Flotation separation of scheelite from calcite using luteolin as a novel depressant

This paper proposes luteolin(LUT)as a novel depressant for the flotation-based separation of scheelite and calcite in a sodium oleate(NaOL)system.The suitability of LUT as a calcite depressant is confirmed through micro-flotation testing.At pH=9,with LUT concentration of 50 mg·L^(-1) and NaOL concentration of 50 mg·L^(-1),scheelite recovery reaches 80.3%.Calcite,on the other hand,exhibits a recovery rate of 17.6%,indicating a significant difference in floatability between the two minerals.Subsequently,the surface modifica-tions of scheelite and calcite following LUT treatment are characterized using adsorption capacity testing,Zeta potential analysis,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),and atomic force microscopy(AFM).The study in-vestigates the selective depressant mechanism of LUT on calcite.Adsorption capacity testing and Zeta potential analysis demonstrate sub-stantial absorption of LUT on the surface of calcite,impeding the further adsorption of sodium oleate,while its impact on scheelite is min-imal.FT-IR and XPS analyses reveal the selective adsorption of LUT onto the surface of calcite,forming strong chemisorption bonds between the hydroxyl group and calcium ions present.AFM directly illustrates the distinct adsorption densities of LUT on the two miner-al types.Consequently,LUT can effectively serve as a depressant for calcite,enabling the successful separation of scheelite and calcite.

Advances in depressants for flotation separation of Cu–Fe sulfide minerals at low alkalinity:A critical review

The flotation separation of Cu–Fe sulfide minerals at low alkalinity can be achieved using selective depressants.In the flotation system of Cu–Fe sulfide minerals,depressants usually preferentially interact with the pyrite surface to render the mineral surface hydrophilic and hinder the adsorption of the collector.This review summarizes the advances in depressants for the flotation separation of Cu–Fe sulfide minerals at low alkalinity.These advances include use of inorganic depressants (oxidants and sulfur–oxygen compounds),natural polysaccharides (starch,dextrin,konjac glucomannan,and galactomannan),modified polymers (carboxymethyl cellulose,polyacrylamide,lignosulfonate,and tricarboxylate sodium starch),organic acids (polyglutamic acid,sodium humate,tannic acid,pyrogallic acid,salicylic acid,and lactic acid),sodium dimethyl dithiocarbamate,and diethylenetriamine.The potential application of specific inorganic and organic depressants in the flotation separation of Cu–Fe sulfide minerals at low alkalinity is reviewed.The advances in the use of organic depressants with respect to the flotation separation of Cu–Fe sulfide minerals are comprehensively detailed.Additionally,the depression performances and mechanisms of different types of organic depressants on mineral surfaces are summarized.Finally,several perspectives on depressants vis-à-vis flotation separation of Cu–Fe sulfide minerals at low alkalinity are proposed.

Analysis of the Antidepressant Effects and Mechanisms of Icariin II Based on The GABAergic Nervous System

This article summarized the research progress on the antidepressant mechanism of icariin II,mainly elaborating on its mechanism from five aspects:GABAergic nervous system,inflammatory response,oxidative stress,neurotrophic factors,and neurotransmitters in the brain.Its clinical application value was further explored to provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of icariin II in treating depression.

Flotation separation depressants for scheelite and calcium-bearing minerals: A review

Owing to the depletion of wolframite, the focus of tungsten extraction has gradually shifted to scheelite. However, separating the associated minerals(e.g., apatite, fluorite, and calcite) and scheelite is challenging because their surface physicochemical properties are similar to those of scheelite. Fortunately, researchers have made substantial progress in separating the minerals of scheelite by using depressants. This study reviews the application and inhibition mechanism of inorganic depressants in obtaining tungsten from its calcium-bearing minerals. The application of new organic depressants in obtaining tungsten from its calcium-bearing minerals and the associated mechanisms are also summarized. After an objective assessment of inorganic and organic depressants’ advantages and disadvantages, possible future research directions for inorganic and organic depressants are proposed. Herein, we provide a theoretical basis for developing scheelite flotation depressants.

