一种Diameter消息自动编解码的实现方法

目前通信系统中Diameter消息的编解码基本通过手工编写代码,当消息发生变化时需要重新手工修改编解码代码。针对此过程中编解码效率低、误码率高、代码难维护的问题,将Diameter消息的所有信息元素按照其属性及之间的逻辑关系使用一种数据结构进行消息的结构化定义,并依据该结构化定义自动生成编解码接口,从而使编解码过程简捷,提高了编解码效率,降低了误码率;而且当Diameter消息改变时,只需修改消息定义表格,再重新生成消息的数据结构和编解码接口,从而提高了编解码过程的可维护性。该方法更好地满足了Diameter消息编解码在实际应用的要求。

Effect of a cervical collar on optic nerve sheath diameter in trauma patients

BACKGROUND:As advocated in advanced trauma life support and prehospital trauma life support protocols,cervical immobilization is applied until cervical spine injury is excluded.This study aimed to show the difference in optic nerve sheath diameter(ONSD)between patients with and without a cervical collar using computed tomography(CT).METHODS:This was a single-center,retrospective study examining trauma patients who presented to the emergency department between January 1,2021,and December 31,2021.The ONSD on brain CT of the trauma patients was measured and analyzed to determine whether there was a difference between the ONSD with and without the cervical collar.RESULTS:The study population consisted of 169 patients.On CT imaging of patients with(n=66)and without(n=103)cervical collars,the mean ONSD in the axial plane were 5.43±0.50 mm and 5.04±0.46 mm respectively for the right eye and 5.50±0.52 mm and 5.11±0.46 mm respectively for the left eye.The results revealed an association between the presence of a cervical collar and the mean ONSD,which was statistically significant(P<0.001)for both the right and left eyes.CONCLUSION:A cervical collar may be associated with increased ONSD.The effect of this increase in the ONSD on clinical outcomes needs to be investigated,and the actual need for cervical collar in the emergency department should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

Added value of ratio of cross diameters of the appendix in ultrasound diagnosis of acute appendicitis

BACKGROUND The maximum outer diameter(MOD)of the appendix is an essential parameter for diagnosing acute appendicitis,but there is space for improvement in ultrasound(US)diagnostic performance.AIM To investigate whether combining the ratio of the cross diameters(RATIO)of the appendix with MOD of the appendix can enhance the diagnostic performance of acute appendicitis.METHODS A retrospective study was conducted,and medical records of 233 patients with acute appendicitis and 112 patients with a normal appendix were reviewed.The MOD and RATIO of the appendix were calculated and tested for their diagnostic performance of acute appendicitis,both individually and in combination.RESULTS The RATIO for a normal appendix was 1.32±0.16,while for acute appendicitis it was 1.09±0.07.The cut-off value for RATIO was determined to be≤1.18.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC)for diagnosing acute appendicitis using RATIO≤1.18 and MOD>6 mm was 0.870 and 0.652,respectively.There was a significant difference in AUC between RATIO≤1.18 and MOD>6 mm(P<0.0001).When comparing the combination of RATIO≤1.18 and MOD>6 mm with MOD>6 mm alone,the combination showed increased specificity,positive predictive value(PPV),and AUC.However,the sensitivity and negative predictive value decreased.CONCLUSION Combining RATIO of the appendix≤1.18 and MOD>6 mm can significantly improve the specificity,PPV,and AUC in the US diagnosis of acute appendicitis.

Simulation of Haloxylon Ammodendron Stand Basic Diameter Structure Based on Fuzzy Distribution Function

Based on the investigation data of 12 Haloxylon ammodendron plots in the south edge of Gurbantunggut Desert, Fuzzy distribution was introduced into the study of Haloxylon ammodendron base diameter structure fitting according to the consistency between the characteristics of Fuzzy distribution function and the distribution series of cumulative percentage of stand base diameter, and the fitting precision and effect of Fuzzy distribution function were discussed. The root mean square error RMSE and determination coefficient R2 values showed that Fuzzy-Γ1, Fuzzy-Γ2, Fuzzy-Γ3, Fuzzy-Γ4 had good fitting performance, among which Fuzzy-Γ1 had relatively high fitting precision, and its parameters were closely related to stand age and density, Fuzzy-Γ2 distribution function was the second, and Fuzzy-Γ4 distribution function had the worst fitting effect. By introducing a parameter c from the similarity of four distribution function formulas, a generalized Fuzzy distribution function Fuzzy-Γ5 is obtained. This function shows the highest fitting accuracy. Most of the values of parameter c are near 1 or 2, which shows that the diameter distribution is mainly approximate to Fuzzy-Γ1 and Fuzzy-Γ2.

