenge that faces the public who is interested in information disseminated by meteorologists is to know exactly what means the geostrophic wind. Besides the literal definitions scattered in very little scientific work, there is unfortunately no book which gives importance to the algebraic definition of the geostrophic wind. Our work shows that to better understand the behavior of natural phenomena, it is essential to combine the theories with based observations. Obviously, observations cannot be relevant without a theory that guides the observers. Conversely, no theory can be validated without experimental verification. Synoptic observations show that in the “free atmosphere!” the wind vectors are very nearly parallel to isobars, and the flow is perpendicular to the horizontal pressure gradient force, at least at any given instant. This kind of information recommends great caution when making geostrophic approximations. Our work also shows that for tornadoes, there is no need to move away from the surface of the oceans to observe the geostrophic balance. Undoubtedly, identification and interpretation of earth’s atmosphere dynamics’ and thermodynamics’ similarities between rogue waves and oceans’ surface geostrophic wind will be an easy exercise to researchers who will give importance to result provided by this paper.

Evidences of the expanding Earth from space-geodetic data over solid land and sea level rise in recent two decades

According to the space-geodetic data recorded at globally distributed stations over solid land spanning a period of more than 20-years under the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2008,our previous estimate of the average-weighted vertical variation of the Earth＇s solid surface suggests that the Earth＇s solid part is expanding at a rate of 0.24 ± 0.05 mm/a in recent two decades.In another aspect,the satellite altimetry observations spanning recent two decades demonstrate the sea level rise（SLR） rate 3.2 ± 0.4 mm/a,of which1.8 ± 0.5 mm/a is contributed by the ice melting over land.This study shows that the oceanic thermal expansion is 1.0 ± 0.1 mm/a due to the temperature increase in recent half century,which coincides with the estimate provided by previous authors.The SLR observation by altimetry is not balanced by the ice melting and thermal expansion,which is an open problem before this study.However,in this study we infer that the oceanic part of the Earth is expanding at a rate about 0.4 mm/a.Combining the expansion rates of land part and oceanic part,we conclude that the Earth is expanding at a rate of 0.35 ± 0.47 mm/a in recent two decades.If the Earth expands at this rate,then the altimetry-observed SLR can be well explained.

中心组合设计优化SG-5型PVC稀土复合热稳定剂的研究

采用正交设计与中心组合设计法优化了以硬脂肪酸镧、硬脂肪酸高铈、硬脂肪酸钕为复合热稳定剂的配方,得到了这三种稀土化合物对SG-5型PVC热稳定性产生作用的响应面图,探讨了稀土金属离子对PVC的稳定机理;检测了产品的性能。优化结果表明,以SG-5型PVC0.5g、硬脂肪酸镧为0.013g、硬脂肪酸钕0.0196g及硬脂肪酸高铈0.02g所组合得到的PVC树脂,其热稳定温度达到183.3℃,并能稳定35分钟以上,比正交实验结果180.8℃提高2.5℃,其力学性能优于正交结果。La3+、Ce4+、Nd3+对PVC树脂的热稳定作用与它们离子半径的大小及与自由基成键的能力和吸附能力呈正相关性。

Watershed systems science—A new paradigm to understand and govern the impact of human activities on the earth's surface in the Anthropocene

Recent scholars’work in Vol 58 Issue 1(2015)and Cheng and Li’s paper in Vol 58 Issue 7(2015)in Science China Earth Sciences propose development of"Watershed science"by"Bridging new advances in hydrological science with good management of river basins".An analysis of the language and key concepts used in the abstracts,titles and keywords of this set of 8 papers and an editorial reveals that‘Watershed’,‘River’,‘Science’and‘System’are the

Accurate Shortwave Radiation Simulation with a Two-Layer Aerosol Model in Xinjiang Region

