Association between glucose-lowering drugs and circulating insulin antibodies induced by insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND Insulin antibodies(IAs)affect blood glucose control in patients receiving insulin therapy.AIM To investigate the relationship between different hypoglycemic treatments and IAs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS This cross-sectional,retrospective study included 1863 patients with T2DM who were receiving exogenous insulin therapy.All patients received stable antidiabetic therapy in the last 3 months and IA levels were measured using an iodine-125 array.RESULTS A total of 1863 patients were enrolled.There were 902(48.4%)patients who had positive IAs(IA level>5%),with a mean IA level of 11.06%(10.39%-11.72%).IA levels were positively correlated with high fasting blood glucose(odds ratio=1.069,P<0.001).The proportion of positive IAs was lowest in patients using glargine only(31.9%)and highest in patients using human insulin only(70.3%),P<0.001.The IA levels in patients using sulfonylureas/glinides(8.3%),metformin(9.6%),and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors(8.2%)were all lower than in patients without these drugs(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION Nearly half of patients on insulin therapy have positive IA antibodies,and IA antibody levels are associated with blood glucose control.Insulin glargine and a combination of oral glucose-lowering drugs were correlated with lower IA levels.

Research Progress of Drug Therapy for Diabetes

Diabetes is mainly a series of symptoms of glucose metabolism disorder caused by relative or absolute insufficiencies of insulin.Most patients are accompanied by protein,fat,water and electrolyte disorders,including diabetes type 1 and diabetes type 2,of which diabetes type 2 accounts for more than 90%.The incidence rate of diabetes is high,the course of disease is long,and it is difficult to cure.Most patients need long-term medication.This study analyzed the clinical manifestations and predisposing factors of diabetes,and explored the progress of drug treatment of diabetes,which is summarized as follows.

Advances in the Pathogenesis and Pharmacologic Treatment of Diabetic Cataracts

Diabetic cataract(DC)is a common complication prior to diabetes mellitus,which is a metabolic disease with pathogenesis including abnormal metabolism of polyphenol pathway(PP)and non-enzymatic glycosylation(NEG)of proteins,etc.The therapeutic drugs are mainly aldose reductase inhibitors(ARIs)and glycosylation inhibitors.The therapeutic regimens for DC are becoming more and more diversified due to the development of biological testing and clinical research technology,thus improving its clinical efficacy.With the development of biological testing and clinical research technology,the treatment options for DC have become increasingly diversified and the treatment specificity has been improved,improving its clinical efficacy.In order to comprehensively analyze the pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment of this disease,the following review is made.

Are proton pump inhibitors a new antidiabetic drug? A cross sectional study

AIM: To investigate the effect of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on glycemic control (HbA1c) in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: A crosssectional study of consecutive in-patients admitted to hospital in any department during the fi rst semester of the year 2010 who had a recent HbA1c measurement. The study excluded those with a diagnosis of hyperglycemic decompensation, diabetic onset or pregnancy. It compared HbA1c levels of those taking PPIs and those not. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients were recruited. The average HbA1C level was 7.0% ± 1.2%. Overall PPI consumption was 55.7%. HbA1c was signif icantly lower in individuals who took PPIs: -0.6%, 95% CI: -0.12 to-0.83. People who used PPIs with some type of insulin therapy had a HbA1c reduction by -0.8%, 95% CI: -0.12 to -1.48. For the rest of subgroup analysis based on the antidiabetic drug used, PPI consumption always exhibited lower HbA1c levels. CONCLUSION: PPIs seems to be consistently associated with better glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. HbA1c reduction observed is similar to incretin-based therapies.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents: Early Prevention and Non-Drug Therapy

The global rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in youth has increased dramatically in the last 30 years. This increase mirrors the global epidemic of childhood obesity. Studies show that, compared to adults who develop T2DM, youth with T2DM ultimately suffer from more harmful symptoms. The prevalence of T2DM and obesity in youth signals a significant public health issue that financially burdens governments, families, and individuals. Since evidence suggests that T2DM in youth is different from both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in adults, researchers and clinicians face many difficulties in developing new treatments. Most treatment efforts have relied on drugs;however, recent studies suggest that non-drug therapy also effectively reduces obesity and diabetic symptoms. Healthier eating, increased physical exercise, and positive mental health, are often underappreciated factors towards managing obesity. Yet these lifestyle changes empower both young and older patients to independently fight diseases and attain better health. To manage the global health risk of obesity, further research addressing the prevention and nondrug early intervention of T2DM and obesity in youth is urgently needed. The present review focuses on the latest updates in the field.

