Research on Spray, Combustion and Emission Characteristics for DI Diesel Engine

To improve the combustion chamber shape that can decrease the directed injection （DI） diesel emission, the theories of DI diesel spray, combustion and pollutant formation model are analysed and implemented based on the CFD code FIRE. Results show that the chamber with contracting orifice can get stronger squish swirl intensity. The results of the verification studies show a good accordance with the measurements and reveal that the individual processes of spray, evolution, combustion and pollutant formation are well captured in FIRE. Finally, based on the analyzing and comparing of the calculation results of different chambers, a combustion chamber of contracting orifice geometry with lower emission is proposed.

Multidimensional modeling of Dimethyl Ether(DME) spray combustion in DI diesel engine

In the present study a modified CFD code KIVA3V was used to simulate the spray combustion in a small DI diesel engine fueled with DME. The improved spray models consider more spray phenomena such as cavitation flow in nozzle hole, jet atomization, droplet second breakup and spray wall interaction. Otherwise, a reduced DME reaction mechanism is implemented in the combustion model, and a new turbulent combustion model?Partial Stirred Reactor (PaSR) model is selected to simulate the spray combustion process, the effects of turbulent mixing on the reaction rate are considered. The results of engine modeling based on those models agreed well with the experimental measurements. Study of temperature fields variation and particle traces in the combustion chamber revealed that the engine combustion system originally used for diesel fuel must be optimized for DME.

Dynamic Characteristic Investigation on the Fuel Pressure of Diesel Engines Electronic In-line Pump System

The electronic in-line pump (EIP) is a complex system consisting of mechanical, hydraulic, and electromagnetic parts. Experimental study showed that the fuel pressure of the plunger and the fuel drainage of the pressure system after fuel injection could result in fuel pressure fluctuation in the low pressure system. Such fluctuation exhibited pulsating cycle fluctuation as the amplitude rose with the increase of the injection pulse width. The time domain analysis found that the pressure time history curve and injection cylinders corresponded with a one-to-one relationship. By frequency domain analysis, the result was that with the increase of the working cylinder number, the high frequency amplitude gradually increased and the basic frequency amplitude gradually decreased. The conclusion was that through wavelet transformation, the low pressure signal simultaneously moved towards low frequency as the high frequency of the wavelet transformation signal with the working cylinder number increased. Lastly, by using the numerical model, the study investigated the simulation research concerning the relationship of the fluctuation dynamic characteristic in the low pressure system and the fuel injection characteristic of the high pressure system, completing the conclusions obtained by the experimental study.

Effect of Intake Conditions and Nozzle Geometry on Spray Characteristics of Group-Hole Nozzle

The group-hole nozzle concept is proposed to meet the requirement of nozzle hole minimization and reduce the negative impact of poor spatial spray distributions.However,there are limited researches on the effects of intake conditions and nozzle geometry on spray characteristics of the group-hole nozzle.Therefore,in this study,an accurate spray model coupled with the internal cavitating flow was established and computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulations were done to study the effects of intake conditions and nozzle geometry on spray characteristics of the group-hole nozzle.Experimental data obtained using high-speed digital camera on the high-pressure common rail injection system was used to validate the numerical model.Effects of intake conditions(injection pressure and temperature)and nozzle geometry(orifice entrance curvature radius and nozzle length)on the flow and spray characteristics of the group-hole nozzle were studied numerically.The differences in Sauter mean diameter(SMD),penetration length and fuel evaporation mass between single-hole nozzle and group-hole nozzle under different nozzle geometry were also discussed.It was found that the atomization performance of the group-hole nozzle was better than that of the single-hole nozzle under same intake conditions,and the atomization effect of the short nozzle was better than that of the long nozzle.With increase in the orifice entrance curvature radius,the average velocity and turbulent kinetic energy of the fuel increased,which was conducive to improving the injection rate and flow coefficient of the nozzle.Meanwhile,the penetration length and SMD value rose,while evaporation mass dropped.When the ratio of the orifice entrance curvature radius(R)to the diameter of injection hole(D)was 0.12,the spray characteristics reached a constant state due to elimination of cavitation.Conclusions were made based on these.This study is expected to be a guide for the design of the group-hole nozzle.