Increased retinal venule diameter as a prognostic indicator for recurrent cerebrovascular events:a prospective observational study

Microvasculature of the retina is considered an alternative marker of cerebral vascular risk in healthy populations.However,the ability of retinal vasculature changes,specifically focusing on retinal vessel diameter,to predict the recurrence of cerebrovascular events in patients with ischemic stroke has not been determined comprehensively.While previous studies have shown a link between retinal vessel diameter and recurrent cerebrovascular events,they have not incorporated this information into a predictive model.Therefore,this study aimed to investigate the relationship between retinal vessel diameter and subsequent cerebrovascular events in patients with acute ischemic stroke.Additionally,we sought to establish a predictive model by combining retinal veessel diameter with traditional risk factors.We performed a prospective observational study of 141 patients with acute ischemic stroke who were admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University.All of these patients underwent digital retinal imaging within 72 hours of admission and were followed up for 3 years.We found that,after adjusting for related risk factors,patients with acute ischemic stroke with mean arteriolar diameter within 0.5-1.0 disc diameters of the disc margin(MAD_(0.5-1.0DD))of≥74.14μm and mean venular diameter within 0.5-1.0 disc diameters of the disc margin(MVD_(0.5-1.0DD))of≥83.91μm tended to experience recurrent cerebrovascular events.We established three multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models:model 1 included traditional risk factors,model 2 added MAD_(0.5-1.0DD)to model 1,and model 3 added MVD0.5-1.0DD to model 1.Model 3 had the greatest potential to predict subsequent cerebrovascular events,followed by model 2,and finally model 1.These findings indicate that combining retinal venular or arteriolar diameter with traditional risk factors could improve the prediction of recurrent cerebrovascular events in patients with acute ischemic stroke,and that retinal imaging could be a useful and non-invasive method for identifying high-risk patients who require closer monitoring and more aggressive management.

One-year results for myopia control of orthokeratology with different back optic zone diameters: a randomized trial using a novel multispectral-based topographer

AIM:To present the 1-year results of a prospective cohort study investigating the efficacy,potential mechanism,and safety of orthokeratology(ortho-k)with different back optic zone diameters(BOZD)for myopia control in children.METHODS:This randomized clinical study was performed between Dec.2020 and Dec.2021.Participants were randomly assigned to three groups wearing ortho-k:5 mm BOZD(5-MM group),5.5 mm BOZD(5.5-MM group),and 6 mm BOZD(6-MM group).The 1-year data were recorded,including axial length,relative peripheral refraction(RPR,measured by multispectral refractive topography,MRT),and visual quality.The contrast sensitivity(CS)was evaluated by CSV-1000 instrument with spatial frequencies of 3,6,12,and 18 cycles/degree(c/d);the corneal higher-order aberrations(HOAs)were measured by iTrace aberration analyzer.The one-way ANOVA was performed to assess the differences between the three groups.The correlation between the change in AL and RPR was calculated by Pearson’s correlation coefficient.RESULTS:The 1-year results of 20,21,and 21 subjects in the 5-MM,5.5-MM,and 6-MM groups,respectively,were presented.There were no statistical differences in baseline age,sex,or ocular parameters between the three groups(all P>0.05).At the 1-year visit,the 5-MM group had lower axial elongation than the 6-MM group(0.07±0.09 vs 0.18±0.11 mm,P=0.001).The 5-MM group had more myopic total RPR(TRPR,P=0.014),with RPR in the 15°–30°(RPR 15–30,P=0.015),30°–45°(RPR 30–45,P=0.011),temporal(RPR-T,P=0.008),and nasal area(RPR-N,P<0.001)than the 6-MM group.RPR 15–30 in the 5.5-MM group was more myopic than that in the 6-MM group(P=0.002),and RPR-N in the 5-MM group was more myopic than that in the 5.5-MM group(P<0.001).There were positive correlations between the axial elongation and the change in TRPR(r=0.756,P<0.001),RPR 15–30(r=0.364,P=0.004),RPR 30–45(r=0.306,P=0.016),and RPR-N(r=0.253,P=0.047).The CS decreased at 3 c/d(P<0.001),and the corneal HOAs increased in the 5-MM group(P=0.030).CONCLUSION:Ortho-k with 5 mm BOZD can control myopia progression more effectively.The mechanism may be associated with greater myopic shifts in RPR.

