Large-Scale Renewable Energy Transmission by HVDC: Challenges and Proposals

Renewable energy transmission by high-voltage direct current(HVDC)has attracted increasing attention for the development and utilization of large-scale renewable energy under the Carbon Peak and Carbon Neutrality Strategy in China.High-penetration power electronic systems(HPPESs)have gradually formed at the sending end of HVDC transmission.The operation of such systems has undergone profound changes compared with traditional power systems dominated by synchronous generators.New stability issues,such as broadband oscillation and transient over-voltage,have emerged,causing tripping accidents in large-scale renewable energy plants.The analysis methods and design principles of traditional power systems are no longer suitable for HPPESs.In this paper,the mechanisms of broadband oscillation and transient over-voltage are revealed,and analytical methods are proposed for HPPESs,including small-signal impedance analysis and electromagnetic transient simulation.Validation of the theoretical research has been accomplished through its application in several practical projects in north,northwest,and northeast region of China.Finally,suggestions for the construction and operation of the future renewable-energy-dominated power system are put forward.

Operational concepts of HVDC in the context of security assessment in the German transmission grid

Because of the realization of HVDC connections parallel to the synchronous grid in Germany, operational concepts become more important in the context of system security aspects. In this article commonly known concepts are analyzed regarding their suitability for the German transmission system. Therefore, an approach for the analysis was developed and exemplary results are given using this approach. Under consideration of the overall system, the concepts of reducing losses in combination with minimizing(n-1)-warnings or-indications^1 as well as the sole minimization of(n-1)-warnings and-indications are the most reasonable approaches. However, under grid security aspects best results can be achieved by reducing operational limits and therefore, by the minimization of(n-1)-warnings.

Modern Travelling Wave Based Fault Location Techniques for HVDC Transmission Lines

The modern travelling wave based fault location principles for transmission lines are analyzed.In order to apply the travelling wave principles to HVDC transmission lines,the special technical problems are studied.Based on this,a fault locating system for HVDC transmission lines is developed.The system can support modern double ended and single ended travelling wave princi- ples simultaneously,and it is composed of three different parts:travelling wave data acquisition and processing system,communication network and PC based master station.In the system,the fault generated transients are induced from the ground leads of the over-voltage suppression capacitors of an HVDC line through specially developed travelling wave couplers.The system was applied to 500 kV Gezhouba-Nanqiao(Shanghai)HVDC transmission line in China.Some field operation experiences are summarized,showing that the system has very high reliability and accuracy,and the maximum location error is about 3 km(not more than 0.3%of the total line length). Obviously,the application of the system is successful,and the fault location problem has finally been solved completely since the line operation.

Operation of offshore wind farms connected with DRU-HVDC transmission systems with special consideration of faults

The diode rectifier unit(DRU)-based high-voltage DC(DRU-HVDC) system is a promising solution for offshore wind energy transmission thanks to its compact design, high efficiency, and strong reliability. Herein we investigate the feasibility of the DRU-HVDC system considering onshore and offshore AC grid faults, DC cable faults, and internal DRU faults. To ensure safe operation during the faults, the wind turbine(WT) converters are designed to operate in either current-limiting or voltage-limiting mode to limit potential excessive overcurrent or overvoltage. Strategies for providing fault currents using WT converters during offshore AC faults to enable offshore overcurrent and differential fault protection are investigated. The DRU-HVDC system is robust against various faults, and it can automatically restore power transmission after fault isolation. Simulation results confirm the system performance under various fault conditions.

Statistics and Analysis on Reliability of HVDC Transmission Systems of SGCC

Reliability level of HVDC power transmission systems becomes an important factor impacting the entire power grid.The author analyzes the reliability of HVDC power transmission systems owned by SGCC since 2003 in respect of forced outage times,forced energy unavailability,scheduled energy unavailability and energy utilization eff iciency.The results show that the reliability level of HVDC power transmission systems owned by SGCC is improving.By analyzing different reliability indices of HVDC power transmission system,the maximum asset benef its of power grid can be achieved through building a scientif ic and reasonable reliability evaluation system.

