Internal combustion engines′ fuel economy is an important role for engine designers,engine manufacturers over the past 30 years,especially passenger car motor oils.In heavy duty diesel engine,over the past 20 years,f...Internal combustion engines′ fuel economy is an important role for engine designers,engine manufacturers over the past 30 years,especially passenger car motor oils.In heavy duty diesel engine,over the past 20 years,fuel economy has in some cases been sacrificed for exhaust gas emission optimizations.Now,Heavy Duty Automotive and the related industries have strong interest in fuel economy and the lubricants.It is driven by competitive market forces as well as government mandates and new emission regulations.Japan was the first country in the world to establish and implement heavy duty trucks and buses fuel economy standards.Other countries also have followed either by establishing direct fuel economy standards or greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions standards which are directly tied to fuel economy.This paper is discussing that heavy duty diesel engine lubricants can contribute on fuel economy.The contribution of various aspects of engine oil formulations on fuel economy will be discussed such as lubricant viscosity grade,lubricant additives and friction modifiers.In this paper,the evaluation discussions are based on fuel economy measurements in some bench tests,standardized laboratory engine tests and field tests.展开更多
In this work,particulate matter(PM) emissions from a large two-stroke,low-speed marine diesel engine were investigated when the engine was operated with low-sulfur heavy fuel oil(HFO) at various loads.Particle samples...In this work,particulate matter(PM) emissions from a large two-stroke,low-speed marine diesel engine were investigated when the engine was operated with low-sulfur heavy fuel oil(HFO) at various loads.Particle samples were collected in situ from the engine exhaust to determine the detailed physical and chemical properties.The nanostructure and morphology of the nanoparticles were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy images(TEM).The results show that volatile organic carbon(OC) accounts for more than 80% in the HFO particles and leads to an increase in particle size.The thermodynamic conditions of a low-speed engine favor the behavior of capturing the soluble organic components.A large number of spherical char HFO particles with aerodynamic diameters of 0.2 μm-0.5 μm and a suspected inner metal core were detected.The two peak aerodynamic diameters of the HFO nanoparticles are 15 nm and 86 nm.The morphological differences among the HFO nanoparticles in varied engine conditions represent the formation process from primary nascent particles to mature graphitized particles caused by thermodynamics.The above study will be valuable for understanding the characteristics of PM emissions from low-sulfur HFO to achieve the ship PM emissions reduction target.展开更多
Scarcity of conventional petroleum resources has promoted research in alternative fuels for internal combustion engines.Among various possible options,fuels derived from triglycerides(vegetable oils/animal fats)are pr...Scarcity of conventional petroleum resources has promoted research in alternative fuels for internal combustion engines.Among various possible options,fuels derived from triglycerides(vegetable oils/animal fats)are promising for the substitution of fossil diesel fuel.Vegetable oils poses some characteristics like durability,high viscosity and low volatility compared to mineral diesel fuel.In the present work,experiments were designed to study the effect of reducing kusum and karanja oil’s viscosity by preheating the fuel,using a shell and tube heat exchanger.The acquired engine data were analyzed for various parameters such as brake thermal efficiency,brake specific energy consumption(BSEC),emission of exhaust gases like CO,CO_(2),HC and NO_(x).In operation,the engine performance with kusum and karanja oil(preheated),was found to be very close to that of diesel.The preheated oil's performances were found to be slightly inferior in efficiency due to low heating value.The performance of karanja oil was found better than kusum oil in all respects.展开更多
Honne oil(tamanu)(H),a non-edible vegetable oil is native for northwards of Northern Marianas islands and the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan and westward throughout Polynesia.It has remained as an untapped new possi...Honne oil(tamanu)(H),a non-edible vegetable oil is native for northwards of Northern Marianas islands and the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan and westward throughout Polynesia.It has remained as an untapped new possible source of alternative fuel that can be used as diesel engine fuel.Literature pertaining to use of vegetable oil in diesel engine with kerosene and dimethyl carbonate(DMC)is scarce.The present research is aimed to investigate experimentally the performance,exhaust emission and combustion characteristics of a direct injection(DI)diesel engine,typically used in agricultural sector,over the entire load range,when fuelled with neat diesel(ND)and blends of diesel fuel(D)/DMC/H/kerosene(K).DMC/D/H/K blends have a potential to improve the performance and emissions and to be an alternative to ND.Experiments have been conducted when fuelled with H20(20%H+80%D),HK(20%H+40%K+40%D)and HKD5(20%H+40%K+35D+5%DMC)to HKD15 in steps of 5%DMC keeping H and K percentages constant.The emissions(CO,HC and smoke density(SD))of fuel blend HKD15 are found to be lowest,with SD dropping significantly.The NOx level is slightly higher with HKD5 to HKD15 as compared to ND.The brake thermal efficiency of HKD5 to HKD15 is same and it is higher than that of ND.There is a good trade off between NOx and SD.Peak cylinder pressure and premixed combustion phase increases as DMC content increase.展开更多
Intermediate volatility organic compounds(IVOCs)are crucial precursors of secondary organic aerosol(SOA).In this study,gaseous IVOCs emitted from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil(HFO)were investigated on a te...Intermediate volatility organic compounds(IVOCs)are crucial precursors of secondary organic aerosol(SOA).In this study,gaseous IVOCs emitted from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil(HFO)were investigated on a test bench,which could simulate the real-world operations and emissions of ocean-going ships.The chemical compositions,emission factors(EFs)and volatility distributions of IVOC emissions were investigated.The results showed that the main engine burning HFO emitted a large amount of IVOCs,with average IVOC EFs of 20.2-201 mg/kg-fuel.The IVOCs were mainly comprised of unspeciated compounds.The chemical compositions of exhaust IVOCs were different from that of HFO fuel,especially for polycyclic aromatic compounds and alkylcyclohexanes.The volatility distributions of IVOCs were also different between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel.The distinctions in IVOC emission characteristics between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel should be considered when assessing the IVOC emission and related SOA formation potentials from ocean-going ships burning HFO,especially when using fuel-surrogate models.展开更多
文摘Internal combustion engines′ fuel economy is an important role for engine designers,engine manufacturers over the past 30 years,especially passenger car motor oils.In heavy duty diesel engine,over the past 20 years,fuel economy has in some cases been sacrificed for exhaust gas emission optimizations.Now,Heavy Duty Automotive and the related industries have strong interest in fuel economy and the lubricants.It is driven by competitive market forces as well as government mandates and new emission regulations.Japan was the first country in the world to establish and implement heavy duty trucks and buses fuel economy standards.Other countries also have followed either by establishing direct fuel economy standards or greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions standards which are directly tied to fuel economy.This paper is discussing that heavy duty diesel engine lubricants can contribute on fuel economy.The contribution of various aspects of engine oil formulations on fuel economy will be discussed such as lubricant viscosity grade,lubricant additives and friction modifiers.In this paper,the evaluation discussions are based on fuel economy measurements in some bench tests,standardized laboratory engine tests and field tests.
