Urinary exosomal microRNA-145-5p and microRNA-27a-3p act as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers for diabetic kidney disease

BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease(DKD),characterized by increased urinary microalbumin levels and decreased renal function,is the primary cause of end-stage renal di-sease.Its pathological mechanisms are complicated and multifactorial;Therefore,sensitive and specific biomarkers are needed.Urinary exosome originate from diverse renal cells in nephron segments and partially mirror the pathological changes in the kidney.The microRNAs(miRNAs)in urinary exosome are remark-ably stable and highly tissue-specific for the kidney.METHODS Type 2 diabetic mellitus(T2DM)patients were recruited from the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University and were divided into two groups:DM,diabetic pa-tients without albuminuria[urinary albumin to creatinine ratio(UACR)<30 mg/g]and DKD,diabetic patients with albuminuria(UACR≥30 mg/g).Healthy subjects were the normal control(NC)group.Urinary exosomal miR-145-5p,miR-27a-3p,and miR-29c-3p,were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.The correlation between exosomal miRNAs and the clinical in-dexes was evaluated.The diagnostic values of exosomal miR-145-5p and miR-27a-3p in DKD were determined using receiver operating characteristic(ROC)analysis.Biological functions of miR-145-5p were investigated by performing RESULTS Urinary exosomal expression of miR-145-5p and miR-27a-3p was more upregulated in the DKD group than in the DM group(miR-145-5p:4.54±1.45 vs 1.95±0.93,P<0.001;miR-27a-3p:2.33±0.79 vs 1.71±0.76,P<0.05)and the NC group(miR-145-5p:4.54±1.45 vs 1.55±0.83,P<0.001;miR-27a-3p:2.33±0.79 vs 1.10±0.51,P<0.001).The exosomal miR-145-5p and miR-27a-3p positively correlated with albuminuria and serum creatinine and negatively correlated with the estimated glomerular filtration rate.miR-27a-3p was also closely related to blood glucose,gly-cosylated hemoglobin A1c,and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.ROC analysis revealed that miR-145-5p had a better area under the curve of 0.88[95%confidence interval(CI):0.784-0.985,P<0.0001]in diagnosing DKD than miR-27a-3p with 0.71(95%CI:0.547-0.871,P=0.0239).Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the target genes of miR-145-5p were located in the actin filament,cytoskeleton,and extracellular exosome and were involved in the pathological processes of DKD,including apoptosis,inflammation,and fibrosis.CONCLUSION Urinary exosomal miR-145-5p and miR-27a-3p may serve as novel noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers or promising therapeutic targets for DKD.

MicroRNA-630 alleviates inflammatory reactions in rats with diabetic kidney disease by targeting toll-like receptor 4

BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)is a major complication of diabetes mellitus.Renal tubular epithelial cell(TEC)damage,which is strongly associated with the inflammatory response and mesenchymal trans-differentiation,plays a significant role in DKD;However,the precise molecular mechanism is unknown.The recently identified microRNA-630(miR-630)has been hypothesized to be closely associated with cell migration,apoptosis,and autophagy.However,the association between miR-630 and DKD and the underlying mechanism remain unknown.AIM To investigate how miR-630 affects TEC injury and the inflammatory response in DKD rats.METHODS Streptozotocin was administered to six-week-old male rats to create a hypergly cemic diabetic model.In the second week of modeling,the rats were divided into control,DKD,negative control of lentivirus,and miR-630 overexpression groups.After 8 wk,urine and blood samples were collected for the kidney injury assays,and renal tissues were removed for further molecular assays.The target gene for miR-630 was predicted using bioinformatics,and the association between miR-630 and toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)was confirmed using in vitro investigations and double luciferase reporter gene assays.Overexpression of miR-630 in DKD rats led to changes in body weight,renal weight index,basic blood parameters and histopathological changes.RESULTS The expression level of miR-630 was reduced in the kidney tissue of rats with DKD(P<0.05).The miR-630 and TLR4 expressions in rat renal TECs(NRK-52E)were measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.The mRNA expression level of miR-630 was significantly lower in the high-glucose(HG)and HG+mimic negative control(NC)groups than in the normal glucose(NG)group(P<0.05).In contrast,the mRNA expression level of TLR4 was significantly higher in these groups(P<0.05).However,miR-630 mRNA expression increased and TLR4 mRNA expression significantly decreased in the HG+miR-630 mimic group than in the HG+mimic NC group(P<0.05).Furthermore,the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),interleukin-1β(IL-1β),and IL-6 were significantly higher in the HG and HG+mimic NC groups than in NG group(P<0.05).However,the levels of these cytokines were significantly lower in the HG+miR-630 mimic group than in the HG+mimic NC group(P<0.05).Notably,changes in protein expression were observed.The HG and HG+mimic NC groups showed a significant decrease in E-cadherin protein expression,whereas TLR4,α-smooth muscle actin(SMA),and collagen IV protein expression increased(P<0.05).Conversely,the HG+miR-630 mimic group exhibited a significant increase in E-cadherin protein expression and a notable decrease in TLR4,α-SMA,and collagen IV protein expression than in the HG+mimic NC group(P<0.05).The miR-630 targets TLR4 gene expression.In vivo experiments demonstrated that DKD rats treated with miR-630 agomir exhibited significantly higher miR-630 mRNA expression than DKD rats injected with agomir NC.Additionally,rats treated with miR-630 agomir showed significant reductions in urinary albumin,blood glucose,TLR4,and proinflammatory markers(TNF-α,IL-1β,and IL-6)expression levels(P<0.05).Moreover,these rats exhibited fewer kidney lesions and reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells.CONCLUSION MiR-630 may inhibit the inflammatory reaction of DKD by targeting TLR4,and has a protective effect on DKD.

Application and management of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetic kidney disease

Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)is a common complication of diabetes mellitus that contributes to the risk of end-stage kidney disease(ESKD).Wide glycemic var-iations,such as hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia,are broadly found in diabetic patients with DKD and especially ESKD,as a result of impaired renal metabolism.It is essential to monitor glycemia for effective management of DKD.Hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)has long been considered as the gold standard for monitoring glycemia for>3 months.However,assessment of HbA1c has some bias as it is susceptible to factors such as anemia and liver or kidney dysfunction.Continuous glucose monitoring(CGM)has provided new insights on glycemic assessment and management.CGM directly measures glucose level in interstitial fluid,reports real-time or retrospective glucose concentration,and provides multiple glycemic metrics.It avoids the pitfalls of HbA1c in some contexts,and may serve as a precise alternative to estimation of mean glucose and glycemic variability.Emerging studies have demonstrated the merits of CGM for precise monitoring,which allows fine-tuning of glycemic management in diabetic patients.Therefore,CGM technology has the potential for better glycemic monitoring in DKD patients.More research is needed to explore its application and management in different stages of DKD,including hemodialysis,peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation.

Utilising continuous glucose monitoring for glycemic control in diabetic kidney disease

In this editorial,we comment on the article by Zhang et al.Chronic kidney disease(CKD)presents a significant challenge in managing glycemic control,especially in diabetic patients with diabetic kidney disease undergoing dialysis or kidney transplantation.Conventional markers like glycated haemoglobin(HbA1c)may not accurately reflect glycemic fluctuations in these populations due to factors such as anaemia and kidney dysfunction.This comprehensive review discusses the limitations of HbA1c and explores alternative methods,such as continuous glucose monitoring(CGM)in CKD patients.CGM emerges as a promising technology offering real-time or retrospective glucose concentration measure-ments and overcoming the limitations of HbA1c.Key studies demonstrate the utility of CGM in different CKD settings,including hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients,as well as kidney transplant recipients.Despite challenges like sensor accuracy fluctuation,CGM proves valuable in monitoring glycemic trends and mitigating the risk of hypo-and hyperglycemia,to which CKD patients are prone.The review also addresses the limitations of CGM in CKD patients,emphasizing the need for further research to optimize its utilization in clinical practice.Altogether,this review advocates for integrating CGM into managing glycemia in CKD patients,highlighting its superiority over traditional markers and urging clinicians to consider CGM a valuable tool in their armamentarium.

