In-hole velocity of detonation(VOD) measurements as a framework for the selection type of explosive

Velocity of detonation(VOD) is one of the most important properties of explosives and indicates performances of explosives in real time. With the development of blast monitoring systems, continuous VOD monitoring systems are recently available. The VOD measurement in holes helps in comparing and evaluating relative performances of explosives. The purpose of this paper is a framework for selecting the type of explosives.This paper analyses the results of VOD measurements, carried out at the limestone quarry rnotii(rni kal), Slovenia. Experiments were conducted to measure VOD in blast holes which were loaded with ANFO, heavy ANFO and emulsion explosives. The explosives are produced at the point of use with mobile equipment. In this study, resistance wire continuous VOD measurement system Micro Trap, VODSYS-4from MREL was used and framework for selection the type of explosives has been suggested.

Velocity of detonation measurement and fragmentation analysis to evaluate blasting efficacy

In holes, the measurement of the velocity of detonation（VOD） helps in comparing and evaluating relative performance of explosives. In this paper a blast performance assessment was conducted based on the results obtained from the steady state VOD measurement of emulsion explosives HEF100 and degree of blast fragmentation conducted on an open pit blast. The aim of this study was to compare the steady state VOD measured in the field and the published VOD of HEF100 under ideal laboratory conditions and ascertain its efficacy. In the trial, a resistance wire continuous VOD measurement system connected to a SpeedVOD was employed to measure and record the steady state VOD values from five different blast holes. Furthermore, a post fragmentation analysis was conducted using the existing fragmentation models and an image processing software. The steady state VOD values recorded from the field ranged between 4981 m/s to 5387 m/s consistent with the published VOD subjected to ideal laboratory conditions and the analyzed fragmentation size distribution indicates that 90% of the blasted muck pile was within the allowable and optimal 700 mm passing size.

Study on detonation velocity deficits of bending flexible detonation fuses

In order to study the detonation velocity deficits of bending flexible detonating fuses,a physical model and a theoretical mathematical equation of detonation velocity deficits for bending flexible detonation fuses were established based on the detonation wave＇s corner effects and delay time phenomenon by using non-dimensional analysis method.Besides,a semi-empirical formula of detonation velocity deficit for bending fuses in the same charge size was obtained through experiment and curve fitting.The result shows that an exponential relationship between the detonation velocity deficits and reciprocal of curvature radius.

Thermal Behavior,Sensitivity,Detonation Velocity and Pressure of a Nitrogen-Rich Compound

The nitrogen content of tetrazolo triazines is 68.9%.In this paper,tetrazolotriazines was synthetized.The TG-DSC test indicated its decomposition process in detail.The non-isothermal kinetic parameters were speculated by Kissinger and Ozawa methods.It revealed the mechanism function of thermal decomposition.The impact and friction sensitivity were tested.The detonation pressure and velocity were calculated.It has a wide range of potential applications as a kind of energetic material.

Numerical simulation of flow field characteristics and the improvement of pressure oscillation of rotating detonation engine

Due to the inherent working mode of rotating detonation engine(RDE),the detonation flow field has the characteristics of pressure oscillation and axial kinetic energy loss,which makes it difficult to design nozzle and improve propulsion performance.Therefore,in order to improve the characteristics of detonation flow field,the three-dimensional numerical simulation of annular chamber and hollow chamber is carried out with premixed hydrogen/air as fuel in this paper,and then tries to combine the two chambers to weaken the oscillation characteristics of detonation flow field through the interaction of detonation flow field,which is a new method to regulate the detonation flow field.The results show that there are four states of velocity vectors at the outlet of annular chamber and hollow chamber,which makes RDE be affected by rolling moment and results in the loss of axial kinetic energy.In the external flow field of combined chamber,the phenomenon of cyclic reflection of expansion wave and compression wave on the free boundary is observed,which results in Mach disk structure.Moreover,the pressure monitoring points are set at the external flow field.The pressure signal shows that the high-frequency pressure oscillation at the external flow field of the combined chamber has been greatly weakened.Compared to the annular chamber,the relative standard deviation(RSD) has been reduced from 14.6% to5.6%.The results thus demonstrate that this method is feasible to adjust the pressure oscillation characteristics of the detonation flow field,and is of great significance to promote the potential of RDE and nozzle design.

