Egypt’s Currency Devaluation & Impact on the Most Vulnerable

The aim of the current research paper is to review what the Government of Egypt (GOE) has done to alleviate hardship conditions facing vulnerable low-income citizens, including its civil servants, during the implementation of the recent International Monetary Fund Economic Reform program. The main research questions are: What policies and initiatives has the GOE pursued post its currency devaluation in order to alleviate hardships on the most vulnerable? And to what extent are we now a more “socially equitable” nation? The paper provides a background about the 2016 currency devaluation decision, presents a conceptual framework explaining the relation between different economic ideologies and the impact on the vulnerable groups in society, elaborates on why we should seek social justice in Egypt, and then finally examines and assesses some of the government’s efforts in trying to alleviate hardships, including the Takaful and Karama Program, the Amman certificate, and the impact on the pay scale of government employees. Some of the recommendations made by the paper include: the need to apply true conditionality in the claimed “Conditional Cash Transfer Programs”, to re-consider government employees’ compensation, and to re-allocate national resources to what matters in a more transparent manner.

Cyberattack Ramifications, The Hidden Cost of a Security Breach

In this in-depth exploration, I delve into the complex implications and costs of cybersecurity breaches. Venturing beyond just the immediate repercussions, the research unearths both the overt and concealed long-term consequences that businesses encounter. This study integrates findings from various research, including quantitative reports, drawing upon real-world incidents faced by both small and large enterprises. This investigation emphasizes the profound intangible costs, such as trade name devaluation and potential damage to brand reputation, which can persist long after the breach. By collating insights from industry experts and a myriad of research, the study provides a comprehensive perspective on the profound, multi-dimensional impacts of cybersecurity incidents. The overarching aim is to underscore the often-underestimated scope and depth of these breaches, emphasizing the entire timeline post-incident and the urgent need for fortified preventative and reactive measures in the digital domain.

Thirty years of chronic current account deficit 1972—2001: The case of Pakistan

Pakistan has been suffering from a chronic deficit in the current account for many decades. Current account deficit strengthens the foreign currency against the home currency which makes imports of good and services more expensive as compared to exports and causes devaluation of home currency. The main objective of this paper is to find out how the current account deficit is influenced by different economic factors. Our regression model’s estimated results indicate that the percentage change in the volume of imports, foreign direct investments and total consumption are positively correlated and, on the other hand, exports, workers remittance, growth in agriculture and manufacturing are negatively correlated with the current account balance of Pakistan during the observed period 1972-2001.

The Concrete Analysis of the Change of Import and Export Trade of Chinese Enterprises Is Based on the Perspective of RMB Exchange Rate

The change of import and export trade of Chinese enterprises actually reflects the appreciation and depreciation of RMB,which are closely related to the total volume of import and export trade of Chinese enterprises and the formulation of corresponding foreign exchange measures.Generally speaking,the rise of the RMB exchange rate means the appreciation of the RMB is conducive to imports,while the decline of the RMB exchange rate means the depreciation of the RMB and the decline of the price of export commodities,so it has a greater price advantage and is conducive to exports.Chinese enterprises should correctly grasp the rise and fall of RMB exchange rate and carry out import and export trade reasonably when developing abroad.

The Essence of Optimism of The Economists and Investors with Regard to the Economy of Russia

The gross domestic product of Russia,expressed in US dollars,indicates problems in the Russian economy associated with the decline in oil prices on the world energy market and the consequences of the sanctions of the United States and the European Union against Russia.The crisis situation of the Russian economy has a negative impact on the income of the population of country,represented mainly by wages.However,an economist or investor may be optimistic about Russian economic development in the medium term.This optimism is related to the economic policy of the United States.The expansion of the United States economy within the global space,based on economic growth,requires maintaining inflation within the target level and weakening the US dollar.These tasks are solved with the help of soft monetary policy of the US Federal Reserve System.The reduction of interest rates by the US Federal Reserve System against the background of inflation of the target level and the devaluation of the US dollar will contribute to economic growth in the United States,because it will lead to the depreciation of public debt,lower consumption of imports,increase in exports and trade balance,growth of production,income,consumption.The economic policy of the United States,which contributes to the devaluation of the US dollar,will also reduce the US dollar against the ruble.The optimistic view of investors-economists on the Russian economy is due to a significant strengthening of the ruble against the US dollar.Consequently,in the medium term,the gross domestic product and wages of citizens of Russia,expressed in US dollars,will significantly increase,and the purchasing power of the national currency of the country will also increase.This growth may continue until the next election of a new President of the United States in november 2020.After the election of the new President of the United States,there is a high probability of sanctions against Russia and of decline in oil prices in the world energy market in accordance with the future economic policy of the United States–two main reasons for the sharp strengthening of the US dollar against the ruble,which will cause a deeper economic crisis in Russia in the medium and long term.

Imroduction to the pension market

Social security funds is a kind of special fund for social security undertakings which is based on the legislation ,Social security fund is the material basis for the existence and sustainable development in the social security system .Consequently, It is one of the most important about the normal operation and management of the social security system that the operation of social security fund regulation and whether the value of social security funds can realize. In order to realize the value of social security fund, it is about to explore the reality and feasibility of the pension market, thus, maintain the social security fund security and realize the sustainability of social security funds, under the premise of the social security fund investment operation.

The SLA （Second Law Analysis） in Convective Heat Transfer Processes

In all convective heat transfer situations, losses occur in the flow field （by dissipation） as well as in the temperature field （by conduction）. Typically these losses are more or less quantified by the friction factorfwith respect to losses in the flow field, and the Nusselt number Nu for the heat transfer quality. Assessing the process of convective heat transfer as a whole, then becomes problematic because two different non-dimensional quantities, f and Nu, have to be combined somehow. From a thermodynamics point of view, there is a reasonable alternative： Since all losses become manifest in corresponding entropy generation rates, these rates are determined in the velocity as well as in the temperature field. Based on the integration of the entropy generation fields, an energy devaluation number is introduced. It basically determines how much oftbe so-called entropic potential of the energy involved in a convective heat transfer process is used within it. This approach is called SLA （second law analysis）.

Comparison on new and old assets devaluating preparation

Assets devaluating rules are decreed as independent rules for the first time. And this will influence much on enterprises for the new rules are more adjusted in many aspects. Through comparing with the old assets rules, the paper has analyzed the characteristics of the new assets devaluating rules. Compared with the old rules, the more different characteristics are that in the new rules, assets devaluating confirmation is defined, tangible amount calculation is prescribed in detail, the conception of ＂Assets Group＂ is raised for the first time, and the processing method of creditworthiness is set. The most important thing is that the new rules provide that once the assets devaluating preparation is confirmed, it will not be withdraw. At the same times, from comparing the confirmation of devaluating assets, tangible amount and dealing with devaluating loss, assets devaluating influence of the new rules and the old on enterprises＇ profit and loss is analyzed and an instance is used in the analysis.

New Evidence on Export Price Elasticity from China and Six OECD Countries

This paper provides new evidence on export price elasticities by analyzing the cases of China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and the USA over the period 1990-2012. Estimates have been made using panel data techniques for non-stationary data. After demonstrating that long-run relationships are stable to any structural break, it is found that exports are significantly determined by foreign demand, with long-run income elasticity significantly higher than unity for China, Japan, Germany, the UK and the USA. Conversely, exports are price inelastic for most of the countries in the sample, in both the long run and the short run. The exception is France, whose export price elasticity is lower （higher） than unity in the short run （long run）.