Quality Evaluation of Cardamine macrophylla Willd as an Edible and Medicinal Herb of Tibetan and Qiang Ethnic Groups

[Objectives]To evaluate the quality of Cardamine macrophylla Willd as Tibetan and Qiang medicinal materials,so as to improve its quality standard and evaluate the quality of C.macrophylla Willd in western Sichuan Province.[Methods]C.macrophylla Willd produced from western Sichuan Province was used as the sample,and the contents of moisture,total ash,acid-insoluble ash,extract,total flavonoids and quercetin in the ground part of C.macrophylla Willd were determined in accordance with the methods of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2020 edition).With the above seven indicators as evaluation indicators,the quality of medicinal materials was comprehensively evaluated by cluster analysis and principal component analysis(PCA).[Results]According to the results of each indicator,the moisture content of C.macrophylla Willd sample should not exceed 11.00%,the total ash content should not exceed 18%,the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 6%,the extract content should not be less than 19%,the total flavone content(calculated by quercetin)should not be less than 2%,and the quercetin content should not be less than 0.15%.[Conclusions]The sample S7 has the best quality and S6 has the worst quality.In this study,the quantitative analysis method of total flavonoids(quercetin)and quercetin in C.macrophylla Willd was established,and the limits of each indicator were preliminarily formulated.

结缕草属(Zoysia Willd.)植物物候期的差异分析

于2005年至2006年在南京市对结缕草属（Zoysia Willd．）5种1变种共109份种源的物候期进行了系统观测分析。结果表明，不同种源间各植物物候期的时间存在不同程度的差异，其中进入盛花期、枯黄期、返青期、结实期、初花期和孕穗初期的时间分别相差58、56、38、35、33和29d；不同种源的青绿期为215～277d。孕穗初期的早晚与初花期、盛花期、结实期和枯黄期的早晚及青绿期的长短呈显著正相关，返青期早晚与青绿期的长短呈极显著负相关，而枯黄期的早晚与青绿期的长短则呈极显著正相关，说明返青期越早青绿期越长，枯黄期越早青绿期越短。另外，结缕草属植物的返青期、孕穗初期、初花期、盛花期及枯黄期均随原分布地纬度的增加显著提前。

Comparison of Genomic DNA Extraction Methods for Chenopodium quinoa Willd

To rapidly obtain high-quality genomic DNA from Chenopodium quinoa Willd, the genomic DAN in different tissues （leaves, stems and roots） of Chenopodi- um quinoa Willd was extracted by modified CTAB method, SDS method and high- salt Iow-pH method, respectively. The quality and yield of extracted DNA was deter- mined using agarose gel electrophoresis and UV spectrophotometry. At the same time, the PCR-SSR and SSCP molecular detection was also performed. The results showed that the gel test strips, without obvious decomposition, of all the extraction methods were relatively obvious; the genomic DNA yield extracted by modified CTAB method was highest, followed by that by SDS method, and the genomic DNA extracted by high-salt Iow-pH method was lowest： the genomic DNA yields extracted by different methods from Chenopodium quinoa Wiltd leaves were all high- er than those from roots and stems; the quality of Chenopodium quinoa Willd ge- nomic DNA extracted by modified CTAB method and high-salt Iow-pH method was better, and polyphenols, polysaccharides and other impurities were removed more completely. The PCR-SSR and SSCP detection results showed that the genomic DNA extracted by different methods from different tissues of Chenopodium quinoa Willd all could be better amplified, and high-quality strips could be obtained. So the Chenopodium quinoa Willd genomic DNA extracted by the three methods all can be used for subsequent molecular biology research.

蒙古族利用冷蒿（Artemisia frigida Willd．）的民族植物学研究

运用民族植物学的研究方法，报道了蒙古族时冷蒿的牧草利用、药物利用以及冷蒿在民族文化中的影响．

复盐胁迫对结缕草(Zoysia Willd.)生理和生长的影响研究

以盐生植物沟叶结缕草(Zoysia matrella)和非盐生植物中华结缕草(Zoysia sinica)为材料,研究了0.5%复盐胁迫对其过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、可溶性总糖和游离脯氨酸含量、相对电导率和叶片相对含水量以及相对生长率和坪用价值的影响。结果表明:盐胁迫过程中2种结缕草的CAT活性、脯氨酸含量和叶片相对电导率逐渐增加;相对生长率、坪用质量、SOD活性、可溶性总糖含量呈现先增加后降低趋势;而叶片相对含水量逐渐下降。2种结缕草相比较,盐胁迫过程中沟叶结缕草能保持较大的SOD和CAT酶活性,积累较多的渗透调节物质,保持较好的细胞膜完整性和持水能力,从而表现出较大的相对生长率和坪用质量,这也可能是沟叶结缕草更耐盐的原因。