Reliability Improvement Strategies for HVDC Transmission System

This paper analyses reliability data of HVDC systems of Southern China Power Grid. The weak links of HVDC systems’ operational reliability are DC control and protection, valve hall and valve cooling system and transmission lines. Some improvement measures and HVDC system reliability technology are proposed in this paper.

Novel Adaptive Neural Controller Design Based on HVDC Transmission System to Damp Low Frequency Oscillations and Sub Synchronous Resonance

This paper presents the effect of the high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system based on voltage source converter (VSC) on the sub synchronous resonance (SSR) and low frequency oscillations (LFO) in power system. Also, a novel adaptive neural controller based on neural identifier is proposed for the HVDC which is capable of damping out LFO and sub synchronous oscillations (SSO). For comparison purposes, results of system based damping neural controller are compared with a lead-lag controller based on quantum particle swarm optimization (QPSO). It is shown that implementing adaptive damping controller not only improves the stability of power system but also can overcome drawbacks of conventional compensators with fixed parameters. In order to determine the most effective input of HVDC system to apply supplementary controller signal, analysis based on singular value decomposition is performed. To evaluate the performance of the proposed controller, transient simulations of detailed nonlinear system are considered.

Analysis of Transmission Loss in Droop Control of a Multi-Terminal HVDC System

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) electric power transmission is a promising technology for integrating offshore wind farms and interconnecting power grids in different regions. In order to maintain the DC voltage, droop control has been widely used. Transmission line loss constitutes an import part of the total power loss in a multi-terminal HVDC scheme. In this paper, the relation between droop controller design and transmission loss has been investigated. Different MTDC layout configurations are compared to examine the effect of droop controller design on the transmission loss.

A Novel Pilot Protection for VSC-HVDC Transmission Lines Based on Correlation Analysis

The control system of voltage source converter HVDC (VSC-HVDC) is complex and its fault tolerance ability is not sufficient, and correct rate of line protection device is not high. A novel pilot protection for VSC-HVDC transmission lines based on correlation analysis is proposed in this paper. In the principle, external fault is equivalent to a positive capacitance model, so the correlation coefficient of the current and voltage derivative is 1;while the internal fault is equivalent to a negative capacitance model, so the correlation coefficient of the current and voltage derivative is -1. Internal faults and external faults can be distinguished by judging the correlation coefficient. Theoretical analysis and PSCAD simulation experiments show that the new principle, which is simple, not affected by transition resistance, control type and line distributed capacitance current, can identify internal faults and external faults reliably and rapidly, having certain practical value.

经LCC-HVDC输电送出系统单端混合等值计算

现有电网换相换流器型高压直流输电(line commutated converter based HVDC,LCC-HVDC)输电系统动态等值计算依赖于送受端电压同步实时量测,无法实现经LCC-HVDC输电送出系统的单端暂态等值计算。论文基于直流系统动态相量等值计算框架,提出仅基于逆变侧单端交流电压信息的经LCC-HVDC直流输电送出系统的等值计算方案,论证整流侧准稳态模型+逆变侧动态相量模型的混合等值计算框架的可行性,解决换相失败准确判别等关键问题,仿真对比分析了多场景故障,证明所提出的计算框架在送端交流系统信息缺失的情况下,能实现受端交流线路故障暂态大扰动下经LCC-HVDC输电送出系统响应的准确实时计算。

MMC-MTDC Transmission System with Partially Hybrid Branches

This paper proposes a hybrid submodule modular multilevel converter(MMC)topology which is suitable for multi terminal direct current(MTDC)transmission systems.Each arm of the proposed MMC topology consists of a half-bridge submodule(HBSM)branch and two parallel full-bridge submodule(FBSM)branches.Comparing with the conventional MTDC transmission system,the proposed topology can selectively block the DC fault current and isolate the corresponding fault line without expensive DC circuit breakers(DCCBs).Thus,the influence range of the DC fault can be reduced and the reliability of the power supply can be improved as well.The corresponding modulation and voltage balancing strategies are developed for the proposed hybrid MMC topology.The feasibility of the proposed topology and control strategy is verified in the MATLAB/Simulink simulation.