Drug Therapy Monitoring in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Hypertension

The aim of this paper is to detect, prevent and resolve DRP （drug-related problems） and NOM （negative outcomes associated with medication） in hospitalized patients with DM2 （type 2 diabetes） with HTN （hypertension） in a tertiary care clinic. Descriptive cross-sectional interventional study is used. DTM （drug therapy monitoring） was conducted in 73 patients using data obtained from clinical histories and interviews. NOM were detected based on symptoms and laboratory test results. The statistical significance was 0.05. It can be found that 23 DRP were detected, primarily in the category ＂likelihood of adverse effects＂ （30.43%） causing NOM in the ＂non-quantitative safety problem＂ category. The NOM detected were related to safety （62%）, effectiveness （24.5%） and necessity （13.5%）. Of the 68.57% of pharmacist interventions accepted, 48.57% were resolved and 20% were not resolved. A simple linear correlation （r = -0.34） analysis indicated a weak association between patient age and severity ofNOM. DTM made it＇possible to detect suspected DRP and NOM, which were then prevented or resolved, improving the control of HTN and DM2 and helping ensure better drug therapy outcomes for patients.

Continuing episodes of pain in recurrent acute pancreatitis: Prospective follow up on a standardised protocol with drugs and pancreatic endotherapy

AIM To assess the outcomes of drug therapy(DT)followed by pancreatic endotherapy for continuing painful episodes in recurrent acute pancreatitis.METHODS DT comprised of pancreatic enzymes and antioxidants failing which,endotherapy(ET;pancreatic sphincterotomy and stent placement)was done.The frequency of pain,its visual analogue score(VAS),quality of life(Qo L),serum C peptide and faecal elastase were compared between baseline and after 1 year of follow up in all patients and in the two subgroups on DT and ET.Response was defined as at least 50%reduction in the severity of pain to below a score of 5.RESULTS Of the thirty nine patients analysed,21(53.9%)responded to DT and 18(46.1%)underwent ET.The VAS for pain(7.0±2.0 vs 1.3±2.5,P<0.001)and the number of days with pain per month decreased[1.0(1.0,2.0)vs 1.0(0.0,1.0),P<0.001],and the Qo L scores[55.0(44.0,66.0)vs 38.0(32.00,51.00),P<0.01]improved significantly during follow up.Similar significant improvements were seen in patients in the subgroups of DT and ET except for Qo L in ET.The serum C-peptide(P=0.001)and FE(P<0.001)levels improved significantly in the entire group and in the two subgroups of patients except for the C peptide levels in patients on DT.CONCLUSION A standardised protocol of DT,followed by ET decreased the intensity and frequency of pain in recurrent acute pancreatitis,enhanced Qo L and improved pancreatic function.

Twenty-eight Cases of Diabetic Foot Ulcer and Gangrene Treated with the Chinese Herbal Medicine Combined with Injection of Ahylsantinfarctase

Since 1995, the Chinese herbal medicine for supplementing qi and activating blood circulation combined with injection of ahylsantinfarctase into the femoral artery has been used in 28 cases of diabetes complicated with gangrene and ulcer of the foot, with quite good therapeutic effects as reported in the following.……

Treatment of Diabetic Neuropathy——Principles and Methods

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the common complications of diabetes mellitus (DM), its incidence can be as high as over 90%. The lesion can involve the sensory, motor and vegetative nerves. As a whole, the lesion can be divided into symmetric multiple neuropathy and asymmetric single neuropathy. Because the pathogenesis of the disease is not clear, no specific therapy is available so far. Besides control of blood sugar level, vitamin B, vasodilators and analgesics are often used in Western medicine for expectant treatment. Basic studies on chronic complications of DM show that aldose reductase and non-enzymatic glycosylation of protein are factors initiating the pathological changes, inhibitors against them have been tested in experimental studies and proved effective. Unfortunately, they are not used clinically due to severe side effects. Screening for herbal drugs to treat DN is still a popular trend in the TCM circle.