Study on Spray Characteristics of Dimethyl Carbonate Blended Fuel in IC Engines

The spray characteristics of the blended fuel composed of biodiesel and dimethyl carbonate were compared with those of biodiesel and diesel.The macroscopic spray characteristic parameters including spray tip penetration,maximum spray width,average spray cone angle,and peak tip velocity were used to evaluate the spray characteristics of the blended fuel.The results showed that the spray tip penetration of blended fuel was lower than that of biodiesel,while the spray cone angle and maximum spray width of blended fuel were both larger than that of biodiesel.On the basis of the Hiroyasu and Arai mathematical model combined with the actual working conditions of this experiment,including physical parameters such as the viscosity and density of the fuel,a correct model of spray penetration was established,and the experimental results were compared.

Simulation Studies of Diesel Engine Combustion Characteristics with Oxygen Enriched Air

Based on a six-cylinder direct injection diesel engine, the engine operating condition was simulated by application AVL-FIRE software coupling the n-heptane reduced mechanism containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation. The simulation and its verification test were both carried out under the maximum torque point. Then, the oxygen enriched combustion was simulated on the model, and the simulated condition was oxygen volume fraction from 21% to 30%. The simulation results show that, the oxygen enrichment (from 21% to 30%) increases the peak cylinder pressure of 3.32%, advances the start of combustion of 1.6 deg and rises the peak of average temperature in cylinder and wall heat flux. Among them, at the condition of 24% O2, the change of the results is the most significant. Benzene (A1) is one of the precursors of soot generated, the analysis of its impress-cuts of the mass distribution field in cylinder shows that, the increase of oxygen concentration can significantly inhibit the formation of benzene. But the oxygen enrichment makes the combustion more sufficient, cased a rise in the cylinder temperature, an extension in high temperature area, and an increment in the NOx emission.

Simulation of quasi-dimensional model for diesel engine working process

In order to satisfy the demand of validity and real time operating performance of diesel engine model used in hardware-in-the-loop simulation system,a simplified quasi-dimensional model for diesel engine working process was proposed,which was based on the phase-divided spray mixing model.The software MATLAB/Simulink was utilized to simulate diesel engine performance parameters.The comparisons between calculated results and experimental data show that the relative error of power and brake specific fuel consumption is less than 2.8%,and the relative error of nitric oxide and soot emissions is less than 9.1%.At the same time,the average computational time for simulation of one working process with the new model is 36 s,which presents good real time operating performance of the model.The simulation results also indicate that the nozzle flow coefficient has great influence on the prediction precision of performance parameters in diesel engine simulation model.

Simulation and Experimental Research on Fuel Spray Characteristics of a Self-pressurized Injector

As a miniaturized direct injection(DI)solution,a self-pressurized injector is of great significance for small aviation piston engines,such as spark-ignited two-stroke heavy-fuel engines.The spray characteristics of DI injectors are an important application prerequisite.In this paper,the computational fluid dynamics(CFD)software AVL Fire is employed to study the spray characteristics.Two types of spray models are established based on the Han Sheet model and the KH-RT model,and simulation works are carried out according to two types of spray tests in the literature.The comparison results show that in the constant volume bomb test,the spray patterns obtained by simulation under the two sets of environmental pressures are similar to those in the experiment,and the simulation spray using the KH-RT model can fit the spray contraction of the near nozzle field and the vortex of the far nozzle field better.In the tube test,the spray patterns obtained by simulation under the five sets of flow velocity are similar to those in the experiment,and the simulation spray using the KH-RT model can fit the spray expansion and the vortex of the far nozzle field better.The RP-3 kerosene spray characteristics of the self-pressurized injector are also experimentally studied,and the results demonstrate that due to the higher viscosity of kerosene,the spray shrinks more easily,resulting in a smaller spray cone angle and larger penetration.Therefore,changes in environmental pressure have greater impact on the kerosene spray pattern.