Diameter信令消息模型优化

随着4G和VoLTE的商用部署,4G数据上网、VoLTE高清语音和PCC能力开放等业务快速发展,对Diameter信令网转接能力提出了更高的要求。结合Diameter信令网运行数据,对各信令接口消息模型进行分析和修正,同时针对网络发展的演进及新业务引入对信令网的要求,补充完善消息模型,为Diameter信令网络规划建设提供借鉴和参考。

基于聚类与稀疏字典学习的近似消息传递

基于传统字典学习的近似消息传递(approximate message passing,AMP)算法对训练样本数量的需求较高,且运算成本较高。本文引入双稀疏模型,构建基于稀疏字典学习的AMP框架,降低迭代过程中字典学习对训练样本数量的需求,提高压缩感知图像重建的质量与效率。进一步,提出基于聚类与稀疏字典学习的AMP算法,在迭代过程中依据图像块特征进行分类,并为各类图像块分别学习稀疏字典,实现自适应去噪。与基于传统字典学习的AMP算法相比,基于聚类与稀疏字典学习的AMP算法能够将重建图像的峰值信噪比提高0.20~1.75 dB,并且能够将运算效率平均提高89%。

人际传播视角下医患坏消息告知的“五维沟通”策略——基于“约哈里之窗”窗口移动规律的思考

“坏消息告知”是医患沟通中最具挑战性的情景,被国内外公认为医务人员沟通技能中最关键的内容之一。当前国内关于坏消息告知的研究中,大多从宏观视角研究医患坏消息告知态度、喜好或行为特征等话语外围要素,少有从微观视角关注坏消息告知如何具体展开。微观视角与人际传播特殊形式的特征密切相关,从人际传播视角解读医患坏消息沟通,基于人际传播的经典理论——“约哈里之窗”审视坏消息告知这一过程,并从“示善—询问—披露—倾听—引导”五个维度提出沟通策略。

Sub-stand diameter distribution types vary along an old-growth Douglas-fir chronosequence into the horizontal diversification development stage

Managing mature Douglas-fir[Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.)Franco]stands to emulate the structural complexity of natural old-growth forest requires identifying structural targets at the sub-stand level at which neighborhood dynamics and patchy disturbance shape structure.We therefore sought to describe the archetypal shapes of predominant sub-stand diameter distribution types(DDTs)observed in natural tree neighborhoods in stands comprising a chronosequence(ca.120-450+yrs)encompassing mature,vertical diversification,and horizontal diversification development stages.The ten 1.0 ha stands are located in the southcentral Oregon Cascades,USA.Building on the known spatial position of each tree,natural tree neighborhoods were identified using the floating neighborhood approach based on spatial tessellation connecting neighboring trees at the first-(mean 61 m2)through fifth-(mean 2058 m2)order scales.Cluster analysis was then used to objectively identify the most predominant DDTs among the relative tree size distributions observed in the trans-scale neighborhoods within each stand.Repeated measures regression was used to classify each DDT to one of six observed archetypal shapes:negative exponential,unimodal,rotated sigmoid,bimodal,concave,or multi-modal.Only three of the 81 observed DDTs deviated by<10%from the stand average,while every stand had at least one DDT that deviated by>50%(maximum 83%).Within each stand,five to ten predominant DDTs were observed,which deviated from the stand average by 30-48%and were characterized by two to five different archetypal shapes.Consequently,in some stands the majority of tree neighborhoods were best characterized by a different shape from that assigned at the stand level.Deviation from the stand average increased from the youngest stand in the mature development stage through the middle stands in the vertical diversification stage to the oldest stands in the horizontal diversification stage.The complexity of DDT shapes tended to increase along the chronosequence(from negative exponential and uniform toward concave and multi-modal),with shape richness highest mid-sequence and evenness peaking in the oldest stands.The high diversity of sub-stand structural complexity reduces the utility of standlevel diameter distributions as old-growth restoration targets.However,the presence in early-sequence stands of sub-stand diameter distributions common to later-sequence stands may facilitate active management at the neighborhood level to promote future old-growth condition.Restoration of substand diameter structures would likely require combining spatial perspectives,such as by augmenting tree-level croptree management with diameter distribution targets for the resulting tree neighborhoods.