A Critical Review on Traditional Herbal Drugs: An Emerging Alternative Drug for Diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease reaching an epidemic proportion in many parts of the world. By the year 2025 it is expected that 333 million people of the world will have diabetes as their main ailment. As today, India assumes the position of the diabetic capital of the world with the highest percentage of its population suffering from diabetes. It is pathetic to mention that in proportion to its people suffering from diabetes, this country has very weak spending power for treatment because of wide spread poverty. Therefore, this review is aimed at opening up new vistas in realizing the therapeutic potential of Ayurveda in treatment of diabetes and other chronic diseases. All drugs which we have discussed in this review have a significant role in therapy of diabetes mellitus.

1例糖尿病合并心血管疾病患者的药物治疗管理

目的 为糖尿病合并心血管疾病患者的药物治疗管理(MTM)提供参考。方法 1例63岁男性糖尿病患者行冠状动脉介入术后因每日上午出现一过性头痛到我院神经内科就诊,并被推荐到药学门诊。药学门诊药师分析后认为,患者出现的头痛症状、严重便秘和高尿酸血症很可能与其所用药物有关;进一步发现患者血压、心率、血糖和血脂等动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病影响因素均未达标。药师通过药学问诊与药品不良反应的判断、用药评估、药物重整、用药宣教和药学随访等为患者提供MTM服务。结果 药师经过13周15次的MTM服务,重整优化了药物治疗方案,停用了引起药品不良反应的药物单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片、硝苯地平控释片和吲达帕胺片,使患者用药品种数由15种调减至7种。患者头痛症状消失,严重便秘症状明显改善,血尿酸降至正常范围;血压、心率、空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇和尿酸等动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病影响因素分别由MTM服务前的>140/90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、70~80次/min、7.71 mmol/L、7.2%、2.13 mmol/L和494μmol/L降至MTM服务后的<130/80 mmHg、55~60次/min、6.22 mmol/L、6.3%、1.55 mmol/L和348μmol/L。结论 药师为患者提供MTM服务,可提高患者生活质量和治疗效果,降低用药风险,提升医院药物合理应用水平和临床药学服务能力。

中药足浴联合西药降糖治疗糖尿病周围神经病变临床观察

目的观察中药足浴联合西药降糖治疗糖尿病周围神经病变的临床效果。方法回顾性选取2021年9月—2023年5月江西省宜丰县人民医院收治的糖尿病周围神经病变患者62例,分为西医降糖药常规治疗联合中药足浴治疗组(联合治疗组)、西医降糖药常规治疗组(常规治疗组)两组,各31例。比较两组中医证候积分,凉温感觉阈值,血糖、血脂水平,震动感觉阈值(VPT),疼痛觉阈值,间歇性跛行距离分级。结果联合治疗组患者的疼痛感、麻木感、烧灼感、异样感积分及中医证候总积分,凉感觉阈值、温感觉阈值,空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、胆固醇、三酰甘油水平,足背VPT、第一足趾VPT、疼痛觉阈值均低于常规治疗组(P<0.05)。联合治疗组患者的间歇性跛行距离分级1级比率高于常规治疗组,2级、3级、4级比率均低于常规治疗组(P<0.05)。联合治疗组患者的总缓解率96.77%(30/31)高于常规治疗组的70.97%(22/31)(P<0.05)。结论糖尿病周围神经病变应用西医降糖药常规治疗联合中药足浴治疗的临床效果较西医降糖药常规治疗好。

2型糖尿病患者二线用药偏好研究:基于离散选择实验

背景随着糖尿病防治策略的不断完善,临床指南推荐一线降糖药物的同时强调“以患者为中心”,根据患者的临床特征及其偏好选择适当的二线降糖药物进行治疗。目的利用离散选择实验定量分析2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者二线降糖药物选择偏好,为T2DM患者的临床诊治提供参考。方法本研究于2021年10月—2022年1月,采取多阶段分层随机抽样的方式,选取海南省和山西省T2DM患者进行问卷调查。问卷包括被调查者的个人基本信息、疾病治疗相关信息和离散选择实验选择集(通过文献研究、焦点小组讨论和预试验,纳入血糖控制效果、发生低血糖事件的风险、发生胃肠道不良反应的风险、半年内体重变化、能否保护心血管、服药方式和自付费用/月7个属性,每个属性又包括若干水平)。采用混合Logit回归模型量化T2DM患者对二线降糖药物相关属性偏好程度,回归系数反映T2DM患者对二线降糖药物各属性水平偏好的方向和大小。采用支付意愿(WTP)反映不同属性水平变动后患者愿意支付或获得补偿的货币值。结果本次调查共发放问卷1443份,回收有效问卷1388份,有效回收率为96.2%。7个属性对T2DM患者用药偏好均有影响(P<0.05),对用药偏好影响排在前三的分别为血糖控制效果、发生胃肠道不良反应的风险和发生低血糖事件的风险,排在最后的是半年内体重变化。当血糖降低幅度由0.5%升高为2.5%时,T2DM患者每月愿意支付411.16元;而当半年内体重变化由增加3000 g转换为降低2000 g时,T2DM患者每月仅愿意支付96.78元。结论T2DM患者选择二线降糖药物更偏好血糖控制效果好、无胃肠道不良反应风险、无低血糖事件的风险、保护心血管、服药方式为口服和半年内体重降低2000 g的二线降糖药物。