Experimental investigation on diesel engine's waste heat capacity under mapping characteristics

Waste heat recovery for internal combustion engine(ICE)has been considered as an important strategy to improve efficiency and promote fuel economy,thus alleviating the problems of energy shortage and environmental pollution.This paper investigates the characteristics of various kinds of waste heat energy,namely,waste heat in exhaust,cooling water and charge air,over the engine’s whole operating region.Based on the energy balance experiments,the energy distribution of a conventional heavy-duty diesel engine is obtained under mapping characteristics.According to exergy analysis,the energy recovery potential for waste heat is studied as well.The experimental results indicate that exhaust energy increases with engine speed and load,while cooling water energy is more sensitive to load,especially at low and middle speed.Charge air energy,on the other hand,mainly counts on speed rather than load.Exhaust energy possesses the highest recovery potential in terms of both quantity and quality.Through waste heat recovery,a dramatic improvement in engine efficiency is achievable,actually,the maximum value can amount to 60%or even more.

Study of Diesel Spray Particle Velocity Field Using a Particle Image Velocimetry Setup

Aim To investigate the spray particle velocity and its distribution characteristics. Methods\ A set of PIV (particle image velocimetry) system was developed and used to observe and analyze the spray particle velocity field. Results and Conclusion\ Double exposure image of the spray particle within the region of 10-50 mm from the nozzle tip was recorded and analyzed by the IBAS2000 analysis system. Some characteristics of the spray particle velocity and its distribution were obtained.

Vibration-based feature extraction of determining dynamic characteristic for engine block low vibration design

In order to maintain vibration performances within the limits of the design, a vibration-based feature extraction method for dynamic characteristic using empirical mode decomposition （EMD） and wavelet analysis was proposed. The proposed method was verified experimentally and numerically by implementing the scheme on engine block. In the implementation process, the following steps were identified to be important： 1） EMD technique in order to solve the feature extraction of vibration signals; 2） Vibration measurement for the purpose of confirming the structural weak regions of engine block in experiment; 3） Finite element modeling for the purpose of determining dynamic characteristic in time region and frequency region to affirm the comparability of response character corresponding to improvement schemes; 4） Adopting a feature index oflMF for structural improvement based on EMD and wavelet analysis. The obtained results show that IMF of signal is more sensitive to response character corresponding to improvement schemes. Finally, examination of the results confirms that the proposed vibration-based feature extraction method is very robust, and focuses on the relative merits of modification and full-scale structural optimization of engine, together with the creation of new low-vibration designs.

Evaluation of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel Fuel Produced from Rapeseed Oil

The objective of the present study is to examine and compare the performance and emission characteristic of two biodiesel fuels produced from rapeseed oil via transesterification method.Tested biodiesel fuels(ROME(Rapeseed Oil Methyl Ester)and ROEE(Rapeseed Oil Ethyl Ester))were selected based on their properties obtained from an optimization of transesterification conditions.A Yanmar diesel engine has led to evaluating their performance parameters such as fuel consumption rate,exhaust gas temperature and emission characteristic corresponding to nitrogen oxides(NOx),carbone monoxide(CO)and carbon dioxide(CO2).A comparative analysis was carried out using normal diesel fuel tested in same experimental conditions.Fuel consumption rate was measured by observing the volumetric rate from the fuel tank of the engine supported by stopwatch.The exhaust gas temperature and emission characteristic were measured simultaneously by using a testo 350 flue gas analyzer.According to the results,biodiesel fuels showed a higher fuel consumption rate and exhaust gas temperature under an increase of engine speed.They also exhibited lower NOx emission with a slight rise in CO and CO2 emission compared to mineral diesel fuel.ROME exhibited low emission gas compared to ROEE and mineral diesel.It can be evaluated as a promising alternative fuel for diesel engine.