To harness the rich solar energy resources in Xinjiang Region of Northwest China,this study tries to address the issue of lack of downward surface shortwave radiation(DSSR)observations and the need to improve the accuracy of satellite retrieval and numerical simulation of DSSR under varied sky and meteorological conditions.(1)A two-layer aerosol model specific to Xinjiang was developed to capture the vertical distributions of aerosols based on multiple data sources including lidar,GPS sounding,ground meteorological observations,and profiles from the ECMWF reanalysis version 5(ERA5)data.The results show that the ERA5/PBLH(planetary boundary layer height)and ERA5/ALH(aerosol layer height)could be used to establish the two-layer aerosol model and characterize the vertical distribution of aerosols in Xinjiang Region.(2)Using the Santa Barbara Discrete Atmospheric Radiative Transfer(SBDART)model,a localized inverse model of clear-sky DSSR was established.After parameter adjustment and using the optimal combination of input parameters for DSSR simulation together with the two-layer aerosol model,the model-simulated DSSR(DSSRSBD)under clear-sky conditions improved significantly compared to the initial results,with all fitting indices greatly improved.(3)In addition,the study demonstrated that the impact of the two-layer aerosol model on DSSR was more pronounced under dust conditions than clear-sky conditions.(4)Using the localized clear-sky DSSR inversion model and its required parameters,simulations were also conducted to capture the spatiotemporal distribution of DSSR under clear-sky conditions in Xinjiang from 2017 to 2019.The annual average DSSR_(SBD)under clear-sky conditions in Xinjiang during 2017–2019 was 606.78 W m^(-2),while DSSR from CERES(DSSR_(CER))under the same conditions was generally higher(703.95 W m^(-2)).(5)It is found that satellite remote sensing products experienced data loss in high-altitude snow areas,where numerical simulation technology could serve as a valuable complement.

南京地区近地面紫外辐射UV-B强度对小麦生长及产量影响的评估

在降低目前南京地区近地面紫外UV-B辐射强度15.3%的条件下,采用室外盆栽试验方法,研究了小麦的生长及产量的变化。试验结果表明,降低目前近地面紫外UV-B辐射强度,小麦的株高、叶面积、叶绿素含量、生物产量及经济产量均显著增加,而叶片类黄酮含量显著下降。结果还表明,在小麦不同生育期降低目前近地面紫外UV-B辐射强度,小麦的产量增加幅度也有显著差异,表现为拔节—齐穗期>齐穗—成熟期>苗期。说明目前南京地区近地面紫外UV-B辐射强度对小麦生长及产量已构成一定程度的影响,且小麦拔节—孕穗期是对UV-B辐射的敏感时期。

湖泊沉积物中元素相态的连续提取分析——以岱海为例

如何利用湖泊/海洋沉积物地球化学代用指标有效地指示环境很大程度取决于元素的来源及其在沉积物中赋存形态的确定.对位于半干旱区的内蒙古岱海14个沉积物样品的连续提取实验及18个元素在水可溶态、可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机物结合态及残留态等六种赋存相态中含量变化进行了测试和研究,结合沉积物的矿物组成,结果表明在岱海流域内只经历了较弱的化学风化过程,除了Ca和Sr外,其他元素主要赋存于残留态中,只发生了很小程度的活化溶解.受元素亲合性和湖水物理化学状态的制约,出溶的Sr与Ca的赋存相态基本一致,而出溶的Pb、Be、Co、Cu、K、Mn、Fe等元素则与自生碳酸盐、有机质表现出一定的亲合性.元素在不同赋存相态中分布为地球化学环境代用指标的提取和解释提供了机理性的实验依据.

对气象卫星亮温的一种云、地分离方法

利用静止卫星资料 ,引入“最高亮温法”和“地表亮温底图”的概念 ,以“最高亮温法”为基础 ,得出“地表亮温底图”分析地表亮温分布。同时分析地表和云在两个窗区通道上的亮温差异以此为基础 ,提出一种实现云地分离的方法 ,所得结果对定量化分析云高及云的分类识别有积极的意义。

西南山区矿调中的地球物理综合找矿技术

为了寻找隐伏矿、深部矿,以四川通安—小牛场地区为研究平台,开展了矿产远景调查,提出了将重力、航磁、地磁、激电等物探手段有机结合,综合应用于西南山区矿产调查的思路,并列举典型实例,逐步分析各种物探异常,最终实现从圈定找矿重点区到确定矿体平面分布形态的目的。以期这一重、磁、电相互结合的模式对今后西南山区的矿产勘查能起到一定的指导作用。