Effect of nanocomposite pour point depressant EVAL/CNT on flow properties of waxy crude oil

The nanocomposite EVAL-CNT was produced by chemical grafting in the solution system through the esterification of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVAL) and carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (O-MWCNT), and its structural properties were characterized. The improvement of the rheological properties of the waxy oil system by the novel pour point depressant was investigated using macroscopic rheological measurements and microscopic observations. The results showed that EVAL-CNT nanocomposite pour point depressant (PPD) could significantly reduce the pour point and improve the low temperature fluidity of crude oil and had better performance than EVAL-GO at the same addition level. The best effect was achieved at the dosing concentration of 400 ppm, which reduced the pour point by 13 ℃ and the low-temperature viscosity by 85.4%. The nanocomposites dispersed in the oil phase influenced the precipitation and crystallization of wax molecules through heterogeneous crystallization templates, which led to the increase of wax crystal size and compact structure and changed the wax crystal morphology, which had a better effect on the rheological properties of waxy oil.

Polysaccharides-based pyrite depressants for green flotation separation:An overview

Froth flotation is an essential processing technique for upgrading low-grade ores.Flotation separation would not be efficient without chemical surfactants(collectors,depressants,frothers,etc.).Depressants play a critical role in the selective separation of minerals in that they deactivate unfavorable mineral surfaces and hinder them from floating into the flotation concentration zone.Pyrite is the most common and challenging sulfide gangue,and its conventional depressants could be highly harmful to nature and humans.Therefore,using available,affordable,eco-friendly polymers to assist or replace hazardous reagents is mandatory for a green transition.Polysaccharide-based(starch,dextrin,carboxymethyl cellulose,guar gum,etc.)polymers are one of the most used biodegradable depressant groups for pyrite depression.Despite the satisfactory flotation results obtained using these eco-friendly depressants,several gaps still need to be addressed,specifically in investigating surface interactions,adsorption mechanisms,and parameters affecting their depression performance.As a unique approach,this review comprehensively discussed previously conducted studies on pyrite depression with polysaccharide-based reagents.Additionally,practical suggestions have been provided for future assessments and developments of polysaccharide-based depressants,which pave the way to green flotation.This robust review also explored the depression efficiency and various adsorption aspects of naturally derived depressants on the pyrite surface to create a possible universal trend for each biodegradable depressant derivative.

Gastrointestinal Microbiome and related metabolites in Depression and Antidepressants - a comprehensive review

Depression,a prevalent mood disorder,has emerged as a significant health concern in society.While the exact cause of depression remains incompletely understood,there is substantial evidence linking the gastrointestinal microbiome and its metabolites to this condition.Through combined multi-omics analysis,it has been observed that the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome,including Firmicutes,Bacteroidetes,and Actinobacteria,undergoes significant alterations in depressed individuals.Moreover,the production of short-chain fatty acids,tryptophan,and bile acids by these gut microbes is also found to be modified in depression.Furthermore,studies have demonstrated that antidepressant medications exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with the gastrointestinal microbiome and their metabolites.This review provides an overview of the association between the gastrointestinal microbiome,related metabolites,and depression.It highlights the potential of these factors to serve as mechanisms of action for antidepressant medications.Additionally,the review summarizes the commonly used technical tools in depression research.

A depressant for marmatite flotation:Synthesis,characterisation and floatation performance

This study synthesised a zincic salt(ZS)as a depressant for marmatite-galena separation.The effect of ZS on the flotation of marmatite and galena was investigated through micro-flotation tests.88.89%of the galena was recovered and 83.39%of the marmatite was depressed with ZS dosage of 750 mg·L^(−1)at pH=4.The depression mechanism of ZS on marmatite was investigated by a variety of techniques,including adsorption measurements,Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic(XPS)analysis,and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(ToF-SIMS).Results of adsorption tests and FTIR reveal that ZS adsorbed on marmatite surface and impeded the subsequent adsorption of butyl xanthate(BX).The results of XPS and ToF-SIMS indicate that the ZnO_(2)^(3-)released by ZS could be chemisorbed on the marmatite surface and depress marmatite flotation.

Application of EDTMPS as a novel calcite depressant in scheelite flotation

In this study, the innovative use of ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic sodium(EDTMPS) as a calcite depressant in scheelite flotation was investigated by flotation experiments, and its selective depression mechanism was revealed by contact angle measurement, FTIR analysis, Zeta potential test and XPS analysis. The flotation experiment results showed that scheelite and calcite could be efficiently separated under the following conditions: pulp p H=9.5, Na OL concentration of 1.5×10^(-4)mol/L, EDTMPS concentration of 3.0×10^(-5)mol/L, a scheelite concentrate with WO3grade of 65.49%, recovery of 83.29%and separation efficiency of 65.29% could be obtained from the artificially mixed minerals. The analysis results of mineral surface properties demonstrated that EDTMPS was strongly adsorbed onto the calcite surface through the reaction between the phosphonate group and the calcium ions, which hindered Na OL adsorption and increased the hydrophilicity of calcite. However, EDTMPS had weak adsorption strength on the scheelite surface, which didn’t affect further adsorption of Na OL, hence, the scheelite remained hydrophobic. Consequently, the selective adsorption of EDTMPS on the two minerals’ surfaces increased a difference in wettability and thus enabling them to be separated by flotation. Finally, the mechanism model of this flotation separation process was established.