Network pharmacology and molecular dynamics study of the effect of the Astragalus-Coptis drug pair on diabetic kidney disease

BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)is the primary cause of end-stage renal disease.The Astragalus-Coptis drug pair is frequently employed in the management of DKD.However,the precise molecular mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect remains elusive.AIM To investigate the synergistic effects of multiple active ingredients in the Astragalus-Coptis drug pair on DKD through multiple targets and pathways.METHODS The ingredients of the Astragalus-Coptis drug pair were collected and screened using the TCMSP database and the SwissADME platform.The targets were predicted using the SwissTargetPrediction database,while the DKD differential gene expression analysis was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database.DKD targets were acquired from the GeneCards,Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man database,and DisGeNET databases,with common targets identified through the Venny platform.The protein-protein interaction network and the“disease-active ingredient-target”network of the common targets were constructed utilizing the STRING database and Cytoscape software,followed by the analysis of the interaction relationships and further screening of key targets and core active ingredients.Gene Ontology(GO)function and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichments were performed using the DAVID database.The tissue and organ distributions of key targets were evaluated.PyMOL and AutoDock software validate the molecular docking between the core ingredients and key targets.Finally,molecular dynamics(MD)simulations were conducted to simulate the optimal complex formed by interactions between core ingredients and key target proteins.RESULTS A total of 27 active ingredients and 512 potential targets of the Astragalus-Coptis drug pair were identified.There were 273 common targets between DKD and the Astragalus-Coptis drug pair.Through protein-protein interaction network topology analysis,we identified 9 core active ingredients and 10 key targets.GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that Astragalus-Coptis drug pair treatment for DKD involves various biological processes,including protein phosphorylation,negative regulation of apoptosis,inflammatory response,and endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response.These pathways are mainly associated with the advanced glycation end products(AGE)-receptor for AGE products signaling pathway in diabetic complications,as well as the Lipid and atherosclerosis.Molecular docking and MD simulations demonstrated high affinity and stability between the core active ingredients and key targets.Notably,the quercetin-AKT serine/threonine kinase 1(AKT1)and quercetin-tumor necrosis factor(TNF)protein complexes exhibited exceptional stability.CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that DKD treatment with the Astragalus-Coptis drug pair involves multiple ingredients,targets,and signaling pathways.We propose a novel approach for investigating the molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of the Astragalus-Coptis drug pair on DKD.Furthermore,we suggest that quercetin is the most potent active ingredient and specifically targets AKT1 and TNF,providing a theoretical foundation for further exploration of pharmacologically active ingredients and elucidating their molecular mechanisms in DKD treatment.

Pathological mechanism of immune disorders in diabetic kidney disease and intervention strategies

Diabetic kidney disease is one of the most severe chronic microvascular complications of diabetes and a primary cause of end-stage renal disease.Clinical studies have shown that renal inflammation is a key factor determining kidney damage during diabetes.With the development of immunological technology,many studies have shown that diabetic nephropathy is an immune complex disease,and that most patients have immune dysfunction.However,the immune response associated with diabetic nephropathy and autoimmune kidney disease,or caused by ischemia or infection with acute renal injury,is different,and has a complicated pathological mechanism.In this review,we discuss the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy in immune disorders and the intervention mechanism,to provide guidance and advice for early intervention and treatment of diabetic nephropathy.

Mechanistic study of lipid metabolism disorders in diabetic kidney disease treated with GLQMP based on network pharmacology,molecular docking and in vitro experiments

Background:In this study,we used network pharmacology and molecular docking combined with vitro experiments to explore the potential mechanism of action of Gualou Qumai pill(GLQMP)against DKD.Methods:We screened effective compounds and drug targets using Chinese medicine systemic pharmacology database and analysis platform and Chinese medicine molecular mechanism bioinformatics analysis tools;and searched for DKD targets using human online Mendelian genetics and gene cards.The potential targets of GLQMP for DKD were obtained through the intersection of drug targets and disease targets.Cytoscape software was applied to build herbal medicine-active compound-target-disease networks and analyze them;protein-protein interaction networks were analyzed using the STRING database platform;gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were used for gene ontology and gene and genome encyclopedia to enrich potential targets using the DAVID database;and the AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 software for molecular docking of key targets with corresponding key components.In vitro experiments were validated by CCK8,oil red O staining,TC,TG,RT-qPCR,and Western blot.Results:Through network pharmacology analysis,a total of 99 potential therapeutic targets of GLQMP for DKD and the corresponding 38 active compounds were obtained,and 5 core compounds were identified.By constructing the protein-protein interaction network and performing network topology analysis,we found that PPARA and PPARG were the key targets,and then we molecularly docked these two key targets with the 38 active compounds,especially the 5 core compounds,and found that PPARA and PPARG had good binding ability with a variety of compounds.In vitro experiments showed that GLQMP was able to ameliorate HK-2 cell injury under high glucose stress,improve cell viability,reduce TC and TG levels as well as decrease the accumulation of lipid droplets,and RT-qPCR and Western blot confirmed that GLQMP was able to promote the expression levels of PPARA and PPARG.Conclusion:Overall,this study revealed the active compounds,important targets and possible mechanisms of GLQMP treatment for DKD,and conducted preliminary verification experiments on its correctness,provided novel insights into the treatment of DKD by GLQMP.