2型糖尿病与骨质疏松症药物治疗间相关性研究进展

2型糖尿病是目前世界上最为常见的慢性疾病之一,这些患者并发骨质疏松症的概率远高于非糖尿病患者。另外,糖尿病合并骨质疏松症出现的致残率与死亡率极高,严重影响人类生活健康。不少研究发现2型糖尿病与骨质疏松症有许多共同的高危发病因素以及发病机制,但二者药物治疗之间的相关性仍存在较大争议,未能给予临床用药准确的参考价值。因此,笔者通过归纳分析总结近些年最新参考文献,发现两者在药物治疗方面的关联性十分密切,如某些抗2型糖尿病药物不仅可以改善血糖水平而且还能调节骨平衡,某些抗骨质疏松症药物对降低血糖又具有一定的价值,不过两者药物治疗之间的关联性还需要更进一步的研究探索。因此,笔者探讨了2型糖尿病与骨质疏松症两者药物治疗之间的相关性并作一综述,以期能够为临床治疗提供一些参考价值。

妊娠期糖尿病并发血糖正常型酮症酸中毒一例

妊娠期血糖正常型酮症酸中毒(euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis,eDKA)是妊娠期罕见的致命性急症,可危及胎儿的生命。本文报道1例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇在孕32+3周时发生eDKA,经过积极地静脉补液、胰岛素治疗后,酮症酸中毒得以纠正,最终采用赖脯胰岛素+地特胰岛素控制血糖,避免了紧急剖宫产,孕35+4周时因产科彩色超声提示巨大儿行剖宫产娩出1活女婴,出生体质量4400 g。

胰岛素泵、静脉滴注胰岛素分别联合静脉补液治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒的效果

目的 分析胰岛素泵、静脉滴注胰岛素分别联合静脉补液治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒的效果。方法 将80例糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者用随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组,各40例。对照组予以小剂量胰岛素持续静脉滴注联合静脉补液治疗,研究组予以胰岛素泵皮下输注联合静脉补液治疗。比较2组血酮体转阴时间、血糖达标时间、尿酮体转阴时间、血浆pH恢复时间、胰岛素用量、低血糖发生率、临床疗效,比较2组治疗前后的氧化应激指标及炎症反应指标[超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-PX)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)]水平的变化。结果 治疗后,研究组的血酮体转阴时间、血糖达标时间、尿酮体转阴时间、血浆pH恢复时间较对照组均明显缩短(P<0.05);研究组的胰岛素用量、低血糖发生率均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);2组SOD、GSH-PX水平均升高,MDA水平均降低,且研究组SOD、GSH-PX水平均高于对照组,MDA水平低于对照组(P<0.05);2组的TNF-α、CRP、IL-6水平均下降,且研究组低于对照组(P<0.05);研究组的治疗总有效率高于对照组(92.50%vs. 65.00%, P<0.05)。结论 与小剂量胰岛素持续静脉滴注相比,胰岛素泵持续皮下输注联合静脉补液治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒的疗效更显著,可减少胰岛素用量,降低低血糖发生率,且能在短时间内恢复血糖、pH值,缩短血酮体、尿酮体转阴时间,改善机体氧化应激状态,并减轻炎症反应。

抗骨质疏松药物对糖代谢影响的研究进展

目前研究发现,抗骨质疏松症药物除了治疗骨质疏松外,部分药物还对调节糖代谢、延缓糖尿病进展具有正性作用。本文综述抗骨质疏松症药物对糖尿病合并骨质疏松症患者糖代谢的可能影响,以期为此类人群的有效抗骨质疏松治疗提供参考。