Alternative expressions for stand diameter in complex forests

Quadratic mean diameter is the most frequently reported descriptor of the diameter distribution of forests.As such,it is often used as an indicator of forest stand structure,developmental stage,and ecological and economic potential.However,quadratic mean diameter can be heavily influenced by the presence or absence of large numbers of small stems in lower canopy strata,and it is also sensitive to left-truncation of the diameter distribution,making its interpretation across inventories with different protocols challenging.Here,we examine three alternative expressions of stand diameter:the arithmetic and quadratic mean diameter of the thickest 100 trees per hectare,and the basal area-weighted mean diameter.Using data from the United States Forest Inventory and Analysis program for New York and New England,these alternative expressions showed closer correlation with multiple stand structural variables than did quadratic mean diameter,including merchantable cubic and board foot volume per hectare,aboveground live tree carbon per hectare,and total number of live and dead standing trees greater than 40 cm diameter at breast height per hectare(previously proposed as an index of old-growth structure).Arithmetic and quadratic mean diameter of the thickest 100 trees per hectare showed nearly identical performance,and the strongest correlations across the board.We develop closed-form expressions for these variables when the diameter distribution is a Weibull,and illustrate their behavior relative to quadratic mean diameter for that situation.While the reasons for prevalence of quadratic mean diameter as an indicator remain valid,we suggest that these alternative measures should be more widely reported and analyzed to give a more informative depiction of stand structure and development in complex forests.

医院消息中心建设实践

目的通过建设统一消息中心,实现医院消息推送渠道的统一管理和各业务系统消息的统一推送。方法分析常见消息类型,设定消息模板,对接短信、微信、小程序、院内信息系统等消息渠道,建设统一消息中心。结果消息中心建设实现多渠道消息统一推送,提高消息使用场景,优化推送策略,降低医院运营成本。结论消息中心的建设有效提升了医院消息推送渠道的对接效率,为各业务平台消息推送提供了架构支撑。

基于蚁群算法的Diameter协议测试消息生成方法

进行Diameter协议测试时,测试消息的生成情况直接影响测试效率.为了提高Diameter协议的测试效率,本文提出一种基于蚁群算法的Diameter协议测试消息生成方法.该方法利用蚁群算法的良好的正反馈机制,在测试过程中根据每次子测试结果的反馈情况,动态改变不同AVP改变个数的测试消息的生成概率,使其实现自适应调节,更为合理的分配测试资源,从而提高测试效率.实验结果表明,相比于传统的随机生成方法,该方法可以提高测试效率.

Measuring tree stem diameters and straightness with depth-image computer vision

Current techniques of forest inventory rely on manual measurements and are slow and labor intensive.Recent developments in computer vision and depth sensing can produce accurate measurement data at significantly reduced time and labor costs.We developed the ForSense system to measure the diameters of trees at various points along the stem as well as stem straightness.Time use,mean absolute error(MAE),and root mean squared error(RMSE)metrics were used to compare the system against manual methods,and to compare the system against itself(reproducibility).Depth-derived diameter measurements of the stems at the heights of 0.3,1.4,and 2.7 m achieved RMSE of 1.7,1.5,and 2.7 cm,respectively.The ForSense system produced straightness measurement data that was highly correlated with straightness ratings by trained foresters.The ForSense system was also consistent,achieving sub-centimeter diameter difference with subsequent measures and less than 4%difference in straightness value between runs.This method of forest inventory,which is based on depth-image computer vision,is time efficient compared to manual methods and less computationally and technologically intensive compared to Structure-from-Motion(SFM)photogrammetry and ground-based LiDAR or terrestrial laser scanning(TLS).

