Scavenging Microwave Wireless Power:A Unified Model,Rectenna Design Automation,and Cutting-Edge Techniques

While sufficient review articles exist on inductive short-range wireless power transfer(WPT),long-haul microwave WPT(MWPT)for solar power satellites,and ambient microwave wireless energy harvesting(MWEH)in urban areas,few studies focus on the fundamental modeling and related design automation of receiver systems.This article reviews the development of MWPT and MWEH receivers,with a focus on rectenna design automation.A novel rectifier model capable of accurately modeling the rectification process under both high and low input power is presented.The model reveals the theoretical boundary of radio frequency-to-direct current(dc)power conversion efficiency and,most importantly,enables an automated system design.The automated rectenna design flow is sequential,with the minimal engagement of iterative optimization.It covers the design automation of every module(i.e.,rectifiers,matching circuits,antennae,and dc–dc converters).Scaling-up of the technique to large rectenna arrays is also possible,where the challenges in array partitioning and power combining are briefly discussed.In addition,several cutting-edge rectenna techniques for MWPT and MWEH are reviewed,including the dynamic range extension technique,the harmonics-based retro-directive technique,and the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer technique,which can be good complements to the presented automated design methodology.

Electromagnetic Simulation with 3D FEM for Design Automation in 5G Era

Electromagnetic simulation and electronic design automation(EDA)play an important role in the design of 5G antennas and radio chips.The simulation challenges include electromagnetic effects and long simulation time and this paper focuses on simulation software based on finite-element method(FEM).The state-of-the-art EDA software using novel computational techniques based on FEM can not only accelerate numerical analysis,but also enable optimization,sensitivity analysis and interactive design tuning based on rigorous electromagnetic model of a device.Several new techniques that help to mitigate the most challenging issues related to FEM based simulation are highlighted.In particular,methods for fast frequency sweep,mesh morphing and surrogate models for efficient optimization and manual design tuning are briefly described,and their efficiency is illustrated on examples involving a 5G multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)antenna and filter.It is demonstrated that these new computational techniques enable significant reduction of time needed for design closure with the acceleration rates as large as tens or even over one hundred.

Improvement of the Life Cycle Costing Method in DesignStage Using KBIMS Library

With the advent of the fourth industrial revolution,the construction industry has undergone a paradigm shift.The smart construction technology market is expected to grow 12%annually in developed countries due to advanced technology investments.It is expected that businesses requiring highly sophisticated technology,for instance companies that need their old facilities upgraded,will become the main focus of the market.As building information modeling(BIM)design is becoming mandatory,such as in the Korea Public Procurement Service,researches regarding building automation,construction,and operation integration management systems based on BIM are conducted.In addition,for construction projects of over 10 billion won,design value engineering(Design VE)implementation,including life cycle cost(LCC)analysis,is mandatory at the design stage to improve quality and reduce the lifetime costs of buildings.In this study,we propose an improvement plan for LCC analysis at the design stage using the KBIMS library,which is an open BIM library developed by the Korean government and research groups.We analyze the existing LCC method,KBIMS library,and attribute information,and model the process that is applied in the LCC analysis system.This is expected to complement the LCC analysis system and improve work productivity.

Analysis of Efficient 32 Bit Adder Using Tree Grafting Technique

Adder with high efficiency and accuracy is the major requirement for electronic circuit design.Here the optical logic gate based adder circuit is designed for better performance analysis of optical input signals varied with the wavelength.Efficiency of the adder can be improved by increasing the speed of operation,reducing the complexity and power consumption.To maintain the high efficiency with accuracy,a new combination of adder has been proposed and tested in this work.A new adder by combining the logics of Brent Kung,Sklansky and Kogge Stone adders by Tree Grafting Technique(BSKTGT)has been tested along with individual Brent Kung,Sklansky,Kogge Stone,Knowles,Han Carlson and Ladner Fischer adders.All the existing and proposed adders have been designed and tested for efficiency with the help of Cadence platform with 45 nm technology.Efficiency in terms of Size reduction,Power reduction,Power Delay Product(PDP)and accuracy in adding 8 bit,16 bit and 32 bit values had been tested for all the adders and found that the 32 bit BSKTGT adder performed well in all aspects and have produced better efficiency with the power consumption of 52.512426μW with 3.16%of power saving over Brent Kung adder,utilised an area of 631.191 with 8.55%reduction over Kogge Stone Adder,has the cell count of 132 which is 10.61%reduction over Brent Kung Adder and PDP value of 122.6695 J,which is 0.46%less than that of the Han Carlson Adder.

Collaborative Simulation Method with Spatiotemporal Synchronization Process Control

When designing a complex mechatronics system, such as high speed trains, it is relatively difficult to effectively simulate the entire system's dynamic behaviors because it involves multi-disciplinary subsystems. Currently, a most practical approach for multi-disciplinary simulation is interface based coupling simulation method, but it faces a twofold challenge: spatial and time unsynchronizations among multi-directional coupling simulation of subsystems. A new collaborative simulation method with spatiotemporal synchronization process control is proposed for coupling simulating a given complex mechatronics system across multiple subsystems on different platforms. The method consists of 1) a coupler-based coupling mechanisms to define the interfacing and interaction mechanisms among subsystems, and 2) a simulation process control algorithm to realize the coupling simulation in a spatiotemporal synchronized manner. The test results from a case study show that the proposed method 1) can certainly be used to simulate the sub-systems interactions under different simulation conditions in an engineering system, and 2) effectively supports multi-directional coupling simulation among multi-disciplinary subsystems. This method has been successfully applied in China high speed train design and development processes, demonstrating that it can be applied in a wide range of engineering systems design and simulation with improved efficiency and effectiveness.