基于光滑有限单元法的土石坝无压渗流场数值模拟

获得自由面准确位置是无压渗流分析中最被关注的问题。采用光滑有限元法对土石坝无压渗流场进行数值模拟,对不同模型的自由面位置进行求解,研究了渗透异常体对自由面和渗流参数的影响。根据梯度光滑技术,建立了无压渗流问题的光滑有限元模型,该方法的优势在于将单元面积分优化为沿单元边界的线积分,简化了边界相交单元的内部积分过程,降低了单元畸形对计算结果的影响。通过将矩形均质坝和梯形均质坝的经典算例计算结果和其他数值方法的结果进行对比,说明了本文提出的方法的可行性。进一步研究了不同的渗透率异常体对水头分布、渗流速度和流体压力等渗流参数的具体影响,这些结果为利用渗流参数分布的变化反演渗透异常体位置,以及进行土石坝多场耦合提供了理论依据和可行策略。

利用橡皮泥制作起伏地表物理模型进行直流电法实验

目前室内直流电法实验大都在水槽里进行,所以要想得到起伏地表的实验结果是很难的。尽管土和沙子可以制作成起伏地表模型,但是都有各自的优缺点。采用橡皮泥制作模型实现了起伏地表的实验,为今后在室内进行直流电法实验找到了一种简单易行的方法。

EM对地面水域水质的净化

试验研究了EM对地面水域水质的净化作用 ,探讨了EM投放方式对水质的净化效果以及对地面水域水质指标的净化选择性及其净化的经济可行性。

神经网络预测爆炸密实引起的地表沉降

爆炸密实法用于地基处理已有很长的历史,用此方法处理时所引起的地表沉降是衡量其处理效果的一个重要指标,许多学者提出了引起地表沉降量的统计预测模型。本文尝试建立了预测爆炸密实引起地表沉降的神经网络模型,由于用来训练网络的原始样本太少,难以训练出一个具有高精度的预测模型,为此采用了遗传算法与神经网络相结合的方法,得到了一个只有小样本输入却能得到高精度输出的神经网络模型。对检验样本的预测结果表明,所建立的神经网络模型具有很强的预测能力,其预测精度比已有的统计预测模型高。

苏州地铁盾构工程地面隆沉控制分析

结合苏州市轨道交通一号线临顿路～仓街站区间盾构工程实例,探明苏州粉质黏土及粉砂地层盾构正常掘进引起的隆起和沉降变形特征;研究盾构隧道管片壁后注浆材料、注浆参数、二次补浆、各项掘进参数对地表隆起和沉降变形的影响;探究在苏州粉质黏土及粉砂地层条件下较小的隆起和沉降槽范围。

沱江流域马尾松、湿地松人工林小气候比较

比较了沱江流域低山区马尾松和湿地松人工林在小气候因子上的差异。结果表明,湿地松林内夜间气温高于马尾松林,而午后气温则低于马尾松林;湿地松林内的相对湿度高于马尾松林,而风速则低于马尾松林;湿地松林内的月均土壤表面温度低于马尾松林;距地面0.5 m高处的光照强度和风速在2种人工针叶林中无明显差异,但在距地面2 m高处却是马尾松林高于湿地松林。2种人工针叶林内小气候因子的差异主要与2种林分的林冠郁闭度有关。

地球表层物质运动的生态效应

地球表层的研究涉及到地质、地理、生态、生物、气象、水文、医药、海洋、天文、物理、化学和计算机科学等诸多学科或领域,其中有关生态系统的研究是最重要的方面,也是有关地球表层研究的核心问题所在。本文基于地球表层新概念,就地球表层巨系统的物质运动(包括固体圈、气液圈、有机圈三大系统及其子系统的相互作用)对生态系统可能产生的作用或影响以及各系统或子系统的物质运动可能带来的生态效应进行了探讨和论证。

民勤荒漠区无霜期及春季低温变化特征分析

以甘肃民勤治沙综合试验站数十年气象定点观测资料为基础,统计、分析了民勤荒漠区无霜期、春季低温、冻土层的变化特征。结果显示:该地区平均终霜期为5月10日,初霜期为9月28日,50 a来终霜期有逐渐提前、初霜期有逐渐推后的趋势,但不同年份变异幅度增大;3-5月份地表平均最低温度、气温逐渐上升,≤0℃出现比率下降,但4月下旬至5月上旬大强度的降温天气时有发生;3月份冻土层的变化与气温变化趋势相近。30 a以来地表平均日最低温度和气温亦有所提高。