Accuracy of Trans-Cerebellar Diameter and Placental Thickness in Third Trimesteric Pregnant Women for Calculation of Gestational Age: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Accurate determination of gestational age has become important for deciding the appropriate time for termination of the pregnancy as well as to monitor the fetal growth during the entire period of pregnancy. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess whether the trans-cerebellar diameter, placental thickness or combining both of them is more accurate for assessment of gestational age in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Patients and Methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted at outpatient Clinic and Obstetric ward, Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital, over a period of six months from March 2019 to September 2019. One hundred pregnant women were recruited according to inclusion criteria either from outpatient clinic or were admitted in obstetric ward Ain Shams Maternity Hospital to find out the most accurate fetal biometric measurement in the third trimester either trans-cerebellar diameter placental thickness or both compared to reliable LMP (last menstrual period) dates confirmed by crown rump length (CRL) in the first trimester. Results: Trans-cerebellar diameter mean ± SD was 46.0 ± 3.5 with range 38.2 - 51.7. The mean of placental thickness was 39.6 ± 7.1 with range 22.8 - 54.3. Placental thickness had highest determination (0.813) for last menstrual period followed by trans-cerebellar diameter (0.802). Combining trans-cerebellar diameter and placental thickness increased determination (0.902) for last menstrual period. Conclusion: Combined use of trans-cerebellar diameter and placental thickness in the third trimester of pregnancy is a reliable indicator for gestational age in women whose last menstrual period is unreliable or unknown, but placental thickness had higher accuracy than trans-cerebellar diameter.

Diameter distributions in Pinus sylvestris L.stands:evaluating modelling approaches including a machine learning technique

The diameter distribution of trees in a stand provides the basis for determining the stand’s ecological and economic value,its structure and stability and appropriate management practices.Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)is one of the most common and important conifers in Turkey,so a well-planned management schedule is critical.Diameter distribution models to accurately describe the stand structure help improve management strategies,but developing reliable models requires a deep understanding of the growth,output and constraints of the forests.The most important information derived by diameter distribution models is primary data on horizontal stand structure for each diameter class of trees:basal area and volume per unit area.These predictions are required to estimate the range of products and predicted volume and yield from a forest stand.Here,to construct an accurate,reliable diameter distribution model for natural Scots pine stands in the Türkmen Mountain region,we used Johnson’s SBdistribution to represent the empirical diameter distributions of the stands using ground-based measurements from 55 sample plots that included1219 trees in natural distribution zones of the forests.As an alternative,nonparametric approach,which does not require any predefined function,an artificial intelligence model was constructed based on support vector machine methodology.An error index was calculated to evaluate the results.Overall,both Johnson’s SB probability density function with a three-parameter recovery approach and the support vector regression methodology provided reliable estimates of the diameter distribution of these stands.

相对时间尺度对消息扩散与意见形成耦合传播动力学的影响

一般情况下,群体意见形成的演化时间尺度可被认为远远大于社交媒体上消息传播的时间尺度.但是在某些极端场景中,以上的假设却并不成立.基于此,建立了一个消息扩散和意见形成之间的相对时间尺度可调的噪声阈值投票者-UAU (unaware-aware-unaware)模型,并研究了不同的相对演化速度下社交媒体上的消息传播与人群意见形成之间的相互协同作用对彼此演化动态的影响.基于平均场理论(meanfield theory,MFT)的分析和Monte Carlo模拟都表明,相较于意见形成,消息传播的时间尺度越小越有利于双稳态相的形成,这是两种动力学的本征差异和它们之间的协同相互作用造成的.研究发现,两种动力学间的相对时间尺度不仅影响终态的“正”意见比例,还影响导致模型发生相变的临界基本再生数的大小;特别是当“正”意见比例处于不同的水平时,其随着两种动力学相对时间尺度的变化行为是不同的,当“正”意见比例较高时,消息传播的时间尺度相对于意见形成越小则“正”意见比例越大,反之则相反.研究填补了相对时间尺度对于协同相互作用耦合动力学影响这一研究领域的空白,有助于人们更加深入地理解相对时间尺度对耦合动力学演化动态的影响.