DYNAMIC LABELING BASED FPGA DELAY OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHM

DAG-MAP is an FPGA technology mapping algorithm for delay optimization and the labeling phase is the algorithm’s kernel. This paper studied the labeling phase and presented an improved labeling method. It is shown through the experimental results on MCNC benchmarks that the improved method is more effective than the original method while the computation time is almost the same.

A Brief Review of Design and Simulation Methodology in Silicon Photonics

Powerful electronic design automation tools have enabled the rapid development of electronic Integrated Circuits(ICs). Similar to electronic ICs, silicon photonics technology has sufficiently matured, and large-scale photonic circuits can now be implanted into a single chip. Design tools have also evolved from primary devices to complex photonic circuits. In this paper, we review the current state of photonic design automation in terms of device modeling methods and circuit simulation methodologies, and compare the photonics design flow with mature electronic design automation design flows. Key challenges and opportunities are also discussed.

BIM-based automated design for HVAC system of office buildings-An experimental study

Although computer technologies have greatly advanced in recent years and help engineers improve work efficiency,the heating,ventilation,and air conditioning(HVAC)design process is still very time-consuming.In this paper,we propose a conceptual framework for automating the entire design process to replace current human-based HVAC design procedures.This framework includes the following automated processes:building information modeling(BIM)simplification,building energy modeling(BEM)generation&load calculation,HVAC system topology generation&equipment sizing,and system diagram generation.In this study,we analyze the importance of each process and possible ways to implement them using software.Then,we use a case study to test the automated design procedure and illustrate the feasibility of the new automated design approach.The purpose of this study is to simplify the steps in the traditional rule-based HVAC system design process by introducing artificial intelligence(Al)technology based on the traditional computer-aided design(CAD)process.Experimental results show that the automatic processes are feasible,compared with the traditional design process can effectively shorten the design time from 23.37 working hours to nearly 1 hour,and improve the efficiency.

Automated design of freeform imaging systems

The automated design of imaging systems involving no or minimal human effort has always been the expectation of scientists,researchers and optical engineers.In addition,it is challenging to choose an appropriate starting point for an optical system design.In this paper,we present a novel design framework based on a point-by-point design process that can automatically obtain high-performance freeform systems.This framework only requires a combination of planes as the input based on the configuration requirements or the prior knowledge of designers.This point-by-point design framework is different from the decadeslong tradition of optimizing surface coefficients.Compared with the traditional design method,whereby the selection of the starting point and the optimization process are independent of each other and require extensive amount of human effort,there are no obvious differences between these two processes in our design framework,and the entire design process is mostly automated.This automated design process significantly reduces the amount of human effort required and does not rely on advanced design skills and experience.To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed design framework,we successfully designed two highperformance systems as examples.This point-by-point design framework opens up new possibilities for automated optical design and can be used to develop automated optical design in the areas of remote sensing,telescopy,microscopy,spectroscopy,virtual reality and augmented reality.

A Wireframe Model-Based Method for Automated Internal Design

This paper proposes a wireframe model-based method for automated internal design. The method is used to extract geometric structure of an internal wireframe model and find out all loop structures of furniture models. The wireframe models are classified as the multiple independent sub-models according to the geometric structure by statistical analysis. The corresponding models are selected from a 3D model database to build an internal scene based on characteristic points of furniture wireframe models. In the experiments 3D database via manually selected 268 3D furniture models from Google 3D warehouse is built up. The experiments show that the method can construct 3D scenes in 1.1×103 ms. This method costs less time compared with traditional hierarchical method and depth-sensing camera method in the same experimental conditions. The method can be also used for 3D visualization either with complex backgrounds.

Pulse control of frequency and width for a real-time independently adjustable laser source

A set of semiconductor laser pulse seed sources based on an embedded chip is proposed.The greatest feature is that the optical pulse frequency and width can be independently adjusted in real time.The pulse seed sources can be switched independently and online from the gain-switched mode to the quasi-continuous wave mode to obtain optimal optical parameters for specific applications.To explore the physical mechanism of the semiconductor laser source,the rate equation that describes the carrier-photon transient change in a semiconductor laser cavity is numerically derived and solved.Subsequently,problems that need to be considered while designing the drive circuit are identified.The system evaluation indicates that the optical pulse frequency adjustment range is 250 Hz to 42 MHz,and the narrowest optical pulse output width is 80 ps.The pulse seed source can drive semiconductor lasers with different central wavelengths(1064,1550,and 1970 nm),and can also simultaneously drive two semiconductor lasers and output dual-band optical pulses.It can be used as a seed source for general high-power optical systems,and exhibits good application value and extensive market prospects.

Auto-generating of 2D tessellated crease patterns of 3D biomimetic spring origami structure

Computational simulations can accelerate the design and modelling of origami robots and mechanisms.This paper presents a computational method using algorithms developed in Python to generate different tessellated origami crease patterns simultaneously.This paper aims to automate this process by introducing a system that automatically generates origami crease patterns in Scalable Vector Graphics format.By introducing different parameters,variations of the same underlying tessellated crease pattern can be obtained.The user interface consists of an input file where the user can input the desired parameters,which are then processed by an algorithm written in Python to generate the respective origami 2D crease patterns.These origami crease patterns can serve as inputs to current origami design software and algorithms to generate origami design models for faster and easier visual comparison.This paper utilizes a basic biomimetic inspiration origami pattern to demonstrate the functionality by varying underlying crease pattern parameters that give rise to symmetric and asymmetric spring origami 3D structures.Furthermore,this paper conducts a qualitative analysis of the origami design outputs of an origami simulator from the input crease patterns and the respective manual folding of the origami structure.