Gross Alpha and Beta Activities and Related Lifetime Risks Assessment Due to Ingestion of Drinking Water from Different Sources in the District of Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

Drinking good quality water is essential for better health. It is therefore essential to assess the radiological quality of all water consumed in the District of Abidjan in order to prevent related hazards. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the risk of cancer due to the ingestion of alpha and beta emitting radionuclides in the different types of water consumed in the region. A total of 63 water samples with 43 tap water samples, 5 bottled mineral water and 15 sachet water samples was collected and taken to GAEC laboratory for analysis. The low background Gas-less Automatic Alpha/Beta counting system (Canberra iMaticTM) was used to determine alpha and beta activity concentrations. Activity concentrations of both gross alpha and gross beta obtained in water sample were respectively lower than the WHO recommended limits of 0.1 Bq/l and 1 Bq/l. Also, the annual effective dose and total equivalent effective dose found in mineral bottled water samples were higher than in other types of water. The assessment of radiological lifetime risk has shown values of cancer risk due to ingestion alpha and beta emitters lower than recommended limit. These results indicate that there is no health hazard associated to consumption of water in the District of Abidjan.

Determination of gross α and β activities in Zouma River based on online HPGe gamma measurement system

This paper describes a low-cost and fast method to evaluate gross α and β^(-) radioactivities in natural water based on an online high-purity germanium detector gamma measurement system.The major gamma activities in natural water are provided by natural and artificial radionuclides such as ^(40) K,^(137)Cs,and radionuclides belonging to ^(238)U and ^(232)Th series.The main a emitters related to gamma emissions in natural water are ^(224)Ra(240.98 keV)and ^(226)Ra(186.21 keV),and the β^(-) emitters are ^(40) K(1460.85 keV),^(214)Bi(609.31 keV),^(208)Tl(583.19 keV),and ^(214)Pb(351.93 keV).The formula for gross α and β^(-) activity concentration is based on these radionuclides,and the short half-life decay products are considered in the calculation.The detection efficiency of the device across energy region(0–3 MeV)is obtained through Monte Carlo simulation,and a calibration experiment is conducted to verify the simulation results.Gamma radioactivity is measured continuously for 114 d in Pixian County and Dongfeng Canal located in the Zouma River,Chengdu,Sichuan Province,China.A comparison of the calculation results and monitoring data from the Sichuan Management and Monitoring Center Station of Radioactive Environment indicates that the percentage and absolute error of a activity concentration is lower than 53%and 0.02 Bq/L,respectively,and that of β-activity concentration is lower than 33.2%and 0.016 Bq/L,respectively.The method can rapidly determine gross α and β^(-) activity concentrations in natural water online.

Gross alpha and beta activities and trace heavy elemental concentration levels in chemical fertilizers and agricultural farm soils in Nigeria

The gross alpha (α) and beta (β) activities and trace heavy elemental concentrations have been determined in Single Super Phosphate (SSP) and Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium (NPK) fertilizers samples used for agricultural purposes in Nigeria. Cultivated farm soil samples from two regions (north and south) in the country and samples of phosphate rocks were also analyzed for gross α and β radioactivity and elemental concentrations. The beta activity concentration in the NPK (15-15-15) fertilizers was found to vary from 2410.0 ± 80.0 Bq·kg–1 to 4560 ± 140.0 Bq·kg–1, between 1340.0 ± 70.0 Bq·kg–1 and 1440.0 ± 70.0 Bq·kg–1 in the Single Super phosphate fertilizers while in the farm soil it ranged between 360.0 ± 40.0 Bq·kg–1 to 570.0 ± 50.0 for the north samples and 200.0 ± 50.0 to 230.0 ± 20 Bq·kg–1 for the south samples. The alpha activities in the NPK fertilizers was found to vary from 20.0 ± 10.0 to 90.0 ± 20.0 Bq·kg–1, in the SSP it varied from 60.0 ± 20.0 to 100.0 ± 20.0 Bq·kg–1 while in the soil samples it varied from 8.0 ± 6.0 to 40.0 ± 10.0

Gross β activity level of fallout in the environment around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant

This paper presents the measurement results of gross β activities in fallout samples collected from the en- vironment around Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) during 1993-2002. The gross β activity of 191 samples col- lected at five monitoring spots were (0.11～3.64) Bq·m-2·d-1, with an average of (0.91±0.49) Bq·m-2·d-1. This value was lower than (1.02±0.35) Bq?m-2?d-1 , the average of the samples collected at the reference spot in Hangzhou. It indicated that no obvious rise in the gross β activity level of fallout was observed in ambience of Qinshan NPP.

