Recent Advances in the Rapid Detection and Performance Evaluation Methods of Detergent Additives for Gasoline

Although detergent additives for gasoline have been widely commercialized,their formulas are often kept confidential and there is still no standardized method for quickly detecting the main active ingredients and evaluating their effectiveness,which makes their regulation difficult.An overview of the current state of the development and application of detergent additives for gasoline in China and other regions,as well as a review of the rapid detection and performance evaluation methods available for analyzing detergent additives are given herein.The review focuses on the convenience,cost,efficiency,and feasibility of on-site detection and the evaluation of various methods,and also looks into future research directions,such as detecting and evaluating detergent additives in ethanol gasoline and with advanced engine technologies.

Study on the Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Mechanisms of Breast Lump Resolution Detergent in a Rat Model of Breast Hyperplasia

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic mechanisms of a breast lump resolution detergent in a rat model of breast hyperplasia. Methods: A rat model of breast hyperplasia was established using injections of estradiol benzoate combined with progesterone. The effects of the breast lump resolution detergent on nipple height and diameter in the rat model were observed, along with its impact on serum levels of estradiol (E2), prolactin (PRL), and progesterone (P). Additionally, the study examined the morphological changes in breast tissue. The impact of the breast nodule detergent on blood rheology parameters was also observed. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effect of the breast nodule detergent was assessed using the cotton ball granuloma experiment, and the analgesic effect was observed using the writhing test. Results: The breast lump resolution detergent reduced nipple height and diameter in the rat model, decreased serum levels of E2, PRL, and P, and alleviated pathological changes in breast tissue. It also lowered hemorheological parameters including whole blood high, medium, and low shear viscosity, plasma viscosity, red blood cell hematocrit, red blood cell aggregation index, red blood cell deformability index, red blood cell electrophoresis time, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in the acute “blood stasis” rat model. The detergent reduced the weight of cotton ball granulomas in mice and decreased the number of writhing episodes caused by acetic acid. Conclusion: The breast lump resolution detergent demonstrates favorable therapeutic effects in treating breast hyperplasia, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, exerting anti-inflammatory properties, and providing analgesic effects. The downregulation of serum E2 and PRL levels and the upregulation of P levels may be critical mechanisms underlying its efficacy.

Analysis of Toxicological Test Results of 580 Detergents

To evaluate the safety of detergents,the toxicological test results of 580 collected detergents were analyzed.The results showed that,in the acute oral toxicity test,94.4%and 5.6%of the samples were classified as non-toxic and toxic respectively.In skin irritation test,95.1%of the samples were mild irritation or below,and 4.9%were moderate irritation or above.In the vaginal mucosa irritation test,79.0%of the samples were very mild irritation or below,while 21.0%were mild irritation or above.In the acute inhalation toxicity test,the proportion of the samples classified as actually non-toxic and toxic were 87.9%and 12.1%respectively.In the eye irritation test,95.7%of the samples belonged to mild irritation or below,and 4.3%of the samples belonged to moderate irritation or above.The products at risk in category A,B and C products account for 6.3%,7.7%and 14.2%respectively.Of the 580 tested samples,90.9%were relatively safe,while 9.1%were at risk.These data showed that most of the tested samples meet the safety requirements for use.

Application of Amino Acid-Based Surfactant in Dishwasher Detergent

The application of amino acid-based surfactant in dishwasher detergent was studied in this paper. The foam and oil-removing performance of amino acid surfactants in alkaline condition were test to discuss feasibility of amino acid-based surfactant from natural origin as the alternative to traditional nonionic surfactants from petroleum origin in dishwasher detergent. Comparative study was conducted through using various amino acid-based surfactants and nonionic surfactants respectively, together with enzymes and peroxide to formulate dishwasher detergents, and their application properties such as foam performance and detergency were also evaluated when washing different tableware in automatic dishwasher. The results showed that among all tested amino acid surfactants, glutamate surfactants showed low foaming and high oil-removing ability in alkaline condition, and excellent decontamination ability in dishwashing tests.