直驱风电场经MMC-HVDC并网送端系统稳定性分析及振荡抑制

基于模块化多电平换流器MMC(modular multilevel converter)的高压直流输电HVDC(high voltage direct current transmission)因具有无源网络支撑等优势而被广泛应用于大容量新能源外送消纳。受电力电子设备交互作用等因素影响,送端系统易发生振荡失稳现象。首先,建立了直驱风电场经MMC-HVDC并网送端系统的小扰动线性化模型,分析了风场有功输出对系统稳定性的影响。然后,建立了MMC及风机并网变流器交流侧dq阻抗模型,从阻抗角度揭示了送端系统振荡失稳机理。进一步,提出了基于MMC交流电压控制外环q轴附加阻尼的振荡抑制策略,可满足系统满功率范围内的运行稳定性要求。最后,基于全比例模型的仿真结果验证了所提振荡抑制策略的有效性。

Introduction of 500 kV Three Corges-Changzou Electric Power Transmission Project

To transmit electric power from ThreeGorges to East China, ±500 kV HVDC willbe adopted. The first transmission Iine will beconstructed from the Longquan (Yichang)Converter Station to the Zhengping(Changzhou) Inverter Station. This projectconnects the East China Power Network withthe Central China Power Network,coordinates the hydro and thermal electricpower, obtains the profit from timedifference and promotes the process of theinterconnection of the power networks of thewhole country.This paper gives the abstract of thesituation of the preliminary design, primaryresult and development tendency of the firstHVDC transmission project which transmitsthe electric power from Three Gorges to EastChina.

Research on corona discharge suppression of high-voltage direct-current transmission lines based on dielectric-film-covered conductor

Corona discharge suppression for high-voltage direct-current(HVDC)transmission lines at line terminals such as converter stations is a subject that requires attention.In this paper,a method based on a conductor covered with dielectric film is proposed and implemented through a bench-scale setup.Compared with the bare conductor,the corona discharge suppression effect of the dielectric-film-covered conductor under positive polarity is studied from the composite field strength and ion current density using a line-plate experimental device.The influences of film thickness and film material on the corona discharge suppression effect are investigated.The charge accumulation and dissipation characteristics of different film materials are also studied.The results show that the conductor covered with dielectric film has excellent ability to inhibit corona discharge.The ground-level composite field strength of the conductor covered with dielectric film is lower than its nominal field strength,and its ion current density is at the nA m^(−2) level.The corona threshold voltage can be promoted by increasing the film thickness,but the ability to inhibit corona discharge becomes weak.The larger the surface electric field strength,the more charge accumulated,but the faster the charge dissipation rate.Compared with polyvinyl chloride film,cross-linked polyethylene film has stronger charge accumulation ability and slower charge dissipation rate,which can better restrain the corona discharge of HVDC transmission lines.

不同锁相环对LCC-HVDC控制回路稳定性的影响

该文研究了电网换相换流器高压直流输电(line commutated converter high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)系统逆变侧采用不同锁相环时,锁相环控制回路比例–积分(proportional integral,PI)参数变化对直流控制回路稳定性的影响。首先,分别建立了逆变侧锁相环采用滑动平均滤波(mo ving average filter,MAF)和级联延时消去滤波(cascaded delayed signal cancellation,CDSC)的LCC-HVDC小干扰动态模型,并通过电磁暂态仿真验证了该模型的正确性。其次,基于拉普拉斯变换获得系统定电压控制回路的传递函数,利用奈奎斯特稳定判据以及稳定裕度指标分析不同锁相环对定电压控制回路稳定性的影响,并进行了机理分析,同时在PSCAD/EMTDC的电磁暂态模型上进行了验证。最后,进一步在LCC-HVDC工程模型上对该文所得结论的普适性进行了仿真验证。