康复机器人辅助治疗对脑性瘫痪运动功能影响的系统评价及Meta分析

目的:系统评价康复机器人辅助治疗对脑性瘫痪患者运动功能和平衡功能以及基本日常生活能力的影响。方法:使用计算机全面检索各大中外文数据库,纳入康复机器人辅助治疗脑性瘫痪的随机对照试验,对符合纳入标准的文献进行数据提取,采用Cochrane系统评价员手册5.0版进行质量评价,采用Revman 5.4统计软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入12项随机对照试验,合计797例患者。Meta分析结果显示,与传统康复治疗方法相比,康复机器人辅助治疗能显著提高脑性瘫痪的平衡功能(SMD=0.67,95%CI0.16~1.18,P=0.010),并能显著提高脑瘫患者粗大运动功能测试量表-D区评分(SMD=0.70,95%CI 0.28~1.12,P=0.001)和E区评分(SMD=0.50,95%CI 0.26~0.75,P<0.0001),以及基本日常生活能力(MD=8.77,95%CI 2.64~14.89,P=0.005)。结论:康复机器人辅助治疗同传统的康复治疗方法相比,能显著提高脑性瘫痪患者的平衡性评分、运动功能评分及基本日常生活能力。

多通道功能性电刺激循环踏车治疗痉挛型脑瘫患儿的效果观察

目的探讨多通道功能性电刺激循环踏车对痉挛型脑瘫患儿的临床疗效。方法选取接受门诊康复治疗的痉挛型脑瘫患儿60例,随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。对照组患儿接受运动治疗、作业治疗及中医推拿等常规康复治疗,观察组患儿在接受常规康复治疗的基础上,增加多通道功能性电刺激循环踏车训练。治疗前及治疗12周后,采用粗大运动功能量表(GMFM-88)、Peabody粗大运动发育量表(PDMS-GM)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)及日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)分别评定2组患儿的粗大运动功能、平衡功能及日常生活动能力。结果2组患儿治疗前组间GMFM-88(D区、E区评分及总分)、PDMS-GM(姿势评分、移动能力评分、实物操作评分)、BBS及ADL评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后2组患儿GMFM-88(D区、E区评分及总分)、PDMS-GM(姿势评分、移动能力评分、实物操作评分)、BBS及ADL评分较治疗前均有改善,且观察组各项评分均优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论多通道功能性电刺激循环踏车可有效提升痉挛型脑瘫患儿的粗大运动功能、平衡功能及日常生活活动能力。

The effect of the CHAMP intervention on fundamental motor skills and outdoor physical activity in preschoolers

Purpose: Physical activity(PA) and fundamental motor skills are important components of current and future trajectories of health in young children. This study examined the effects of a 5-week motor skill intervention on preschoolers' motor skill competence and their PA behaviors while participating in the motor skill intervention or outdoor free play(recess).Methods: A total of 102 preschoolers served as participants and were part of a motor skill intervention group(n = 64) or a control/outdoor free play group(n = 38). Children's motor skills were assessed before and after the intervention using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 rd edition. PA during the motor skill intervention and outdoor free play was assessed using accelerometers both immediately before the start(baseline, Week 0 or Week 1) and end(late, Week 5 or Week 6) of the intervention.Results: All children significantly improved their motor skills from baseline to late assessment(p < 0.05). Children in the motor skill intervention demonstrated greater rates of change(p < 0.001) and scored higher on all motor skills at the late assessment compared with the control group(p < 0.001). There was no effect of group(control vs. intervention), but there was a significant effect of sex on children's PA during outdoor free play at baseline(p < 0.05). Similarly, there was no effect of group on PA during days with the movement program(intervention vs. outdoor free play) at either time point, but boys were more active than girls at the late assessment(p < 0.05). Last, children in the intervention engaged in more PA while participating in the intervention toward the end of the intervention than at the beginning.Conclusion: The 5-week motor skill intervention was effective at improving preschoolers' motor skills and rates of change in motor skills were higher for children who completed the intervention compared with children in the control group. Preschoolers in the intervention did demonstrate PA changes while participating in the intervention, but these changes did not translate outside of the intervention setting.