Bedside ultrasonography of optic nerve sheath diameter for detection of raised intracranial pressure in nontraumatic neurocritically ill patients

BACKGROUND Delay in treatment of raised intracranial pressure(ICP)leads to poor clinical outcomes.Optic nerve sheath diameter(ONSD)by ultrasonography(US-ONSD)has shown good accuracy in traumatic brain injury and neurosurgical patients to diagnose raised ICP.However,there is a dearth of data in neuro-medical intensive care unit(ICU)where the spectrum of disease is different.AIM To validate the diagnostic accuracy of ONSD in non-traumatic neuro-critically ill patients.METHODS We prospectively enrolled 114 patients who had clinically suspected raised ICP due to non-traumatic causes admitted in neuro-medical ICU.US-ONSD was performed according to ALARA principles.A cut-off more than 5.7 mm was taken as significantly raised.Raised ONSD was corelated with raised ICP on radiological imaging.Clinical history,general and systemic examination findings,SOFA and APACHE 2 score and patient outcomes were recorded.RESULTS There was significant association between raised ONSD and raised ICP on imaging(P<0.001).The sensitivity,specificity,positive and negative predictive value at this cut-off was 77.55%,89.06%,84.44% and 83.82% respectively.The positive and negative likelihood ratio was 7.09 and 0.25.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves was 0.844.Using Youden’s index the best cut off value for ONSD was 5.75 mm.Raised ONSD was associated with lower age(P=0.007),poorer Glasgow Coma Scale(P=0.009)and greater need for surgical intervention(P=0.006)whereas no statistically significant association was found between raised ONSD and SOFA score,APACHE II score or ICU mortality.Our limitations were that it was a single centre study and we did not perform serial measurements or ONSD pre-and post-treatment or procedures for raised ICP.CONCLUSION ONSD can be used as a screening a test to detect raised ICP in a medical ICU and as a trigger to initiate further management of raised ICP.ONSD can be beneficial in ruling out a diagnosis in a low-prevalence population and rule in a diagnosis in a high-prevalence population.

应用消息传递和卡尔曼模型的无线传感网定位跟踪算法

针对无线传感网系统中传感节点的定位跟踪问题,提出了一种基于消息传递和卡尔曼模型的定位跟踪算法。将目标物与多个锚节点之间的测距整理为线性混合模型,通过贝叶斯公式进行因式分解,建立因子图。假定目标物位置随时间连续移动,相邻的定位坐标之间存在潜在的缓变关系,并利用卡尔曼模型挖掘该关系,即将测距、定位和卡尔曼模型整体进行优化。在因子图中选择合适的消息更新规则,对每条边上的消息进行更新计算,形成定位跟踪算法。最后,建立虚拟和实测环境对所提算法进行数值验证。由于将测距、跟踪和卡尔曼模型融合为一个整体进行优化,相比文献中已有方法,所提定位跟踪算法在仿真环境中表现出超过2 dB的性能优势,在实测场景下也具有接近1 dB的性能增益,证明了其有效性。

资本市场开放对管理层“利空消息”业绩预告的影响——基于沪深港通交易制度的经验证据

文章以2007—2021年A股上市公司为样本,考察了沪深港通制度对管理层“利空消息”业绩预告的影响。研究发现,沪深港通制度加大了管理层“利空消息”业绩预告的披露倾向,并且预告的精确度也会提高。另外,相比国企与管理层持股数量较少的公司,沪深港通制度对管理层“利空消息”业绩预告披露倾向和精确度的正向影响在非国企和管理层持股数量较多的公司中更明显。本研究结论丰富了管理层“利空消息”业绩预告这一主题的文献研究,也拓宽了资本市场开放经济后果的研究边界,为当前学术界广泛开展的宏微观交叉研究做出了有益补充。