Optimization of Combustion Characteristics and Fuel Injection Timing of a New Type Dual-Pit Combustor Rotary Engine

In order to improve the performance of the rotary engine,this paper has designed a new type of dual-pit rotary engine combustion chamber structure,and compares the combustion and emission characteristics with the rotary engine with a traditional combustion chamber.The existence of the dual-pit combustion chamber strengthens the overall vortex intensity in the cylinder,effectively promotes the mixing process of fuel and air in the cylinder,the maximum combustion pressure in the cylinder increased by 8.6%,significantly increases the diffusion combustion speed,and significantly improves the dynamic performance of the rotary engine.On this basis,the effects of fuel injection timing parameters on fuel distribution,combustion and emission characteristics were studied.Fuel distribution is more even and dispersed during injection in the later stage of compression.When the fuel injection timing was 105°BTDC in the middle of the compression phase,the matching effect of fuel distribution law and ignition scheme was the best.When the injection timing was 75°BTDC and 85°BTDC in the late compression stage,the mass fraction of NOx remained at a low level.The correlation between soot generation and the change of fuel injection timing was weak.When the injection time was 85°BTDC,the soot generation remained at a relatively high level.

国六柴油机轨压和喷油正时对柴油机性能的影响

为优化柴油机性能,基于一台配备了完整国Ⅵ后处理系统的高压共轨直列4缸柴油机,开展了柴油机负荷特性研究,在此基础上研究轨压和喷油正时对柴油机性能的影响。研究结果表明:以适当较小的轨压配合较为提前的喷油正时可以达到较为理想的柴油机油耗及排放;轨压和喷油正时对HC排放的影响较小;轨压对柴油机油耗、排温、NOx排放、CO排放的影响较大,且在中等偏高负荷时更为敏感,随着轨压增加了57 MPa,柴油机油耗、排温分别下降了16.1 g/(kW·h)、63℃,NOx排放上升了663×10^(-6),CO排放下降了785×10^(-6);喷油正时对烟度及柴油机氧化催化器前端温度T4、柴油机颗粒捕集器前端温度T5、选择性催化还原系统前端温度T6的影响较大,且在低负荷时更为敏感。随着喷油正时提前6.0°,烟度下降了0.43%,T4、T5、T6峰值出现在轨压为76 MPa且喷油正时为上止点前7.5°时,温度分别为315.3、338.4、329.3℃。

船用柴油机排放耐久性试验方案及分析

为了改善我国内河及沿海船机的污染物排放现状,我国颁布了GB 15097-2016,并提出了船机及其后处理装置的耐久性试验要求。根据前期完成的几组耐久性试验的特点,对试验方案的制定和实施过程进行梳理。并结合某型中速船机的耐久性试验数据,分析环境因素变化对排放特性的影响。分析结果表明,NO_(X)比排放量和劣化趋势受环境因素变化的影响较严重,尤其是在温湿度变化剧烈的节点;PM比排放量的变化规律不明显。为了减少耐久性试验过程中环境因素不确定性的影响,试验方案的实施过程控制尤为重要。

船用柴油机均值模型建模及仿真研究

柴油机模型的研究是探究柴油机性能、实现虚拟仿真的基础,可缩短仿真计算时间、有效节约柴油机开发成本。本文以RK270柴油机为研究对象,使用GT-POWER软件建立稳态性能仿真模型,在此基础上,采用仿真精度高、计算速度快的平均值法,以C++语言建立柴油机平均值模型,并归纳通用的平均值模型建模标定校核流程;提出二元响应拟合的方法,解决了涡轮增压器特性参数处理困难的问题,并借助数学工具,获得了压气机主要工作区域内拟合精度较高的模型。完成模型开发后,分析了8组工况下的仿真结果,通过误差分析,验证了模型的准确性,丰富完善了柴油机建模理论和方法,可应用于实时控制模型的动态仿真或者实现与船舶动力系统的交互。