虚拟现实技术结合常规康复治疗对痉挛型脑性瘫痪患儿下肢运动功能的影响

目的探讨虚拟现实技术结合常规康复治疗对痉挛型脑性瘫痪(以下简称脑瘫)患儿的尖足、粗大运动功能及日常生活活动能力的影响。方法回顾性分析2017年1月1日—2022年12月31日在扬州大学附属淮安市妇幼保健院儿童康复科门诊康复治疗的痉挛型脑瘫患儿80例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和治疗组,各40例。对照组采用物理治疗、生物反馈等常规康复治疗;治疗组在常规康复治疗基础上加用虚拟现实技术。两组均康复治疗3个月,康复治疗前后采用改良Tardieu量表(MTS)、粗大运动功能量表88项(GMFM-88)及日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)进行评定。结果经3个月康复治疗,治疗组康复治疗前后踝关节MTS角度R1、R2差值均高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗组康复治疗前后GMFM量表D区、E区得分及ADL得分差值均高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论在常规康复治疗基础上联合虚拟现实技术能够明显改善痉挛型脑瘫患儿的尖足症状,提高粗大运动功能及日常生活活动能力。

足球活动对3~6岁幼儿身体与动作发展的影响——基于我国22项实证研究的元分析

足球活动作为世界第一大运动,不断受到社会各界的关注。但足球活动对幼儿的身体素质与粗大动作发展具有什么样的影响,目前实证研究的结论并不一致。为此,运用元分析的方法,对国内22项足球活动对幼儿身体与动作发展的实证研究进行量化分析。结果表明:在整体上,足球活动可以在较大程度上促进幼儿身体素质与粗大动作的发展;在具体维度上,足球活动对幼儿灵敏素质、弹跳素质、协调素质、下肢力量、位移技能与操作技能都有极其显著的促进作用,对柔韧素质有较为显著的促进作用,但对上肢力量的促进作用不显著。在调节效应上,足球活动对幼儿的影响不受性别的制约,但受活动时长与活动周期的影响。据此,应提高足球活动普及程度,丰富园所体育活动类型,鼓励全员参与足球活动,同时注重合理设置足球活动时长,科学考虑足球活动周期。

《民法典》自甘风险规则的适用范围与责任承担

《民法典》第1176条确立了自甘风险规则,该规则只能限缩适用于竞技性、多方性、规则明确的体育活动。自甘风险规则的受害人指体育活动的直接上场参加者,即运动员与裁判员,未成年运动员也可适用自甘风险制度,场外观众无法适用该制度。自甘风险规则中受害人所受损害是由其他参加者导致的、体育活动固有风险现实化的结果。其他参加者存在故意或重大过失应承担侵权责任,应从是否违反体育活动的规则、侵权行为针对的对象、比赛激烈程度、体育活动是否属于接触性运动等方面认定。活动组织者在违反安全保障义务的情况下应根据其过错程度承担相应的责任。

Improving GPP estimates by partitioning green APAR from total APAR in two deciduous forest sites

Non-photosynthetic components within a forest ecosystem account for a large proportion of the canopy but are not involved in photosynthesis.Therefore,the accuracy of gross primary production(GPP)estimates is expected to improve by removing these components.However,their infl uence in GPP estimations has not been quantitatively evaluated for deciduous forests.Several vegetation indices have been used recently to estimate the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by photosynthetic components(FAPAR_(green))for partitioning APAR green(photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by photosynthetic components).In this study,the enhanced vegetation index(EVI)estimated FAPAR_(green)and to separate the photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by photosynthetic components(APAR green)from total APAR observations(APAR_(total))at two deciduous forest sites.The eddy covariance-light use effi ciency(EC-LUE)algorithm was employed to evaluate the infl uence of non-photosynthetic components and to test the performance of APAR green in GPP estimation.The results show that the infl uence of non-photosynthetic components have a seasonal pattern at deciduous forest sites,large diff erences are observed with normalized root mean square error(RMSE*)values of APAR green-based GPP and APAR_(total)-based GPP between tower-based GPP during the early and end stages,while slight diff erences occurred during peak growth seasons.In addition,daily GPP estimation was significantly improved using the APAR green-based method,giving a higher coeffi cient of determination and lower normalized root mean square error against the GPP estimated by the APAR_(total)-based method.The results demonstrate the signifi cance of partitioning APAR green from APAR_(total)for accurate GPP estimation in deciduous forests.