Potential application of Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma-Rhubarb for the treatment of diabetic kidney disease based on network pharmacology and cell culture experimental verification

BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)is one of the serious complications of diabetes mellitus,and the existing treatments cannot meet the needs of today's patients.Traditional Chinese medicine has been validated for its efficacy in DKD after many years of clinical application.However,the specific mechanism by which it works is still unclear.Elucidating the molecular mechanism of the Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma-rhubarb drug pair(NRDP)for the treatment of DKD will provide a new way of thinking for the research and development of new drugs.AIM To investigate the mechanism of the NRDP in DKD by network pharmacology combined with molecular docking,and then verify the initial findings by in vitro experiments.METHODS The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology(TCMSP)database was used to screen active ingredient targets of NRDP.Targets for DKD were obtained based on the Genecards,OMIM,and TTD databases.The VENNY 2.1 database was used to obtain DKD and NRDP intersection targets and their Venn diagram,and Cytoscape 3.9.0 was used to build a"drug-component-target-disease"network.The String database was used to construct protein interaction networks.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analysis and Gene Ontology analysis were performed based on the DAVID database.After selecting the targets and the active ingredients,Autodock software was used to perform molecular docking.In experimental validation using renal tubular epithelial cells(TCMK-1),we used the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay to detect the effect of NRDP on cell viability,with glucose solution used to mimic a hyperglycemic environment.Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle progression and apoptosis.Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of STAT3,p-STAT3,BAX,BCL-2,Caspase9,and Caspase3.RESULTS A total of 10 active ingredients and 85 targets with 111 disease-related signaling pathways were obtained for NRDP.Enrichment analysis of KEGG pathways was performed to determine advanced glycation end products(AGEs)-receptor for AGEs(RAGE)signaling as the core pathway.Molecular docking showed good binding between each active ingredient and its core targets.In vitro experiments showed that NRDP inhibited the viability of TCMK-1 cells,blocked cell cycle progression in the G0/G1 phase,and reduced apoptosis in a concentrationdependent manner.Based on the results of Western blot analysis,NRDP differentially downregulated p-STAT3,BAX,Caspase3,and Caspase9 protein levels(P<0.01 or P<0.05).In addition,BAX/BCL-2 and p-STAT3/STAT3 ratios were reduced,while BCL-2 and STAT3 protein expression was upregulated(P<0.01).CONCLUSION NRDP may upregulate BCL-2 and STAT3 protein expression,and downregulate BAX,Caspase3,and Caspase9 protein expression,thus activating the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway,inhibiting the vitality of TCMK-1 cells,reducing their apoptosis.and arresting them in the G0/G1 phase to protect them from damage by high glucose.

MicroRNA-630:A potential guardian against inflammation in diabetic kidney disease

In this editorial,we comment on the article by Wu et al published“MicroRNA-630 alleviates inflammatory reactions in rats with diabetic kidney disease by targeting toll-like receptor 4”.Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)stands as a significant complication occurring from diabetes mellitus,which contributes substantially to the morbidity and mortality rates worldwide.Renal tubular epithelial cell damage,often accompanied by inflammatory responses and mesenchymal transdifferentiation,plays a pivotal role in the progression of DKD.Despite extensive research,the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying these processes remain to be determined.Wu et al remarkable work identifies microRNA-630(miR-630)as an emerging potential regulator of cell migration,apoptosis,and autophagy,prompting investigation into its association with DKD pathogenesis.This study endeavors to elucidate the impact of miR-630 on TEC injury and the inflammatory response in DKD rats.The role of miR-630 in human DKD will be of interest for future studies.