Optimization of the Callus Induction System of Chenopodium quinoa Willd

Callus induction effects of nine varieties of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. were compared by taking stem segments and cotyledons of C. quinoa as the ex- plants. At the same time, callus JnductJon of stem segments was optimized, as well as the callus proliferation system. Research results showed that the optimal explant for callus induction was stem segment. The average callus induction rate of nine varieties reached 90% in culture medium MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D. In the callus opti- mization test, treatment VI （MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D ＋ 0.5 mg/L KT ＋ 0.5 mg/L NAA） and treatment II （MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D） had close induction rate, but the callus morphology was greatly different. The latter had loose, glossy and yellowish white calluses. Therefore, culture medium MS ＋ 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D was the optimal for callus induction. And using 2, 4-D together with KT and NAA could significantly increase the proliferation rate of calluses.

红毛草Rhynchelytrum repens(Willd.)C.E.Hubbard的繁殖特性

从繁殖生态学的角度对红毛草Rhynchelytrum repens(Willd.)C.E.Hubbard的繁殖特性进行了研究。采用盆栽试验与发芽试验,分别研究了4种不同种植密度下红毛草的资源分配情况和4年内红毛草的种子寿命与萌发情况。结果显示:①盆栽试验中,低密度种植红毛草的单株总生物量、茎叶生物量、根生物量与根冠比高于高密度种植差异达显著水平(p<0.05);花的生物量在相对低密度下低于高密度的量,差异显著(p<0.05);②高密度种植红毛草的RE(Reproductive effort)值大于低密度种植的RE值,而且差异显著(p<0.05),显示红毛草在生长胁迫下分配更多的资源到繁殖器官中;③发芽试验中,红毛草种子在高温胁迫下(45℃)发芽率显著下降(p<0.05),但仍维持在一定的水平(30.2%),显示了红毛草对高温的适应能力;④红毛草种子的发芽率在贮藏两年后开始显著下降(p<0.05),但在贮藏的第四年仍维持在一定的水平(11.1%),说明红毛草有较长的种子寿命;⑤红毛草种子发芽迅速,在发芽的第1天就开始萌动,发芽的高峰期出现在发芽的第2-3天。以上繁殖特性均与红毛草能够成为先锋植物密切相关。

A new glycoside from Polygala tenuifolia Willd

A new tdterpenoid glycoside, 3-β-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl presenegenin 28-O-α-L-arabipyranosyl（1 → 3）-6-β- xylopyranosyl（1 → 4）-[β-D-apiofuranosyl（1 → 3）]-Ct-L-rhamnopyranosyl（1 → 2）-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl（1 → 3）]-β-D-fucopyranosyl ester （1） was isolated from the Polygala tenuifolia Willd., together with two known saponins, including polygalasaponinXXIV （2） and polygalasaponinXXVIII （3）. The structure of new compound was elucidated by spectroscopic methods.

Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction of Isoflavones from Stem of Pueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi and Its Mathematical Model

Ultrasonically assisted extraction of isoflavones from the stem of Pueraria lobata （Willd.） Ohwi has been carried out with an ultrasonic extracting apparatus （20kHz, electrical power input to the transducer in 0-650W）. The influence of the electrical power input and extraction time on the＇extraction yield is investigated in water, n-butanol, and 95% （by volume） and 50% （by volume） ethanol aqueous solution. The experimental results indicate that the yields of total isoflavones are higher in ultrasonically assisted extraction than those obtained from con-ventional extraction.Moreover,a mathematical model is proposed,by introducing the electrical power input to index the ultrsound intensity,to describe the behavior of ultrasonically assisted extraction.It is found that the model calcuations are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Determination of contents of eight alkaloids in fruits of Macleaya cordata (Willd) R. Br. from different habitats and antioxidant activities of extracts

A reliable ultrasound-assisted extraction （UAE） method combined with HPLC-UV for quantification of eight active alkaloids in fruits of Macleaya cordata （Willd） R. Br. was developed. The optimization conditions of UAE were obtained by using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. Chromatography was carried out using a Kromasil C18 column by gradient elution with 0.1% phosphoric acid aqueous solution for HPLC-UV. All calibration curves showed good linear correlation coefficients （R^2〉0.999 6） and recoveries （from 97.3% to 104.9%） were acceptable. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） method was employed to test the antioxidant activity of the extract from the samples. The proposed method was successfully applied to quantifying eight components in nine samples of M.cordata, and significant variations of alkaloid contents and antioxidant aetivity of the samples from different habitats were demonstrated. It presents a powerful proof for the selection of the best sources to extract eight kinds of alkaloids.