燃油温度对柴油液相喷雾特性的影响

在低温环境下柴油黏度增大流动性变差,抑制了柴油机柴油喷雾的雾化和蒸发,直接影响柴油机的冷启动可靠性。为解决上述问题,采用背光法试验对比研究高温、低温柴油在不同工况条件下喷雾宏观结构的变化规律,并利用MATLAB对拍摄的喷雾图像进行数字图像处理获取喷雾宏观特性参数。试验结果表明,喷孔直径0.12 mm时,随着喷油压力的变化柴油温度对喷油量的影响比较明显,黏性力的持续作用减慢了靠近壁面的流体层的流动速度,抑制柴油喷出,柴油温度低于0℃时随着柴油温度降低喷油量减少,高压时柴油温度降低导致液滴间增强的黏性力在动能和惯性力的作用下反而促进柴油持续喷出,喷油量随着柴油温度降低而增多。喷油压力为75 MPa时,柴油温度降至-20℃相较38℃柴油喷油量增加了近23.87%。并且小孔径下柴油温度降低液滴间黏性力增大,导致喷雾液滴尺寸增大,液滴所具有的动量越大,削弱柴油喷雾径向发展趋势,轴向运动能力增强,随着柴油温度的降低,喷雾贯穿距增大而喷雾锥角减小,柴油温度从38℃降至-20℃,柴油喷雾在0.70 ms时刻喷雾贯穿距增大了39.89 mm。喷孔直径为0.28 mm时,喷射压力小于75 MPa,喷油量随着柴油温度的降低而减少,相同喷油压力下柴油更多的动量消耗于克服更大的内部摩擦力,使其到达最远距离的能力减弱,降低柴油温度会导致喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角均减小,当喷油压力为75 MPa时,0.70 ms时刻-20℃柴油喷雾贯穿距相对38℃柴油喷雾贯穿距缩短了30.86 mm。相同喷射压力下增大喷孔直径,-20℃柴油喷雾贯穿距减小,喷雾锥角增大。随着喷油压力的提升柴油温度对喷雾宏观特性的影响更加突出,喷油压力越高降低柴油温度造成的喷雾贯穿距缩短趋势越明显。研究结果可为柴油机冷起动过程低温柴油喷雾特性提供支撑。

基于WPES与MEEMD的船用主机振动研究

为揭示船用长冲程低速柴油机健康状态下的振动特征,采用小波包能量谱(Wavelet Packet Energy Spectrum, WPES)和改进的总体平均经验模态分解(Modified Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition, MEEMD)结合的特征提取方法,对典型推进工况下低速机的表面振动信号进行3层小波包分解和重构。通过对能量占比较大的节点采用MEEMD方法进行分解,获得IMF1分量频谱。研究结果表明,在40%以下的较低发动机负荷时,各单次燃烧循环的振动波动较小,振动幅值基本一致。提升至50%以上发动机负荷时,燃烧引起振动波动明显增强。50%工况下,中高频能量占总能量的41.51%,为主要振动源。

低温起动热力学条件下柴油机喷雾着火特性

针对一款V型八缸增压柴油机,首先分析了其低温起动过程中缸内压缩压力和压缩温度的变化规律,然后在定容喷雾燃烧装置中研究了低温起动热力学条件下柴油的喷雾着火特性,分析了背景温度和背景密度的变化过程中喷雾射流滞燃期和着火位置的变化规律.研究发现:随着背景温度降低,柴油自由喷雾着火滞燃期逐渐增加,着火稳定性逐渐降低;背景密度越高,最低着火温度越低;背景温度低于430℃时,柴油射流的着火成功率非常低,很难着火.该研究对提高起动稳定性,降低燃油消耗率和改善排放有重要的指导意义.

柴油发动机燃油跨/超临界喷射特性数值仿真

针对柴油发动机工作条件下喷雾特性变化复杂的问题,利用计算流体动力学软件CONVERGE,采用大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation,LES)方法进行跨/超临界柴油机燃料正庚烷的射流喷雾特性仿真分析,对LES中湍流亚格子模型进行深入研究,并从质量分数、密度和温度三方面对比跨/超临界射流的喷雾特性。研究结果表明:随机湍流分散模型开启会使喷雾贯穿距的预测值更接近试验值,当湍流分散系数c_(ps)=0.16时模型预测的贯穿距比c_(ps)=0.05更加贴合试验的结果;跨临界射流存在更加类似于液态的区域,升温时从环境吸收更多热量;与跨临界射流相比,超临界射流喷雾的温度扩散更加迅速,并且喷雾前端温度接近环境温度;跨临界射流中类似液态区域形成了较大的密度分层,抑制喷雾扩散,超临界射流喷雾外层的絮状结构比跨临界射流出现得更早,絮状结构范围更大,径向扩散作用更强;两种状态下温度、密度和质量分数分布呈现一定的对应关系,即温度、质量分数和密度都在中心轴线靠近喷油器处最大,随着轴向距离和径向扩散的增大而减小。