Purification and characterization of the kinetic parameters of cellulase produced from wheat straw by Trichoderma viride under SSF and its detergent compatibility

This paper reports the purification and characterization of kinetic parameters of cellulase produced from Trichoderma viride under still culture solid state fermentation technique using cheap and an easily available agricultural waste material, wheat straw as growth supported substrate. Trichoderma viride was cultured in fermentation medium of wheat straw under some previously optimized growth conditions and maximum activity of 398±2.43U/mL obtained after stipulated fermentation time period. Cellulase was purified 2.33 fold with specific activity of 105U/mg in comparison to crude enzyme extract using ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis and Sephadex-G-100 column chromatography. The enzyme was shown to have a relative low molecular weight of 58kDa by sodium dodecyl sulphate poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme displayed 6.5 and 55oC as an optimum pH and temperature respectively. Using carboxymethyl cellulose as substrate, the enzyme showed maximum activity (Vmax) of 148U/mL with its corresponding KM value of 68μM. Among activators/inhibitors SDS, EDTA, and Hg2+ showed inhibitory effect on purified cellulase whereas, the enzyme activated by Co2+ and Mn2+ at a concentration of 1mM. The purified cellulase was compatible with four local detergent brands with up to 20 days of shelf life at room temperature suggesting its potential as a detergent additive for improved washing therefore, it is concluded that it may be potentially useful for industrial purposes especially for detergent and laundry industry.

Synthesis of Environmentally Friendly Magnesium Linoleate Detergent

This paper mainly covers a method for preparing a highly alkaline magnesium linoleate solution with a total base number(TBN) value of 328 mg KOH/g using linoleic acid as the biodegradable raw material, which can substitute for traditional lubricant detergents as an environmentally friendly detergent. Reaction conditions, including the molar ratio of magnesium oxide to linoleic acid, the molar ratio of methanol to magnesium oxide, the carbonation temperature, the molar ratio of water to magnesium oxide, the flow rate of CO2 gas and the duration for injection of CO2 to magnesium oxide system, were optimized.

Study on Novel HIGEE Technology for Synthesis of Overbased Petroleum Sulfonate Detergent

An innovative idea was proposed to prepare the overbased nano-sized calcium carbonate-calcium petroleum sulfonate in-situ the HIGEE reactor. The test sample prepared by this technology could meet the requirement of the industry standard SH0042-91 for the first-grade product on a par with similar overseas product. The test results obtained upon observation under microscope after freezing etching of specimen revealed that the crystal size of colloidal calcium sulfonate was in the range of 10-30 nm with an average size of 20 nm. The size of the detergent additive was uniform with good transmittance and fluidity. The HIGEE technology possesses five specific features as shown below: Firstly, the carbonation reaction is completed in one step with the reaction time reduced by more than 50% as compared to traditional batch reactor process along with enhanced reaction efficiency, good operability of the process and stabilized product quality. Secondly, ammonia emitted from the reaction is used as the co- promoter without the need for adding ammonia and water as promoters to simplify the promoter system along with effective and strong coupling of reactions. Thirdly, the utilization rate of Ca(OH)2 and CO2 is increased by 15% and 30%, respectively, with product yield increased by 15%, and calcium residue decreased by 65%. Fourthly, the HIGEE technology is environmental benign because of gasoline is used in this technology instead of toxic toluene and xylene. Fifthly, the dimension of HIGEE reactor is reduced by above two-thirds. The success in development of this new technology will offer new ideas and technology platform for the synthesis of metal detergent additive to lubricating oils in China.

Molecular Simulation of Competitive Adsorption on Fe(110)Between Gasoline Detergent and Deposit:I.Physical Adsorption

Using molecular dynamics simulations based on classical mechanic method, the mechanism of competitive adsorption between gasoline detergent and deposit on Fe(110) surface was investigated. The representative simulation relating to the deposit molecule and the gasoline detergent molecule with high market share were selected as the model compound. It was found that when the detergent and deposit molecules exist at the same time, the detergent molecules would compete with the deposit molecules to reduce the adsorption of the deposit on Fe(110) so as to protect the metal surface. In addition, the ESP distribution is further confirmed that the detergent molecule has higher adsorption ability than the deposit molecule with the DFT theory. The essence of competitive adsorption is further revealed in detail, which is very important for the development of new type high-efficiency detergent additives.

The effect of detergent as polluting agent on the photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll content in bean leaves

The paper investigates effects of detergent for domestic use on the photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll content in intact bean leaves. The plants were watered for 21 days with a solution of domestic washing powder of 0.60 g r/l. It was established that the activity of photosynthetic apparatus in the plant leaf PhACNorm [%] decreases exponentially with the length of plant treatment/watering. At the end of the treatment (21st day) the activity of photosynthetic apparatus in the dosed plant leaf was no more than 45% of that in control plant (those which were not watered with detergent solution). With increased plant treatment duration the changed chlorophyll concentration ΔChlNorm [%] rose non-linearly in plant leaves. The highest change ΔChlNorm [%] was observed on the 21st day and amounted to 12%.