Stability of Sanguinarine and Chelerythrine in Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br.

[Objectives]To explore the stability of sanguinarine and chelerythrine in Macleaya cordata(Willd.)R.Br.[Methods]The solubility and stability of sanguinarine and chelerythrine in seven solvents were measured by HPLC.Besides,the effects of water quality,light source,oxidant,temperature,and pH on stability were investigated.[Results]The solubility and stability of sanguinarine and chelerythrine in methanol and ethanol are good;the stability of sanguinarine and chelerythrine in distilled water and rainwater is not affected by light and is very stable,but they are unstable in tap water whether they are protected from light or not;oxidants have a great influence on the stability of sanguinarine and chelerythrine;sanguinarine and chelerythrine are stable at room temperature lower than 54℃;sanguinarine is stable in pH 2.5-7.0,while chelerythrine is stable in pH 2.5-8.0.[Conclusions]The good stability of sanguinarine and chelerythrine under specific conditions shows that they have broad development prospects and value.

Two New Isobutyltartrate Monoesters from Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. var. bracteatum (Willd.) Richter

Two new isobutyltartrate monoesters, coelovirin A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the rhizomes of Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm. var. bracteatum (Willd.) Richter (Orchidaceae). Their structures were elucidated as (2R, 3S)-2-isobutyltartrate1-(4-b-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl) ester 1 and (2R, 3S)-2-isobutyltartrate4-(4-b-D-glucopyranosyloxybenzyl) ester 2 on the basis of physical constants and spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR techniques.

Two New Tartrate Derivative Glucosides from Coeloglossum viride ( L.) Hartm. var. bracteatum ( Willd.) Richter

Two new tartrate derivative glucosides, coelovirin C (1) and D (2), were isolated from rhizomes of Coeloglossum viride ( L.) Hartm. var. bracteatum ( Willd.) Richter (Orchidaceae). Their structures were elucidated as (2R, 3S)-2-b-D-glucopyranosyl-2-isobutyltartrate1-(4-b-D- glucopyranosyloxybenzyl) ester 1 and (2R, 3S)-2-b-D-glucopyranosyl-2-isobutyltartrate-4-(4-b-D- glucopyranosyloxybenzyl) ester 2 by means of chemical and spectroscopic methods.

Present Situations and Suggestions for Large-scale Development of Chenopodium quinoa Willd.

In this paper,based on the study of Chenopodium quinoa Willd.planting,it is concluded that the current situations of large-scale development of C.quinoa Willd.include the following four aspects:first,the research on C.quinoa Willd.varieties needs to be strengthened;second,it is insufficient to master the training environment and cultivation techniques;third,the large-scale planting of C.quinoa Willd.is not enough;fourth,the degree of mechanization of C.quinoa Willd.planting is not enough.In view of the above situation,this paper puts forward the following effective suggestions to strengthen the large-scale development of C.quinoa Willd.:the first is to increase the investment in C.quinoa Willd.variety research;the second is to strengthen the analysis of introduction and screening of C.quinoa Willd.varieties;the third is to study the best planting environment and cultivation techniques of C.quinoa Willd.;the fourth is to increase the scale of mechanized production of C.quinoa Willd.;the fifth is to increase the research and development of C.quinoa Willd.related products and their deep processing technology.

Extraction Technology of Total Flavonoids from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi and Content Determination of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi at Different Altitudes

[Objectives]To optimize the extraction technology of total flavonoids from Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi. [Methods]The ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi. With the puerarin as index,the reflux extraction and single factor test were employed to investigate the effects of temperature,time,ethanol concentration and solid-liquid ratio on the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi,respectively. Under the optimal extraction technology,the content of total flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi at different altitudes was determined.[Results] The optimum extraction process was as follows: 70%ethanol; solid-liquid ratio of 1∶ 30; 1 h reflux extraction. Under these conditions,the extraction rate of flavonoids in Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi was 11. 48%,the total flavonoids content of different kudzu parts was in the order of roots > stems > leaves,and the total flavonoids content of the sample at about an altitude of 1000 m was significantly higher than at the altitudes of 1400 m and 1700 m.[Conclusions]It was suggested that the Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi should not be cultivated as medicinal plant in too high mountains,and the stems and leaves of Pueraria lobata( Willd.) Ohwi could be used as raw materials for extracting total flavonoids.