Experience of humanistic nursing in hemodialysis nursing for patients with diabetic kidney disease

BACKGROUND Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)is a prevalent complication of diabetes that often requires hemodialysis for treatment.In the field of nursing,there is a growing recognition of the importance of humanistic care,which focuses on the holistic needs of patients,including their emotional,psychological,and social well-being.However,the application of humanistic nursing in the context of hemodialysis for DKD patients remains relatively unexplored.AIM To explore the experience of humanistic nursing in hemodialysis nursing for DKD patients.METHODS Ninety-six DKD patients treated with hemodialysis from March 2020 to June 2022 were included in the study and divided into the control cluster(48 cases)and the study cluster(48 cases)according to different nursing methods;the control cluster was given routine nursing and the study cluster was given humanized nursing.The variances of negative emotion mark,blood glucose,renal function,the incidence of complications,life mark and nursing satisfaction before and after nur-sing were contrasted between the two clusters.RESULTS No significant difference in negative emotion markers between the two clusters were observed before nursing(P>0.05),and the negative emotion markers of the two clusters decreased after nursing.The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale markers were lower in the study cluster than the control cluster.The healing rate of patients in the study cluster was significantly higher than the control cluster(97.92%vs 85.42%,P<0.05).Blood glucose parameters were not significantly different between the groups prior to nursing(P>0.05).However,after nursing,blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine(SCr)levels in the study cluster were lower than those in the control cluster(P<0.05).The incidence rate of complications was significantly lower in the study group compared to the control cluster(6.25%vs 20.83%,P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the life markers between the two clusters before nursing.While the life markers increased after nursing for both groups,the 36-item health scale markers in the study cluster were higher than those within the control cluster(P<0.05).Finally,the nursing satisfaction rate was 93.75% in the study cluster,compared to 75% in the control cluster(P<0.05).CONCLUSION In hemodialysis for DKD patients,the implementation of humanistic nursing achieved ideal results,effectively reducing patients’psychological negative emotion markers so that they can actively cooperate with the diagnosis and nursing,facilitate the control of blood glucose and the maintenance of residual renal function,reduce the occurrence of complications,and finally enhance the life quality and nursing satisfaction of patients.It is worthy of being widely popularized and applied.

MicroRNA-630:A promising avenue for alleviating inflammation in diabetic kidney disease

Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)is one of the complications of diabetes,affecting millions of people worldwide.The relentless progression of this condition can lead to kidney failure,requiring life-altering interventions such as dialysis or transplants.Accumulating evidence suggests that immunologic and inflammatory elements play an important role in initiating and perpetuating the damage inflicted on renal tissues,exacerbating the decline in organ function.Toll-like receptors(TLRs)are a family of receptors that play a role in the activation of the innate immune system by the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns.Recent data from in vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted the critical role of TLRs,mainly TLR2 and TLR4,in the pathogenesis of DKD.In the diabetic milieu,these TLRs recognize diabetic-associated molecular signals,triggering a proinflammatory cascade that initiates and perpetuates inflammation and fibrogenesis in the diabetic kidney.Emerging non-traditional strategies targeting TLR signaling with potential therapeutic implications in DKD have been proposed.One of these approaches is the use of microRNAs,small non-coding RNAs that can regulate gene expression.This editorial comments on the results of this approach carried out in a rat model of diabetes by Wu et al,published in this issue of the World Journal of Diabetes.The results of the experimental study by Wu et al shows that microRNA-630 decreased levels compared to non-diabetic rats.Additionally,microRNA-630 exerted anti-inflammatory effects in the kidneys of diabetic rats through the modulation of TLR4.These findings indicate that the microRNA-630/TLR4 axis might represent a pathological mechanism of DKD and a potential therapeutic target capable of curbing the destructive inflammation characteristic of DKD.