达格列净与降糖药物的联用情况分析

目的探讨辽宁省金秋医院使用达格列净药物的患者年龄、性别分布情况,以及该药与其他降糖药物联用情况,为一线临床人员选用该药物提供临床参考。方法从辽宁省金秋医院中联医院信息(HIS)系统中抽取辽宁省金秋医院2021年4月至2022年7月应用达格列净药物的门诊处方为研究对象进行整理分析。应用Excel进行统计分析患者的年龄、性别,口服达格列净以及达格列净与其他降糖药物联用情况。结果辽宁省金秋医院使用达格列净药物治疗2型糖尿病患者的处方中,男性患者处方714张(71.4%),女性患者处方286张(28.6%),男性患者多于女性患者。该药物在60~74岁年龄组使用比例最高,门诊处方478张(47.8%)。在达格列净与其他口服降糖药物联用的600张处方中,以单用达格列净最多,处方数272张(45.33%),其次是与其他一种口服降糖药联用,处方数238(39.67%),其中与双胍类联用最多,处方数98张(41.18%),与其他两种或者更多种口服降糖药联用较少。在达格列净与胰岛素联用的400张处方中,与中、长效胰岛素联用最多,处方一共352张(88%),与预混胰岛素联用以及与中效和超短效联用的处方数相同,52张处方(13%)。结论辽宁省金秋医院使用达格列净与其它降糖药物联用治疗2型糖尿病患者的用药特点是:达格列净联合中、长效胰岛素控制血糖最多,其次是单用达格列净,如需与其他口服降糖药物联用,多与一种口服降糖药联用,其中与二甲双胍联用最多。

急诊采用胰岛素一次性冲击治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒的临床研究

目的 探究急诊采用胰岛素一次性冲击治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒的临床效果。方法 选择2022年9月—2023年9月汕尾市陆河县人民医院急诊科收治的66例糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者,根据胰岛素给药方案不同分为对照组和观察组。对照组(n=33)采用小剂量胰岛素持续静滴,观察组(n=33)采用胰岛素一次性冲击治疗,比较两组治疗总有效率、病情缓解时间以及相关指标改善情况。结果 两组治疗总有效率对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组的血糖达标耗时(13.97±3.80)h、尿酮体转阴耗时(24.61±5.20)h、血pH值恢复正常耗时(12.48±1.73)h,明显短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=5.877、6.095、10.666,P均<0.05)。治疗后两组血β-羟丁酸、血乳酸水平较治疗前明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05),但组间对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗2 d后观察组的肌酸激酶(20.66±2.52)U/L、肌酸激酶同工酶(68.30±4.37)U/L、谷草转氨酶(31.90±2.77)U/L优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=2.394、3.357、2.369,P均<0.05)。两组不良反应总发生率对比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 与小剂量胰岛素持续静滴相比,急诊予以胰岛素一次性冲击治疗糖尿病酮症酸中毒能够更快控制病情,缓解患者症状,且不会引起严重不良反应。

糖尿病视网膜病变的药物治疗研究进展

糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)是糖尿病最常见的微血管并发症之一,已成为糖尿病患者失明和视力障碍的主要原因之一。DR的发病机制复杂,主要涉及炎症、氧化应激、神经血管性病变等诸多方面,为疾病治疗提供了潜在的干预靶点。当前,抗血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)药物是DR的一线治疗手段,主要针对疾病晚期阶段,但此时视网膜已经发生了不可逆的神经血管损伤及视功能降低。另外,仍有部分患者对抗VEGF治疗反应欠佳、甚至无反应。目前几乎没有针对疾病早期的干预手段,因此,迫切需要基于DR发病机制开发出新型的局部或全身疗法,能够对DR进行早期预防和治疗,并尽可能挽救患者视力。针对不同靶点的药物如抗炎药物(糖皮质激素、非甾体抗炎药)、神经营养和神经保护类药物、靶向生化途径类药物、抗氧化植物化合物、基因治疗类药物等在治疗效果上可以互相补偿,从而能够让更多DR患者获益。该文结合既往研究报道,对DR的发病机制、药物治疗方法以及潜在药物治疗靶点进行综述,旨在为临床治疗及相关研究提供参考。