Effectiveness of antidepressant repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in a patient with refractory psychogenic dysphagia:A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Dysphagia is a common condition in older as well as young patients,and a variety of treatments have been reported depending on the cause.However,clinicians are challenged when the cause is unclear.This is the case with psychogenic dysphagia,which has typically been treated with supportive psychotherapy,medi-cation,swallowing exercise,and dysphagia rehabilitation therapy.Here,we aimed to relieve the symptoms of a patient with refractory psychogenic dysphagia,who was unresponsive to conventional swallowing therapy,with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rTMS).CASE SUMMARY A relatively calm-looking 35-year-old female patient presented with a 2-year history of dysphagia.She showed little improvement with conventional swallowing treatments over the past 2 years.She was relatively compliant with inhospital dysphagia therapy,but uncooperative with home exercise and medication.In particular,since she was resistant to drug treatment,we had to take a different approach than the treatment she had been receiving for the past 2 years.After much deliberation,we decided to initiate antidepressant rTMS treatment with her consent(IRB No.2023-05-021).Antidepressant rTMS treatment was performed twice weekly for a total of 20 sessions over 10 wk.The results showed improvement in subjective symptoms and video fluoroscopic swallowing study findings.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first report of symptomatic improvement using antidepressant rTMS protocol for refractory psychogenic dysphagia.CONCLUSION This case demonstrates that rTMS with antidepressant protocol can be used to improve swallowing in patients with refractory psychogenic dysphagia.

Effects of intravenous infusion of esketamine on analgesia and postpartum antidepressant after cesarean section

Objective:Postpartum depression and postoperative pain affect postpartum physical and psychological rehabilitation.Esketamine,as a dexer of ketamine,has analgesic and antidepressant effects.This study was to investigate the effect of intravenous infusion of esmololone on postoperative analgesia and postpartum depression in parturients undergoing cesarean section.Methods:435 parturients undergoing cesarean section under combined spinal and epidural anesthesia were randomly divided into three groups.All of the subjects were given continuous intravenous infusion 5 minutes after delivery of the fetus.HE:0.4 mg/kg esketamine;LE:0.2 mg/kg esketamine;C:saline.Intraoperative records of MAP and HR at entry operating room(T0),skin resection(T1),beginning of test drug pumping(T2),10 min of pumping(T3)20min of pumping(T4),end of pumping(T5),end of operation(T6)and the adverse reactions before leaving the room were recorded.Postoperative analgesia with intravenous analgesia pump:2.5 ug/kg Sufentanil+8 mg Ondansetron+100 mL Saline.VAS score and sufentanil consumption and adverse reactions were recorded at 2 h(T0’)4 h(T1’)、8 h(T2’)、12 h(T3’)、24 h(T4’)after operation.The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale(EPDS)was used to evaluate the depression status of pregnant women 1 day before operation,1 d,3 d,1 w and 6 w after operation.Result:There was no significant difference in mean arterial pressure(MAP)and heart rate(HR)among the three groups(P>0.05).Compared with C,the incidence of dizziness and diplopia was higher in HE and LE(P<0.05).Compared with C,VAS scores,the sufentanil dosage,and EPDS scores decreased at 1 and 3d postoperatively in both the HE and LE.(P<0.05).Conclusion:The analgesic effect of esketamine after cesarean section is remarkable,which can reduce the use of opioids and improve the short-term depression of pregnant women.