Exploring the molecular mechanism of Suoquan pill in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease based on network pharmacology,molecular docking,in vitro experiment

Background:Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and is the main cause of end-stage renal failure.Suoquan pills(SQP)has a variety of pharmacological activities and multiple therapeutic effects,and it is used clinically as a basic formula for the treatment of DKD.Methods:Public databases were used to identify SQP compounds and the potential targets of SQP and DKD.A drug-component-therapeutic target network was constructed.Protein-protein interaction network analysis,Gene Ontology functional analysis,and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis were used to analyse the potential molecular mechanisms of SQP based on common targets of drugs and diseases.Molecular docking simulations were conducted to confirm the binding abity of the core compounds to key targets.The efficacy and predicted molecular mechanisms of SQP were validated using cell counting kit-8 assay,flow cytometry,and western blotting with HK-2 cells as a model.Results:Network pharmacology analysis showed that 26 compounds and 207 potential targets of SQP were involved in the treatment of DKD;boldine,denudatin B,pinocembrin,kaempferoid,and quercetin were considered core compounds,and epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)and proto-oncogene,non-receptor tyrosine kinase(SRC)were considered key targets.Gene Ontology enrichment analysis indicated that protein phosphorylation and negative regulation of apoptotic processes are important biological processes in the treatment of DKD by SQP.Molecular docking confirmed the excellent binding abilities of boldine,denudatin B,kaempferide,and quercetin to EGFR and SRC.The results of in vitro experiments showed that treatment with an ethanolic extract of SQP significantly protected HK-2 cells from high glucose-induced cell damage.In addition,the SQP ethanol extract inhibited the phosphorylation of EGFR and SRC,suppressed the apoptosis rate,and regulated apoptosis-related proteins in HK-2 cells under high glucose stress.Conclusion:This study systematically and intuitively illustrated the possible pharmacological mechanisms of SQP against DKD through multiple components,targets,and signalling pathways,especially the inhibition of EGFR and SRC phosphorylation and apoptosis.

Dietary fiber intake and its association with diabetic kidney disease in American adults with diabetes:A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND Dietary fiber(DF)intake may have a protective effect against type 2 diabetes(T2D);however,its relationship with diabetic kidney disease(DKD)remains unclear.AIM To investigate the potential association between DF intake and the prevalence of DKD in individuals diagnosed with T2D.METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected between 2005 and 2018.DF intake was assessed through 24-h dietary recall interviews,and DKD diagnosis in individuals with T2D was based on predefined criteria,including albuminuria,impaired glomerular filtration rate,or a combination of both.Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between DF intake and DKD,and comprehensive subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed.RESULTS Among the 6032 participants,38.4%had DKD.With lower DF intake-T1(≤6.4 g/1000 kcal/day)-as a reference,the adjusted odds ratio for DF and DKD for levels T2(6.5-10.0 g/1000 kcal/day)and T3(≥10.1 g/1000 kcal/day)were 0.97(95%CI:0.84-1.12,P=0.674)and 0.79(95%CI:0.68-0.92,P=0.002),respectively.The subgroup analysis yielded consistent results across various demographic and health-related subgroups,with no statistically significant interactions(all P>0.05).CONCLUSION In United States adults with T2D,increased DF intake may be related to reduced DKD incidence.Further research is required to confirm these findings.

Research progress of TCM monomer in treating diabetic kidney disease based on inflammatory mechanism

With the increasing morbidity of diabetes mellitus (DM), diabetic kidney disease (DKD) has become the major reason causing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) over the world. However, current treating strategy is aiming at blood glucose controlling and renin-angiotensin system (RAS) restricting which can’t effectively preventing the development of DKD. Recent research indicating that low level of inflammatory and activation of immune system play a significant role in occurrence and progression of DKD. Understanding of inflammatory cascade and its mechanism is conducive to discern novel target of DKD and contributing to design new treating strategy based on anti-inflammatory. For the past few years, an increasing number of evidences proved that Tradit Chin Med (TCM) could delay the progression of ESRD on the basis of inflammatory. In this review, we overview the protective effect against DKD-based renal injury of TCM monomer, offering novel ideas in drug discovery and in mechanism-related research.sd.