Detonation Propagation Characteristics of Superposition Explosive Materials

In order to investigate detonation propagation characteristics of different charge patterns,the detonation velocities of superposition strip shaped charges made up of a detonating cord and explosives were measured by a detonation velocity measuring instrument under conditions of different ignition.The experimental results and theoretical analysis show that the maximum detonation propagation velocity depends on the explosive materials with the maximum velocity among all the explosive materials.Using detonating cord in a superposition charge can shorten detonation propagation time and improve the efficiency of explosive energy.The measurement method of detonation propagation velocity and experimental results are presented and investigated.

Experimental study on detonation parameters and cellular structures of fuel cloud

In this paper, detonation parameters of fuel cloud, such as propylene oxide （PO）, isopropyl nitrate （IPN）, hex- ane, 90# oil and decane were measured in a self-designed and constructed vertical shock tube. Results show that the deto- nation pressure and velocity of PO increase to a peak value and then decrease smoothly with increasing equivalence ra- tio. Several nitrate sensitizers were added into PO to make fuel mixtures, and test results indicated that the additives can efficiently enhance detonation velocity and pressure of fuel cloud and one type of additive n-propyl nitrate （NPN） played the best in the improvement. The critical initiation energy that directly initiated detonation of all the test liquid fuel clouds showed a U-shape curve relationship with equiva- lence ratios. The optimum concentration lies on the rich-fuel side （;b 〉 1）. The critical initiation energy is closely related to molecular structure and volatility of fuels. IPN and PO have similar critical values while that of alkanes are larger. Detonation cell sizes of PO were respectively investigated at 25;C, 35;C and 50;C with smoked foil technique. The cell width shows a U-shape curve relationship with equivalence ratios at all temperatures. The minimal cell width also lies on the rich-fuel side （;b 〉 1）. The cell width of PO vapor is slightly larger than that of PO cloud. Therefore, the deto- nation reaction of PO at normal temperature is controlled by gas phase reaction.

Study on detonation characteristic of low energy detonating fuse in bending conditions

Detonation of low energy detonating fuse was studied in numerical simulation and experiments in bending conditions using LS_DYNA3D. The results show that pressure of the explosion and detonation velocity decrease in the same section areas after bending. In bending conditions,detonation wave was similar to small angle corner diffraction. So the detonation velocity was lower than normal velocity.

环境温度对TATB/RDX传爆药起爆及驱动性能的影响

为了获得环境温度对TATB/RDX传爆药起传爆性能及驱动性能的影响特性,采用激光多普勒测速技术及瞬态太赫兹波多普勒干涉测速技术,对TATB/RDX传爆药在隔层起爆条件下的起爆、传播及驱动性能开展实验研究,获取了-45~70℃温度环境中TATB/RDX传爆药的到爆轰距离、爆轰反应区时间宽度、爆轰传播速度及驱动飞片的飞行速度曲线。结果表明:TATB/RDX传爆药的到爆轰距离及爆轰反应区时间宽度随环境温度的降低均近乎呈线性增长趋势;爆轰传播速度随环境温度的降低而逐渐提高;驱动飞片的速度随环境温度的变化特性在飞片主体-层裂层融合前后存在明显不同。

单相发汗冷却对脉冲爆震燃烧传播的影响

作为一种先进推进系统,脉冲爆震发动机热端部件的热载荷随着工作频率和飞行马赫数的提高而大幅增加。发汗冷却具有很高的冷却效率和更低的冷却剂消耗,使其成为脉冲爆震发动机燃烧室壁面冷却的理想方案。开展发汗冷却与爆震燃烧耦合研究,是爆震发动机发汗冷却设计的理论基础。为了探索发汗冷却的固体和流体结构对爆震燃烧的影响规律,本文采用实验方法,研究了不同多孔介质结构和单相发汗冷却对充分发展爆震燃烧传播过程的影响。结果表明,爆震波在多孔介质壁面上传播时发生减速,但不会引起爆震波解耦。单相发汗冷却引发爆震燃烧失效的主要原因是冷却剂的稀释作用使得局部当量比低于燃料的可爆极限。当冷却剂注入率超过12.5%时,爆震燃烧解耦。