Formation of graphene oxide from carbon rods of zinc-carbon battery wastes by audiosonic sonication assisted by commercial detergent

This study aims to determine the effect of audiosonic sonication in normal modes on the formation of graphene oxide(GO)fromcarbon rods of zinc-carbon(ZnC)battery wastes.The method used in this study was sonication with an audiosonic frequency in normal modes,assisted by a surfactant solution derived from a commercial detergent.A graphite-detergent solutionwas exposed to audiosonicwaves using a frequency of 170 Hz for 3 hwith a pattern on the surface of the solution.The graphite solution was a mixture of 0.8 g of graphite powder and 100 ml of distilled water that was mixed using a blender for 2 min.25 ml of the solution was then taken and dripped with two drops of detergent solution containing 0.2 g detergent powder dissolved into 100 ml distilled water,so that a graphite-detergent solutionwas obtained.The tools used in this study included UV–Visible spectroscopy(UV–Vis),Fourier TransformInfraRed spectroscopy(FTIR),and a Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM).The solution that was audiosonicated showed a strong visible nodal pattern on its surface.The UV–Vis spectroscopy produced absorbance peaks at wavelengths of 225 nmand 270 nm,and the FTIR indicated the presence of OH and C_C functional groups,which suggested the existence of GO.The SEMimages showed GO in the formof coral-like materials.

Preparation and Investigation of High-Efficiency Antibacterial Liquid Dishwashing Detergent

A high-effi ciency liquid dishwashing detergent was prepared by using oregano essential oil as an antibacterial agent. The surface cleaning and antibacterial property of the detergent resolved its unifunctionality problem. The antibacterial activities of the detergent were demonstrated through a disk diff usion assay and wipe experiments with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . Results showed that the prepared detergent was highly eff ective against E. coli and S. aureus . The results of chemical accelerated tests indicated that the detergent would be eff ective for at least 1 year. The antibacterial property and detergency performance of the high-effi ciency antibacterial liquid dishwashing detergent were compared with those of a commercial antibacterial detergent containing 0.02% o -phenylphenol. The detergency performance of the high-effi ciency detergent reached 97.8% and was superior to that of the commercial antibacterial detergent.

Preparation of human decellularized peripheral nerve allograft using amphoteric detergent and nuclease

Animal studies have shown that amphoteric detergent and nuclease(DNase I and ribonuclease A) is the most reliable decellularization method of the peripheral nerve. However, the optimal combination of chemical reagents for decellularization of human nerve allograft needs further investigation. To find the optimal protocol to remove the immunogenic cellular components of the nerve tissue and preserve the basal lamina and extracellular matrix and whether the optimal protocol can be applied to larger-diameter human peripheral nerves, in this study, we decellularized the median and sural nerves from the cadavers with two different methods: nonionic and anionic detergents(Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate) and amphoteric detergent and nuclease(3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate(CHAPS), deoxyribonuclease I, and ribonuclease A). All cellular components were successfully removed from the median and sural nerves by amphoteric detergent and nuclease. Not all cellular components were removed from the median nerve by nonionic and anionic detergent. Both median and sural nerves treated with amphoteric detergent and nuclease maintained a completely intact extracellular matrix. Treatment with nonionic and anionic detergent decreased collagen content in both median and sural nerves, while the amphoteric detergent and nuclease treatment did not reduce collagen content. In addition, a contact cytotoxicity assay revealed that the nerves decellularized by amphoteric detergent and nuclease was biocompatible. Strength failure testing demonstrated that the biomechanical properties of nerves decellularized with amphoteric detergent and nuclease were comparable to those of fresh controls. Decellularization with amphoteric detergent and nuclease better remove cellular components and better preserve extracellular matrix than decellularization with nonionic and anionic detergents, even in large-diameter human peripheral nerves. In Korea, cadaveric studies are not yet legally subject to Institutional Review Board review.

Synthesis and Evaluation of Environmentally Friendly Calcium Isostearate Detergent with Excellent Oil Solubility

This article describes a method for synthesizing an excellent oil soluble calcium isostearate detergent using isostearic acid and calcium hydroxide as main starting materials. Reaction conditions, including the molar ratios of calcium hydroxide to isostearic acid, methanol to calcium hydroxide and water to calcium hydroxide, the carbonation temperature, the CO_2 flow rate, and the volume of injected CO_2, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, a high alkalinity calcium isostearate detergent with a total base number(TBN) of 358 mg KOH/g and an overbased calcium isostearate detergent with a value of TBN equating to 406 mg KOH/g could be obtained. Finally, the properties of the calcium isostearate detergent were evaluated by the size distribution analysis, the thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) and the coking tendency tester.

Review of Regulations Related to Detergents for Auto-dishwasher

This paper summarized the regulations related to dishwasher detergents from four perspectives:cleaning performance,rinsing performance,energy and water consumption during usage,environmental and biological safety.Finally,the trend of detergents for auto-dishwasher has been summarized.