Clinical Observation on the Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease with Damp-heat Stasis Syndrome in Clinical Proteinuria Stage by Kunkui Kidney Preserving Paste

[Objectives]To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Kunkui Kidney Preserving Paste in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease(DKD)patients with damp-heat stasis syndrome in the clinical proteinuria stage.[Methods]Retrospective analysis was made on 30 patients with DKD who were diagnosed with damp-heat stasis syndrome in the clinical proteinuria stage from March 2021 to March 2023 in Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine,and who took Kunkui Kidney Preserving Paste continuously for six months.The urinary albumin/creatinine ratio(UACR),urinary complement C3,and urea nitrogen(BUN)of DKD patients before and after treatment were compared,and estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),blood creatinine(Scr),and cystatin C(CysC)were estimated,and the therapeutic effects on renal function and urinary protein were evaluated.[Results]After treatment,UACR significantly decreased(P<0.01),and urinary complement C3 and Scr decreased(P<0.05),while other indicators showed no significant statistical difference(P>0.05).In terms of evaluating the efficacy of urinary protein therapy,8 cases showed recent relief;8 cases showed significant effect;9 cases were effective,and 5 cases were invalid after treatment,with a total effective rate of 83.33%.In terms of renal function efficacy evaluation,8 cases showed significant effect;4 cases were effective;11 cases were stable,and 7 cases were invalid,with a total effective rate of 76.67%.In the safety evaluation,there were no obvious adverse reactions.[Conclusions]The Kunkui Kidney Preserving Past has significant clinical efficacy and safety in treating DKD patients with damp-heat stasis syndrome in the clinical proteinuria period.It has significant advantages in reducing urinary protein and protecting renal function,which is worthy of clinical promotion.

The research progress of epigenetics and metabolic memory in diabetic kidney disease

Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)is a clinical syndrome that is one of the major causes of end-stage renal disease(ESRD).The pathogenesis of DKD is complex and multifaceted,with most studies indicating its association with genetics,advanced glycosylation end-product deposition,polyol pathway and protein C activation,lipid metabolism abnormalities,microcirculatory dysfunction,oxidative stress,inflammatory factors,and the kallikrein-kinin system.Epigenetics is the science studying gene expression regulation without changes in the DNA sequence.In recent years,increasing evidence has shown that epigenetic mechanisms play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of DKD.For instance,epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation,histone modifications,and non-coding RNAs can influence the expression of DKD-related genes,thereby regulating the development and progression of DKD.On the other hand,metabolic memory is an important concept in DKD research.Metabolic memory refers to the phenomenon where cells maintain a certain metabolic state even after the disappearance of metabolic stress factors.This state can influence cell function and fate.In DKD,metabolic stress factors such as hyperglycemia can lead to metabolic memory in renal cells,affecting their function and fate,ultimately leading to the development and progression of DKD.Therefore,to further explore the pathogenesis of DKD,research on epigenetics should be strengthened,aiming to provide new ideas and methods for the prevention and treatment of DKD.

Optimizing diabetic kidney disease animal models:Insights from a meta-analytic approach

Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)is a prevalent complication of diabetes,often leading to end-stage renal disease.Animal models have been widely used to study the pathogenesis of DKD and evaluate potential therapies.However,current animal models often fail to fully capture the pathological characteristics of renal injury observed in clinical patients with DKD.Additionally,modeling DKD is often a time-consuming,costly,and labor-intensive process.The current review aims to summarize modeling strategies in the establishment of DKD animal models by utilizing meta-analysis related methods and to aid in the optimization of these models for future research.A total of 1215 articles were retrieved with the keywords of“diabetic kidney disease”and“animal experiment”in the past 10 years.Following screening,84 articles were selected for inclusion in the meta-analysis.Review manager 5.4.1 was employed to analyze the changes in blood glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin,total cholesterol,triglyceride,serum creatinine,blood urea nitrogen,and urinary albumin excretion rate in each model.Renal lesions shown in different models that were not suitable to be included in the metaanalysis were also extensively discussed.The above analysis suggested that combining various stimuli or introducing additional renal injuries to current models would be a promising avenue to overcome existing challenges and limitations.In conclusion,our review article provides an in-depth analysis of the limitations in current DKD animal models and proposes strategies for improving the accuracy and reliability of these models that will inspire future research efforts in the DKD research field.