基于VSC-HVDC的海上风电柔性直流输电系统并网控制

由于现有的控制方法并网点处的直流和交流电压较低,控制效果不佳,为此基于VSC-HVDC,针对海上风电柔性直流输电系统并网控制方法展开研究。首先,根据VSC-HVDC系统结构建立海上风电柔性并网模型,在换流侧通过换流设备将交流电源转换为直流电,并将转换后的直流电能输送到直流输电线路上;然后,运用PI控制器根据电流偏差进行调节,调整换流器的输出电流与实际电流误差,限制幅度环节输出控制系统并网有功功率信息,实现内环网并网控制;最后,运用PI控制器对交流电进行跟踪,调整无功分量来改变交流电压,实现外环网并网控制,完成针对海上风电柔性直流输电系统并网控制方法的设计。实验结果表明,经该方法控制后,交流电压维持在约0.7 p.u.的水平,直流电压被成功地限制在0.5~1 p.u.以内,控制效果较好。

利用电流固有频率的VSC-HVDC直流输电线路故障定位

电压源换流器型直流输电(voltage source converterHVDC,VSC-HVDC)线路故障暂态过程中具有相对于交流线路更强的固有频率信号。由于VSC-HVDC直流输电线路两侧并联大电容,在高频的固有频率下系统阻抗可等效为电容阻抗,其值很小,行波在系统侧近似为全反射,因此,VSC-HVDC直流输电线路的固有频率只与故障距离和波速度有关。据此,提出通过对单端电流运用Prony算法进行频谱分析,获取其固有频率进而实现直流输电电路故障定位的方法。仿真结果表明该方法可实现VSC-HVDC直流输电线路的快速、准确定位。

利用电流频率特性的VSC-HVDC直流输电线路纵联保护

直流输电线路具有相对于交流线路更强的固有频率信号。结合电压源换流器型直流输电(VSC-HVDC)的系统结构,可得固有频率值与线路长度具有明确的函数关系。区外故障时,两侧固有频率主频与线路全长相关,频率差理论上为零;区内故障时,固有频率主频与故障点位置相关,非中点故障时频率差为一很大的值。据此,提出了通过Prony算法对电流进行频谱分析,计算两端的固有频率主频差,进而实现直流输电线路纵联频率保护的原理和保护主判据。针对中点处死区问题,提出了辅助判据。同时在PSCAD上搭建的VSC-HVDC系统上进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,该保护原理只利用两端电流信息,频率的传输无需严格同步,原理上不受过渡电阻的影响。

一种新型的高压直流输电技术--MMC-HVDC

介绍了模块化多电平换流器型高压直流输电(MMC-HVDC)的基本结构、工作原理和技术特点,比较了MMC-HVDC相对于电压源换流器型高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)的优势;对MMC-HVDC目前在国内外的研究进展和工程应用情况进行了回顾,分析了MMC-HVDC技术的不足之处和未来发展中可能的重点方向,包括主电路拓扑的相关问题研究、系统设计、故障保护、接地、谐波和损耗等,指出目前研究所采用的MMC-HVDC分析模型精度较低;因自身拓扑限制,目前成熟的VSC-HVDC控制方法无法直接用于MMC-HVDC;MMC-HVDC拥有较强的故障保护能力,当前研究着重于故障仿真分析,亟待探讨适合工程应用的保护策略;由于直流侧无需安装高压电容器组,MMC-HVDC接地实现困难;由于MMC-HVDC子模块数较多,采用较低的开关频率可得到较好的输出电压波形,使得系统损耗大幅降低;最后探讨了适合我国国情的MMC-HVDC工程实践。