基金supported by the Science & Technology Commission of Shanghai MunicipalityShanghai Engineering Research Center of Ship Intelligent Maintenance and Energy Efficiency under Grant 20DZ2252300。
文摘In this work,particulate matter(PM) emissions from a large two-stroke,low-speed marine diesel engine were investigated when the engine was operated with low-sulfur heavy fuel oil(HFO) at various loads.Particle samples were collected in situ from the engine exhaust to determine the detailed physical and chemical properties.The nanostructure and morphology of the nanoparticles were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy images(TEM).The results show that volatile organic carbon(OC) accounts for more than 80% in the HFO particles and leads to an increase in particle size.The thermodynamic conditions of a low-speed engine favor the behavior of capturing the soluble organic components.A large number of spherical char HFO particles with aerodynamic diameters of 0.2 μm-0.5 μm and a suspected inner metal core were detected.The two peak aerodynamic diameters of the HFO nanoparticles are 15 nm and 86 nm.The morphological differences among the HFO nanoparticles in varied engine conditions represent the formation process from primary nascent particles to mature graphitized particles caused by thermodynamics.The above study will be valuable for understanding the characteristics of PM emissions from low-sulfur HFO to achieve the ship PM emissions reduction target.
文摘Scarcity of conventional petroleum resources has promoted research in alternative fuels for internal combustion engines.Among various possible options,fuels derived from triglycerides(vegetable oils/animal fats)are promising for the substitution of fossil diesel fuel.Vegetable oils poses some characteristics like durability,high viscosity and low volatility compared to mineral diesel fuel.In the present work,experiments were designed to study the effect of reducing kusum and karanja oil’s viscosity by preheating the fuel,using a shell and tube heat exchanger.The acquired engine data were analyzed for various parameters such as brake thermal efficiency,brake specific energy consumption(BSEC),emission of exhaust gases like CO,CO_(2),HC and NO_(x).In operation,the engine performance with kusum and karanja oil(preheated),was found to be very close to that of diesel.The preheated oil's performances were found to be slightly inferior in efficiency due to low heating value.The performance of karanja oil was found better than kusum oil in all respects.
文摘Honne oil(tamanu)(H),a non-edible vegetable oil is native for northwards of Northern Marianas islands and the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan and westward throughout Polynesia.It has remained as an untapped new possible source of alternative fuel that can be used as diesel engine fuel.Literature pertaining to use of vegetable oil in diesel engine with kerosene and dimethyl carbonate(DMC)is scarce.The present research is aimed to investigate experimentally the performance,exhaust emission and combustion characteristics of a direct injection(DI)diesel engine,typically used in agricultural sector,over the entire load range,when fuelled with neat diesel(ND)and blends of diesel fuel(D)/DMC/H/kerosene(K).DMC/D/H/K blends have a potential to improve the performance and emissions and to be an alternative to ND.Experiments have been conducted when fuelled with H20(20%H+80%D),HK(20%H+40%K+40%D)and HKD5(20%H+40%K+35D+5%DMC)to HKD15 in steps of 5%DMC keeping H and K percentages constant.The emissions(CO,HC and smoke density(SD))of fuel blend HKD15 are found to be lowest,with SD dropping significantly.The NOx level is slightly higher with HKD5 to HKD15 as compared to ND.The brake thermal efficiency of HKD5 to HKD15 is same and it is higher than that of ND.There is a good trade off between NOx and SD.Peak cylinder pressure and premixed combustion phase increases as DMC content increase.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41403084 and 4171101108)the Project from Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology (No. 16ZR1414800
文摘Intermediate volatility organic compounds(IVOCs)are crucial precursors of secondary organic aerosol(SOA).In this study,gaseous IVOCs emitted from a ship main engine burning heavy fuel oil(HFO)were investigated on a test bench,which could simulate the real-world operations and emissions of ocean-going ships.The chemical compositions,emission factors(EFs)and volatility distributions of IVOC emissions were investigated.The results showed that the main engine burning HFO emitted a large amount of IVOCs,with average IVOC EFs of 20.2-201 mg/kg-fuel.The IVOCs were mainly comprised of unspeciated compounds.The chemical compositions of exhaust IVOCs were different from that of HFO fuel,especially for polycyclic aromatic compounds and alkylcyclohexanes.The volatility distributions of IVOCs were also different between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel.The distinctions in IVOC emission characteristics between HFO exhausts and HFO fuel should be considered when assessing the IVOC emission and related SOA formation potentials from ocean-going ships burning HFO,especially when using fuel-surrogate models.