ELABELA protects against diabetic kidney disease by activating high glucose-inhibited renal tubular autophagy

ELABELA(ELA),an endogenous ligand of the apelin receptor(also known as apelin peptide jejunum[APJ]),has been shown to decrease in the plasma of patients with diabetic kidney disease(DKD).In the current study,we explored the potential function as well as the underlying mechanisms of ELA in DKD.We first found that the ELA levels were decreased in the kidneys of DKD mice.Then,we found that ELA administration mitigated renal damage and downregulated the expression of fibronectin,collagenⅣ,and transforming growth factor-β1 in the db/db mice and the high glucose cultured HK-2 cells.Furthermore,the autophagy markers,Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰratio,were significantly impaired in DKD,but the ELA treatment reversed these alterations.Mechanistically,the inhibitory effects of ELA on the secretion of fibrosis-associated proteins in high glucose conditions were blocked by pretreatment with 3-methyladenine(an autophagy inhibitor).In summary,these in vivo and in vitro results demonstrate that ELA effectively protects against DKD by activating high glucose-inhibited renal tubular autophagy,potentially serving as a novel therapeutic candidate for DKD.

Early diabetic kidney disease:Focus on the glycocalyx

The incidence of diabetic kidney disease(DKD)is sharply increasing worldwide.Microalbuminuria is the primary clinical marker used to identify DKD,and its initiating step in diabetes is glomerular endothelial cell dysfunction,particularly glycocalyx impairment.The glycocalyx found on the surface of glomerular endothelial cells,is a dynamic hydrated layer structure composed of proteoglycans,glycoproteins,and some adsorbed soluble components.It reinforces the negative charge barrier,transduces the shear stress,and mediates the interaction of blood corpuscles and podocytes with endothelial cells.In the highglucose environment of diabetes,excessive reactive oxygen species and proinflammatory cytokines can damage the endothelial glycocalyx(EG)both directly and indirectly,which induces the production of microalbuminuria.Further research is required to elucidate the role of the podocyte glycocalyx,which may,together with endothelial cells,form a line of defense against albumin filtration.Interestingly,recent research has confirmed that the negative charge barrier function of the glycocalyx found in the glomerular basement membrane and its repulsion effect on albumin is limited.Therefore,to improve the early diagnosis and treatment of DKD,the potential mechanisms of EG degradation must be analyzed and more responsive and controllable targets must be explored.The content of this review will provide insights for future research.

Network pharmacology and verification experiment-based prediction of active components and potential targets of Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus-Saposhnikoviae Radix(Yizhiren-Fangfeng)for treatment of diabetic kidney disease

Background:In this study,we analyzed the potential active components,related crucial targets and possible signaling pathway mechanisms of Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus and Saposhnikoviae Radix(AOF-SR)herb pairs in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease(DKD)using network pharmacology and verification experiments.Methods:The active compounds and potential targets of AOF-SR were derived from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform,The Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine,and PubChem databases,and the potential therapeutic targets of DKD were derived from the OMIM,Drugbank,and DisGeNET databases.The“compounds-diseases-targets”network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.6.0.ClusterMaker functionality in Cytoscape is being used to screen important targets for AOF-SR treatment of DKD.Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis of important targets were performed using DAVID database.In addition,according to the predicted results of network pharmacology,HK-2 cells were used to construct DKD model for verification experiment.HK-2 cells were divided into control group,high glucose(HG)group and AOF-SR(HG+AOF-SR)group to detect survival rate and expression of key proteins in NF-κB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways.Results:A total of 38 compounds were selected from AOF-SR,of which 23 were Alpiniae Oxyphyllae Fructus and 15 were Saposhnikoviae Radix.Through enrichment analysis of 82 important targets,88 signaling pathways were identified;some of these pathways,such as the NF-κB,PI3K-Akt,IL-17,and JAK/STAT signaling pathways,regulate the pathological process of DKD.In verification experiment,the HK-2 cells survival rate was higher in the HG+AOF-SR group than in the HG group(P<0.05).Moreover,western blotting results showed that the expression levels of NF-κB,p-PI3K,and p-Akt in HG+AOF-SR group were significantly lower than those in HG group(P<0.05).Conclusion:Overall,this study revealed the active compounds,important targets and possible mechanisms of AOF-SR treatment for DKD,and conducted preliminary verification experiments on its correctness,provided novel insights into the treatment of DKD by AOF-SR.