Antidepressant-like Effects of Flavonoids from Pteridium aquilinum var.latiusculum

[Objectives]To explore the antidepressant-like effects of PAFL and its potential mechanisms.[Methods]This study used PAFL in mice under various conditions and analyzed the results.The antidepressant-like effects of flavonoids from Pteridium aquilinum(PAFL)and its possible action mechanism were discussed.[Results]PAFL(5 mg/kg,i.p.)exhibited markedly antidepressant-like activities,which could be reversed by treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine(an inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis),haloperidol(a non-selective D 2 receptor antagonist)and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid(an agonist at the glutamate site).Meanwhile,PAFL also effectively increased the hippocampus 5-HT,DA,and Glu levels of mice exposed to TST and FST.The LPS-induced antidepressant behavioral experiment showed that PAFL(1 and 5 mg/kg,i.p.)and fluoxetine(20 mg/kg,i.p.)effectively reduced the immobility time,and increase activity time in OFT.PAFL pretreatment significantly reduced IL-6 and TNF-αserum levels and improve the changes of hippocampal SOD and MDA oxidative stress indicators.Furthermore,PAFL preconditioning could up-regulate BDNF and TrκB contents in hippocampus and down-regulate IκB-αand NF-κB phosphorylation.[Conclusions]The antidepressant-like effects of PAFL might be mediated by the 5-HT,DAergic and Gluergic systems,and the mechanisms of anti-depressant effects of PAFL might be via the alterations of animal behaviors,hippocampus inflammation and neurotrophy,which might be attributed by the BDNF/TrκB/NF-κB signaling pathway.

Antidepressant Effect of Mongolian Pharmaceutical Betel Shisanwei Ingredient Pills and Its Improvement Effect on Depressive Syndromes

[Objectives]To analyze the effect of Mongolian pharmaceutical Betel Shisanwei Ingredient Pills in the clinical treatment of patients with depression.[Methods]From June 2020 to May 2021,64 patients with depression who received treatment in Inner Mongolia Minzu University were selected to participate in this study.These patients were randomly numbered from 1 to 64,and then divided into two groups according to the principle of odd or even number.Patients with odd number were regarded as the reference group,and treated by western medicine fluoxetine;patients with even number were regarded as the study group,and treated by Mongolian pharmaceutical Betel Shisanwei Ingredient Pills.The therapeutic effects of the two groups of patients were compared.[Results]Before treatment,there was no significant difference in the scores of patients'depressive syndromes between the two groups(P>0.05).After treatment,there were two significant changes in comprehensive score of depressive symptoms in both groups.Compared with before treatment,the data of the same group after treatment decreased significantly.Comparison between the two groups showed that the score of patients'depressive syndromes in the study group(13.28±5.49)was significantly lower than that in the reference group(18.46±6.51),and the overall response rate of treatment in the study group(96.88%,31/32)was obviously higher than that in the reference group(75.00%,24/32),showing statistically significant differences(P<0.05).[Conclusions]In the treatment of depression,Mongolian medicine therapy can significantly improve the depressive syndromes in patients,with more prominent curative effects,and is worthy of promotion and application.

Commentary: Discussing the antidepressant potential of silymarin

The therapeutic potential of diet,dietary supplements,herbal remedies,and nutraceuticals for treatment of depression and anxiety is being increasingly explored.In this commentary,we discuss the recent findings on the antidepressant potential of silymarin(SILY)in mice and present an alternative approach.We highlight the extensive research on another phytochemical,curcumin,for the treatment of depression and anxiety.Finally,we suggest a future application,which investigates the potential synergistic effects of combined treatment with SILY and curcumin for depression.

The Antidepressant Mechanism of JiaWeiWenDan Decoction Regulating p38MAPK-ERK5 Signal Transduction Pathway

Objective: To investigate the anti-depression mechanism of JiaWeiWenDan Decoction in regulating p38MAPK-ERK5 signal transduction pathway. Methods: Depression model rats were randomly divided into Blank Control Group, Model Control Group, Chinese Medicine Treatment Group, and Western Medicine Treatment Group (hereinafter referred to as Blank Group, Model Group, Chinese Medicine Group, and Western Medicine Group), with 48 rats in each group. The mice were treated with p38MAPK-ERK5 on the 7th day, 14th day and 21st day, respectively, and the mice were treated for 28 days. The key targets and cytokines in p38MAPK-ERK5 signal transduction pathway were detected. Results: Compared with the Blank Group, the expression of p38MAPKmRNA in the hippocampus of the Model Group was increased. The Chinese Medicine Group and Western Medicine Group could reduce the expression of p38MAPK mRNA (P P P P Conclusion: The anti-inflammatory effect of JiaWeiWenDan Decoction may be related to the regulation of p38MAPK-ERK5 signaling pathway. With the advance of the treatment week, the best effect was obtained when the treatment was started on the 7th day of modeling.