Molecular Simulation on Aggregation of the Oxidation Products and Dispersion Mechanism of Gasoline Detergent

By using molecular dynamics simulations based on the classical mechanic method,the dispersion behavior of gasoline detergent in deposit aggregation system was investigated.The representative simulation relating to the deposit molecules and the gasoline detergent molecules with high market share were selected as the model compounds.The microscopic mechanism of dispersing function of gasoline detergent was revealed in detail.It was found that due to Einterac(depo-depo)>Einteraction(gaso-gaso)>Einteraction(gaso-depo),the deposits were driven to gradually aggregate themselves in the gasoline medium.The relative strong interaction between characteristic groups in detergent molecules and deposits could weaken the interaction between deposit aggregates,which mainly comes from the Van der Waals force,the electrostatic interaction,and the orbital interaction.In order to play the dispersing role of detergent,the main factor is to enhance the interaction between the gasoline detergent and the deposit appropriately from the viewpoint of molecular structure design.

Research on Contribution ofPhosphate-based Detergent toMunicipal Sewage in Beijing

Based on the latest study of phosphate detergent ban and restrict, the phosphorus discharge from detergent in Beijing has been investigated. According to the status of wastewater treatment plants and its practical function, phosphate-based detergent's contribution to the municipal sewage is calculated to be 8.41%, which is less than the average (20% ) in most other cities of China.

Acute kidney injury due to intravenous detergent poisoning:A case report

BACKGROUND Detergent poisoning mostly occurs through oral ingestion(>85%),ocular exposure(<15%),or dermal exposure(<8%).Reports of detergent poisoning through an intravenous injection are extremely rare.In addition,there are very few cases of renal toxicity directly caused by detergents.Here,we report a unique case of acute kidney injury caused by detergent poisoning through an accidental intravenous injection.CASE SUMMARY A 61-year-old man was intravenously injected with 20 mL of detergent by another patient in the same room of a local hospital.The surfactant and calcium carbonate accounted for the largest proportion of the detergent.The patient complained of vascular pain,chest discomfort,and nausea,and was transferred to our institution.After hospitalization,the patient’s serum creatinine level increased to 5.42 mg/dL,and his daily urine output decreased to approximately 300 mL.Renal biopsy findings noted that the glomeruli were relatively intact;however,diffuse acute tubular injury was observed.Generalized edema was also noted,and the patient underwent a total of four hemodiafiltration sessions.Afterward,the patient’s urine output gradually increased whereas the serum creatinine level decreased.The patient was discharged in a stable status without any sequelae.CONCLUSION Detergents appear to directly cause renal tubular injury by systemic absorption.In treating a patient with detergent poisoning,physicians should be aware that the renal function may also deteriorate.In addition,timely renal replacement therapy may help improve the patient’s prognosis.

The Study of a Simple Pine-Oil Based Laboratory Prepared and Commercial Detergents Using Conductivity Measurements

Detergents are very important substances in everyday life as they are used in laundry services. This manuscript reports the study of the commercial and laboratory prepared pine oil-based detergents employing the critical micelle concentration (CMC) phenomenon using conductivity measurements. The two samples showed the CMC values of 0.0725 g/cm3 and 0.0920 g/cm3 for laboratory and commercial samples respectively. The effect of ionic strength was investigated using NaCl and it demonstrated a drop of CMC value of about CMC by 40% (laboratory sample) and 70% (commercial sample) while the equi-molar naphthalene increased the CMC values by about 50% (laboratory sample) and 12% (commercial sample) relative to their corresponding values under distilled water. The combined effect of equi-molar NaCl and naphthalene lowered the CMC by 5% (laboratory sample) and 30% (commercial sample). These differences could signify the superiority of the laboratory sample in that it is somehow buffered against drastic changes in the CMC under different conditions. The relationship between conductivity and the CMC values does not show sufficient linearity (R2 < 0.8403) suggesting different mechanisms of interactions between NaCl and naphthalene. Overall, the results are gratifying to the small-scale manufacturer who supplied the preparation protocol for laboratory sample preparation, in two respects: they inspire some degree of confidence in his product as well as enabling the manufacturer to employ the same protocol for his quality control practices as such improve product consistency and hence profitability.

A Case and Review of Death Associated with Ingestion of Detergent

We experienced an autopsy case of a death associated with ingestion of liquid detergent. The deceased was an 82-year-old woman who was found dead in her bed room. Autopsy revealed corrosive changes of the mucosal surfaces of the lung. The larynx, trachea and stomach contained mucoid matter with abundant froth. Toxicological investigations detected polyethylene glycol in the bronchus, blood and gastric contents using headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Surfactants generally have low toxicity but can cause damage to the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. We report here an autopsy case of death by suicidal ingestion of liquid detergent with special regard to the histochemical findings of the case study.