长白山地下水中α和β放射性的分布状况分析

饮用水如果被放射性物质严重污染,就可能对人体健康造成危害,因此分析地下水中α、β放射性指标分布状况,建立地下水水源放射性水平极限值,对于地下矿泉水的保护和开发具有重要意义。本文对2019—2023年长白山地区地下水水中放射性水平进行测定,旨在加强长白山地区饮用水安全保障。

证券虚假陈述案件中会计师事务所重大过失认定问题研究

在证券虚假陈述案件中,会计师事务所承担巨额赔偿时,对于其重大过失的认定缺乏具体且具有实操性的客观标准,与故意和一般过失的认定之间没有明确的界限,且存在制度上的空缺。法院在司法实践中对会计师事务所证券虚假陈述重大过失进行认定时也存在说理不明、苛责过重的问题。据此,文章提出以注意义务的划分区别重大过失与一般过失的界限,运用审计学“重要性水平”的概念重构过失程度标准,并结合域外制度和司法经验寻找针对性解决对策。

The Stretched Field Method for Approximating Gross Determiners Ⅱ

The paper is the continuation of the previous article in which the stretched field method on is developed to solve the equations for grossly determiners. The first degree result is the same as the Lundgren’s small parameter expansion

气候变化和人类活动对中国陆地生态系统总初级生产力的影响厘定研究

总初级生产力(GPP)是生态系统植被光合作用生成有机物的能力表征,是生态系统服务功能的基础,关系到区域社会经济可持续发展及区域生态安全。基于生态系统过程模型CEVSA2,应用中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)卫星遥感的叶面积指数数据产品(MCD15A2H),以强迫法构建了遥感数据驱动的模型新版本——CEVSA-RS;基于CEVSA-RS模拟分析了气候变化和人类活动对中国陆地生态系统GPP时空变化的相对影响,从气候潜在总初级生产力(GPPCL)和现实总初级生产力(GPPRS)的大小和趋势两方面厘定了人类活动影响。2000至2017年全国平均潜在GPP(1016.36 gC m^(-2)a^(-1))略高于对应现实GPP(962.85 gC m^(-2)a^(-1)),但存在明显的空间分异:长江以南大部、秦岭、太行山脉以东以及大兴安岭以东和长白山地区等森林植被覆盖区,现实GPP高于潜在GPP;而西部草地及灌丛等地区现实GPP低于潜在GPP。全国GPP呈显著增加趋势(P<0.05),其中现实GPP的增速(46.04 gC m^(-2)10a^(-1))高于潜在GPP的增速(41.46 gC m^(-2)10a^(-1)),人类活动影响促进GPP增长,主要体现在华南地区和华北平原等地;内蒙古东部、东北平原北部、青藏高原西部等地人类活动呈负面影响。人类活动影响大于气候影响的区域可达全国陆地面积的53%,其中西部生态相对脆弱的草地区人类活动仍为负面影响,这些地区以草定畜,发展草牧业和保护生态,仍然任重道远。

韵律性身体活动促进3～6岁感觉统合失调幼儿粗大动作发展水平的实证研究

目的：以我国幼儿园普遍开展的韵律性身体活动为干预内容,尝试将幼儿阶段应掌握的基本动作技能融入到活动中,研究韵律性身体活动对感觉统合失调幼儿粗大动作能力的影响,为促进病患幼儿的粗大动作发展进行实证探索。方法：将101名受试对象以班级为单位,随机分为试验组（46人）与对照组（55人）,分别包含在4个小班、4个中班和2个大班中。试验组幼儿每天练习新的韵律性身体活动,累计活动时间为20-30 min/天,对照组则练习一般性韵律性身体活动。试验组与对照组的活动频率、每次活动持续时间和运动强度都相同,运动干预周期为1年。结果：（1）试验组与对照组幼儿粗大动作发展水平在运动干预前无显著差异,运动干预后,试验组幼儿粗大动作发展得分明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）,说明以基本动作技能为主要内容的新韵律性身体活动,在促进感觉统合失调幼儿粗大动作发展方面优于一般性的韵律性身体活动。（2）反复练习,以及练习过程中的变化性,对感觉统合失调幼儿的粗大动作发展非常重要,加强了幼儿感觉统合能力的训练。建议在韵律性身体活动中注重基本动作技能的学习,采用重复、变异等练习方式,促使病患幼儿掌握这些基本动作模式,提高粗大动作发展水平。