Effects of Different Storage Conditions on Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. Seeds

[Objectives] Taking Polygala tenuifolia Willd. seeds as experimental material, the changes of physiological and biochemical characteristics of seeds under different storage temperatures and seed moisture contents were studied. [Methods] The seeds of P. tenuifolia Willd. with moisture contents of 3%, 5% and 15% were stored at-10 ℃, 0 ℃, 20 ℃ and 36 ℃, respectively, and the storage time was one year. The physiological and biochemical characteristics of the seeds, such as conductivity, SOD activity, POD activity, and soluble sugar content were studied.[Results] After one-year storage, as the storage temperature and seed moisture content increased, the relative conductivity, MDA content and soluble sugar content of P. tenuifolia Willd. seeds increased, while the SOD activity, POD activity, and protein content declined. This phenomenon was most obvious in the P. tenuifolia Willd. seeds with moisture content of 15%. [Conclusions] This study will provide reference for seed storage of medicinal plants.

Discovery of Unusual Highly Branched Galactomannan from Seeds of <i>Desmanthus illinoensis</i>

A galactomannan was isolated from seeds of a leguminous plant, Desmanthus illinoensis, which is grown in Okinawa, Japan. D-Galactose (molar ratio, 1.0) and D-mannose (0.82) were identified via High-performance Anion Exchange Chromatography Coupled with a Pulse Amperometric Detector. The molecular mass and specific rotation were estimated to be 1000 kDa and +53.8&deg;, respectively. The infrared spectrum indicated that the galactomannan was involved in both α- and β-linkages, and two types of α-linkages were detected at 814 and 830 cm-1. The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra indicated that the majority of the β-D-mannan main chain was substituted with mono α-D-galactose or α-D-galacto-disaccharide-side chains. Methylation analysis was used to identify 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-methyl-D-galactose (molar ratio, 3.3), 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl- D-galactose (1.0) and 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-mannose (3.1). Specifically, unique 2,3,4-tri-O-methyl D-galactose residue was identified from mass spectrum. The results suggested that the galactomannan was 1,4-linked-β-D-mannan substituted with α-D-galactose or 1,6-linked-α-D-galacto-disaccharide side chains at C-6 on the main chain. The galactomannan isolated from D. illinoensis was an unusual highly branched polysaccharide, and its chemical structure was proposed. This work is the first to report on the galactomannan involving 1,6-linked α-D-galacto-disaccharide side chains in addition to α-D-galactose mono side chains.

Rapid Detection of Fat Content in Chenopodium quinoa Willd by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

This study was conducted to find a method for rapid determination of fat content in complete quinoa （ Chenopodium quinoa Willd） seeds. The near infrared spectra of 100 quinoa samples were collected, and a mathematic model was built using the near infrared spectra, so as to perform prediction. The results showed that within the wavelength range of 1 0 000-4 000 cm ^-1 , the quantification model of fat content built by first derivative ＋vector normalization spectral pre-processing had better calibration and prediction effects, and showed a determination coefficient of cross validation （ r cv^ 2 ） of 0.939 3 and a determination coefficient of validation （ rval^2 ） of 0.923 5. The near infrared spectral model of fat could be used for rapid detection of fat contents in quinoa.

Isolation and Crystal Structure of 3β-acetoxy-20 (29)-lupen-28-aldehyde from the Bark of Platanus Acerifolia Willd

The title compound,3β-acetoxy-20（29）-lupen-28-aldehyde,is a pentacyclic triterpene which was first isolated from the acetyl acetate fraction of Platanus acerifolia Willd bark and characterized by 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR.Besides,the crystal of the compound was acquired,and the relative configuration of 3β-acetoxy-20（29）-lupen-28-aldehyde was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis for the first time.It crystallizes in the monoclinic system,space group C2 with a=14.428（3）,b=6.6620（13）,c=30.399（6）,β=103.73（3）°,Z=4,C32 H50 O3,M r=482.72,Dc =1.130 g/cm 3,V=2838.5（10）3,μ（MoKa）=0.070 mm-1,F（000）= 1064,the final R=0.0657 and wR=0.1855 for 2839 independent reflections （R int=0.0802）and 1963 observed ones （I〉2（I））.Intramolecular van der waals force contributes to the stability of the structure.

Rapid Detection of Starch Content in Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

This study was conducted to establish a method for rapid determination of crude starch content in complete quinoa （ Chenopodium quinoa Willd） seeds. The near infrared spectra of 100 quinoa samples were collected, and a mathematic model was built using the near infrared spectra within the wavelength range of 1 0 000-4 000 cm^-1 by first derivative ＋vector normalization spectral pre-processing. The results showed that the quantification model of starch content had better calibration and prediction effects, and showed a determination coefficient of cross validation （ r^2 cv ） of 0.914 7 and a determination coefficient of validation （ r^2 val ） of 0.903 1. The determination of starch content in complete quinoa seeds by near infrared spectroscopy is totally feasible.