添加复合稀释剂的低爆速乳化炸药的制备及性能

以玻璃微球和滑石粉共同作为稀释剂制备一种低爆速乳化炸药。观察不同质量分数的玻璃微球和滑石粉对乳化炸药形貌的影响,并对乳化炸药的爆速、猛度、空中爆炸冲击波压力及储存稳定性进行测试。实验结果表明,随着滑石粉质量分数的增加,乳化炸药的形貌由乳胶状逐渐向颗粒状转化,爆速呈线性下降,对玻璃微球质量分数为5%、10%、15%的乳化炸药,测得最低爆速分别为3440、2740、2188 m/s。而随着滑石粉质量分数的增加,猛度、空中爆炸冲击波峰值超压均呈非线性下降,当滑石粉控制在一定量时,冲击波正压作用时间变化不大,乳化炸药储存稳定性较好。这种低爆速乳化炸药成本低廉、爆轰性能可调、储存稳定性好,具有较好的实用性。

圆环形燃烧室两相混气旋转爆震波传播过程实验研究

为分析不同燃烧室结构和来流工况对两相混气旋转爆震波传播过程的影响,在圆环形燃烧室内进行了实验研究。获得了不同来流总温T、燃烧室出口堵塞比β以及混气当量比φ对旋转爆震波传播特性的影响,并对典型工况下圆环形燃烧室内旋转爆震波传播频率和切向热声耦合燃烧固有频率进行了计算。结果表明,燃烧室出口堵塞比变小时有利于旋转爆震波的稳定;旋转爆震波传播速度随来流总温和当量比的提高而增加;在两相混气中获得了一种传播速度大幅低于C-J理论值的低速爆震波。

以废弃煤矸石为惰性剂的低爆速乳化炸药性能研究

为了研制低成本、低爆速乳化炸药,并将大量废弃的煤矸石进行废物利用以减小环境污染,将3种不同粒径的煤矸石粉末作为惰性剂,添加入乳化炸药中进行了爆速测试、空中爆炸冲击波超压试验和TG-DSC同步热分析。试验表明,随煤矸石粉末质量分数由0%升至40%,爆速呈降低趋势,其中含较小粒径粉末的炸药爆速要较低,当3#煤矸的质量分数达40%时爆速降至2 755 m/s,空中爆炸冲击波超压峰值由48.53 kPa降至22.23 kPa,正压时间从343.15μs升至426.10μs,压力上升速率由2.210 9 kPa/μs降至0.369 1 kPa/μs,正相冲量减少25.44%。可见煤矸石可有效降低乳化炸药的爆速和爆轰冲击载荷。热分析结果表明,煤矸石粉末未显著改变乳化炸药热分解结果,仅使热分解温度下降29~34℃,仍处于乳化炸药合理的热分解温度范围。

含攻角动能块撞击带壳B炸药冲击起爆阈值研究

为研究动能块攻角对带壳B炸药冲击起爆阈值速度的影响规律,使用LS-DYNA仿真软件和Lee-Tarver点火与增长模型,对钨合金动能块撞击带壳B炸药进行数值模拟,得到了攻角0°~90°条件下撞击不同盖板厚度(6、10、14 mm)装药的冲击起爆阈值速度;在Jacobs-Roslund冲击起爆判据模型中引入攻角修正项,所得到的冲击起爆判据模型与数值模拟结果吻合较好。结果表明:壳体厚度在6~14 mm范围内,随着攻角的增大,冲击起爆阈值速度先增大后减小。