Neuroplasticity and major depression, the role of modern antidepressant drugs

The pathophysiology of depression has been traditionally attributed to a chemical imbalance and critical interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors, and antidepressant drugs suggested to act predominantly amplifying monoaminergic neurotransmission. This conceptualization may be currently considered reductive. The current literature about the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depression, stress-related disorders and antidepressant treatment was examined. In order to provide a critical overview about neuroplasticity, depression and antidepressant drugs, a detailed Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, Psyc Lit, and Psyc Info search to identify all papers and book chapters during the period between 1980 and 2011 was performed. Pathological stress and depression determine relevant brain changes such as loss of dendritic spines and synapses, dendritic atrophy as well as reduction of glial cells(both in number and size) in specific areas such as the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. An increased dendritic arborisation and synaptogenesis may instead be observed in the amygdala as a consequence of depression and stress-related disorders. While hippocampal and prefrontal functioning was impaired, amygdala functioning was abnormally amplified. Most of molecular abnormalities and biological changes of aberrant neuroplasticity may be explained by the action of glutamate. Antidepressant treatment is associated with neurogenesis, gliogenesis, dendritic arborisation, new synapse formation and cell survival both in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Antidepressants(ADs) induce neuroplasticity mechanisms reversing the pathological effects of depression and stress-related disorders. The neuroplasticity hypothesis may explain the therapeutic and prophylactic action of ADs representing a new innovative approach to the pathophysiology of depression and stress-related disorders.

Synthesis of new EVA graft copolymer and its pour point depressant performance evaluation for Daqing crude oil

EVA was widely used as the pour point depressant for waxy oil.In order to improve its effect,some graft copolymerization methods should be used to modify EVA's property.EVA has long side chains and nitrogen polar groups to enforce its adaptability and effect of waxy oil.The pure amine,maleicanhydride and their reaction product were tested using infrared spectra and the NMR spectral.The results show that when the modified EVA is added into oil,the wax deposits not only on the main chain but also on the side chains.And the polar groups have the function to avoid and resist the wax crystals connection each other to form the net.Using the reaction product of maleicanhydride and high carbonic amine(C12,C16,C18 amine) as the graft component,the toluene as the solvent and BPO as the initiator,the series of new EVA graft copolymer with special side chains are prepared under controlled condition.A series of cylmaleimide exist indeed in modified EVA and the highest grafted percentage is 18.8%.EVA-16,the new graft copolymer,is better than EVA about 3 ℃ more in depressant the pour-point of Daqing waxy crude oil.

Utilization of polysaccharides as depressants for the flotation separation of copper/lead concentrate

The interaction mechanism between dextrin and minerals has been investigated through micro-flotation, adsorption density measurements, Fourier transform infrared ray (FTIR) spectroscopic studies and dissolution tests. Dextrin shows a good depressing action towards galena but not chalcopyrite. FTIR spectroscopic studies indicate that dextrin chemically adsorbed on galena surface in alkaline pH range. Dissolution tests confirm leaching action of metal ions from chalcopyrite and galena surfaces, and dextrin-lead ion interaction. Adsorption measurements present that the higher adsorption density of O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thionocarbamate (IPETC) onto chalcopyrite than that onto galena, and IPETC adsorbed on galena decrease with increasing dextrin concentrations in the presence of dextrin, attesting the flotation results.

Analgesic,antibacterial and central nervous system depressant activities of Albizia procera leaves

Objective:To ascertain analgesic,antibacterial and central nervous system(CNS)depressant activities of ethyl acetate,dichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride fractions of methanol extract of Albizia proceru(A.procera)leaves.Methods:Leaves extracts of A.procera were tested for analgesic activity by acetic acid induced and formalin test method in mice.The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar well diffusion method.CNS depressant activity was evaluated by hole cross and open field tests.Results:All the extracts at 200 mg/kg exhibited significant(P<0.01)analgesic activity in acetic acid induced and formalin tests method in mice.Analgesic activity of the ethyl acetate fraction was almost same like as standard drug indomelhacin in acetic acid induced method.The CNS depressant activity of the extracts at 500 mg/kg was comparable to the positive control diazepam as determined by hole cross and open field test method.The extracts exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms(Staphylococcus aureus,Bacillus cereus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Esherichia coli,Shigetta soneii.Shigella boydii)at concentration of 0.8 mg/disc.The measured diameter of zone of inhibition for the extracts was within the range of 7 to 12 mm which was less than the standard kanamycin(16-24 mm).Conclusions:It is concluded that all the extracts possess potential analgesic and CNS depressants activity.This study also showed that different fractions of methanol extract could be potential sources of new antimicrobial agents.

SEPARATION OF PYRITE FROM CHALCOPYRITE WITH ORGANIC DEPRESSANT CTP

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