草鱼和鲢鱼肌球蛋白Ca^(2+)-ATPase热力学活化参数的季节变化

肌球蛋白构成了鱼肌肉肌原纤维蛋白的50%以上,它的性质主要决定了肌原纤维蛋白的性质,进而影响了鱼肌肉蛋白质的加工适性。本文对来自春季(4月份)、夏季(8月份)、秋季(11月份)和冬季(1月份)的草鱼(Ctenopharyngodonidellus Valenciennes)和鲢鱼(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes)骨骼肌肌球蛋白进行提取和纯化,通过测定不同季节的两种淡水鱼肌球蛋白Ca2+-ATPase的热力学活化参数,从化学反应的热力学理论上证明了淡水鱼肌球蛋白的热稳定性与季节温度变化之间的关系。研究结果表明,草鱼和鲢鱼肌球蛋白Ca2+-ATPase的热力学活化参数活化能Ea、活化焓ΔH和活化熵ΔS伴随栖息环境温度的上升而增大,而活化自由能ΔG的变化幅度很小,证明了肌球蛋白的热稳定性夏季鱼明显优于冬季鱼,而春季鱼和秋季鱼分别与夏季鱼和冬季鱼的相似。另一方面,ΔH与ΔS之间显示了良好的线性相关,证明了淡水鱼能够通过其肌肉蛋白质反应的活化焓与活化熵之间的互补效应,以应对自然界季节环境温度的变化。

液体闪烁法测定水中总α、总β活度的影响因素研究

研究了淬灭、溶解性固体总量(TDS)对液体闪烁法测量总α、总β活度的影响。实验表明,硝酸浓度在0.2 mol·L^(-1)以下对测量的影响可以忽略,水样与闪烁液体积配比为5:15可满足溶解性固体总量为0~2 400 mg·L^(-1)的水样的α、β测量。实验所得的α计数效率为99.1%,检测限为0.022 Bq·L^(-1);β计数效率为94.4%,检测限为0.121 Bq·L^(-1)。与蒸发浓缩-正比流气式计数法相比,液体闪烁法简便、快速,其结果相对偏差在10%以内。

三个麦芽品质性状的配合力分析

本文就7个大麦品种的三个麦芽品质性状——α-淀粉酶活力、色度和粘度,以7×7双列杂交设计进行了配合力分析。结果表明基因型间差异均极显著;一般配合力(GCA)方差大于特殊配合力(SCA)方差。因而认为基因的加性效应较为重要。早熟3号、元麦114、义乌二棱三个品种分别是α-淀粉酶活力、麦芽汁色度和麦芽汁粘度较好的配合者。杂交组合“早熟3号×元麦114”、“嵊县无芒六棱×义乌二棱”、小将×义乌二棱”对α-淀粉酶活力有较高的正向SCA效应;而“鹿岛×嵊县无芒六棱”、“元麦114×小将”、“元麦114×义乌二棱”对麦芽汁色度、“鹿岛×木石港3号”、“鹿岛×义乌二棱”、“小将×木石港3号”对麦芽汁粘度分别有较大的负向SCA效应。最后根据分析结果,对麦芽品质育种的亲本选配作了初步讨论。

情景式训练在脑性瘫痪中的应用研究

目的探讨情景式训练在脑瘫患儿康复治疗中的作用。方法将46例脑瘫患儿随机分为对照组和观察组,每组各23例。对照组进行常规康复治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上接受情景式训练。在治疗开始时和1个疗程(3个月为1个疗程)结束时,分别对两组患儿行粗大运动功能88项量表(GMFM-88量表)评分、日常生活活动能力量表(ADL量表)评分,比较治疗前后的变化情况。结果治疗1个疗程后,两组患儿的GMFM-88评分及ADL评分均较治疗前提高(观察组t值分别为-12.13、-6.70,对照组t值分别为-8.84、-6.96,均P<0.05),但观察组GMFM-88评分及ADL评分改变均明显优于对照组(t值分别为-2.30、-2.31,均P<0.05)。结论情景式训练结合常规康复疗法可明显提高脑瘫患儿的粗大运动功能及日常生活能力。