硝酸铵细度对铵胺炸药性能的影响

为研究硝酸铵细度对铵胺炸药性能的影响,以六亚甲基四胺作为可燃剂制备了一种胶状炸药—铵胺炸药;对多孔粒状硝酸铵进行破碎,分别过20、40、60、80目筛区分不同的细度,对混合各细度硝酸铵颗粒铵胺炸药基质的黏度、炸药的爆速和猛度进行了测试,对炸药进行了储存稳定性实验。结果表明,当硝酸铵细度由0~20目增至80目以上时,铵胺炸药基质的混合均匀性增加,基质的初始黏度由92828mPa·s增至148637mPa·s,基质黏度随着剪切时间增加而逐渐降低,铵胺炸药基质属于触变性流体;炸药的爆速由3569m/s增至4316m/s,猛度由26.00mm增至30.50mm,能量释放更集中,对周围介质的的冲击力提升;分别储存2d和120d的铵胺炸药,爆速降幅均小于5%;说明硝酸铵细度的增加可以提高铵胺炸药的爆轰性能和储存稳定性。

颗粒注射速度对铝粉/空气两相旋转爆轰波的影响

为研究颗粒注射速度对非预混铝粉/空气旋转爆轰波传播特性的影响,通过采用离散相模型、具有有限速率动力学/扩散表面燃烧模型的一步表面反应、多步可逆气相分解反应以及考虑未完全燃烧颗粒的挥发,对注射温度为300 K的铝颗粒和来流总温为900 K的高温空气进行二维数值模拟研究。研究结果表明:由于入口附近颗粒注射速度低于空气的注射速度,空气三角区和颗粒三角区无法完全重合;当颗粒注射速度从1 m/s增加到100 m/s时,爆轰波的速度和温度先减小后增加;颗粒和空气在注入燃烧室时存在较大的温度差异,导致爆轰波不稳定传播;颗粒注射速度为70 m/s时,爆轰波的稳定性最好。

数码电子雷管逐孔起爆下质点峰值振速预测研究

针对电子雷管起爆技术采用传统经验公式预测质点峰值振速精度较低的问题,本文根据电子雷管爆破施工的特点,将其按炮孔类型的不同进行分类,提出了一种分段式的质点峰值振速预测方法,并结合金属矿山巷道爆破进行了试验。结果表明:传统萨道夫斯基经验公式不适用于数码电子雷管爆破的质点峰值振速预测;按照延期时间将炮孔分类后,其质点峰值振速可利用萨道夫斯基经验公式进行预测,选取比例距离药量下各类型炮孔的预测值最大的部分,基于此组成拟合曲线,此组合式曲线具有较好的拟合效果。

我国低爆速铵油炸药研究和应用现状

低爆速铵油炸药是爆速在1 500~2 500 m·s~(-1)的一种铵油炸药,通过在铵油炸药中加入容重较低的惰性物质获得,具有密度低、爆速低、威力低,以及原料丰富、成本低廉、使用安全等特性,因此被广泛应用于焊接、光面爆破、预裂爆破等方面,有力推动了爆破技术的发展。本文综述了我国不同种类的低爆速铵油炸药研究现状、性能特点及应用,同时指出了现有技术存在的问题以及未来发展趋势。

一种废机油型乳化炸药水相配方的研究与应用

在研究废机油资源化应用的基础上,对国外某特大型矿山使用的乳化炸药的成本进行优化,制备了以少量氯化钠代替硝酸钠作为水相添加剂的废机油型乳化炸药,并对其水相析晶点、储存期、泵送次数、抗颠簸性能、爆速及爆后岩石块度进行基础性试验研究。结果表明:添加氯化钠可以降低水相析晶点10℃左右;制备的乳化炸药储存稳定性良好,满足多次泵送和长距离运输的需求;爆速可以到达4600 m/s以上;殉爆距离为14 cm。虽性能略有降低,但不影响正常使用,爆破后的岩石块度符合矿山铲运要求。相比原有配方,废机油型乳化炸药的成本可以节约49.59美元/t,具有一定的实用价值和经济效益。

钝化剂对低爆速铵油炸药的影响

低爆速铵油是在铵油炸药中加入容重较低的钝化剂获得的爆炸速度在1 500~2500 m/s的一种炸药,因其具有爆速低、原料来源丰富等一系列优点而被广泛应用于爆炸焊接、露天矿预裂孔爆破、光面爆破等爆破工程。文章介绍了钝化剂的种类和特征,以及其对低爆速铵油炸药的影响,为低爆速铵油炸药的开发研究提供参考。