Analysis of the Emissions and Performance of a Diesel Engine Using Pumpkin Seed Oil Methyl Ester with Different Injection Pressures

Biodiesel fuel is a potential alternative energy source for diesel engines due to its physiochemical characteristics relatively similar to those of traditional diesel fuel.In this study,the performance,emission,and combustion features of a mono cylinder DI diesel engine are assessed using 20%Pumpkin seed methyl ester(PSOME20)and considering varying injection pressures(200,220,240,and 260 bar).The considered Pumpkin seed oil is converted into pumpkin biodiesel by transesterification and then used as fuel.The findings demonstrate that the Brake Thermal Efficiency(BTE)of PSOME20 can be raised by 1.68%,and the carbon monoxide(CO),hydrocarbon(HC),and smoke emanations can be lowered,while oxides of nitrogen(NOx)emissions are increased at an injection pressure(IP)of 240 bar compared to the standard IP of 200 bar.The cylinder pressure and the Heat Release Rate(HRR)become higher at 240 bar,whereas the ignition delay is shortened with respect to PSOME20 at a normal IP of 200 bar.

Experimental Study on the Performance and Emission of Chinese Small Agricultural Diesel Engine Fuelled with Methanol/Biodiesel/DTBP

Diesel engine alternative fuels, such as methanol and biodiesel, are beneficial to reduce diesel engine emission. In order to study the influence of methanol and biodiesel on the performance, economy and emission of small agricultural diesel engine, the physical-chemical properties(cetane number, lower heat value(LHV), viscosity, etc.) of methanol and biodiesel were analyzed. The methanol and biodiesel showed good complementary property to some extent. When a large proportion of methanol was added into biodiesel, the cetane number of the methanol/biodiesel blend will be greatly reduced. Since the cetane number of the blend fuel has great influence on the combustion process of diesel engine, after testing for blending ratio of methanol/biodiesel, the blend was prepared with 5%(BM5), 10%(BM10) and 15%(BM15) methanol, respectively. Di-Tert-Butyl Peroxide(DTBP) was chosen as a cetane number improver to be added into methanol/biodiesel blend. 0.25%, 0.50% and 0.75% of DTBP was added into BM15. The bench test was carried out on a 186 FA diesel engine to study the effect of methanol and DTBP on the engine performance and emissions. The results show that, at rated condition, compared with biodiesel, the NO;concentration of BM5, BM10 and BM15 is reduced by 5.02%, 33.85% and 21.24%, and smoke is reduced by 5.56%, 22.22% and 55.56%. However, the engine power is also reduced by 5.77%, 14.23% and 25.41%, and the brake specific energy consumption is increased by 3.31%, 7.78% and 6.37%. The addition of DTBP in methanol/biodiesel could recover the engine power to the level of diesel. DTBP shows good effect on the reduction of the brake specific energy consumption and NO_(x), CO, HC concentration, but a little increase of exhaust smoke.

Effect of Palm Oil Biodiesel Blends on Engine Emission and Performance Characteristics in an Internal Combustion Engine

Increasing global environmental issues and depleting fossil fuel reserves has necessitated the need for alternative and sustainable fuel. In this paper, the effects of biodiesel and its blend on engine emission and performance characteristics in an internal combustion engine were analyzed. Biodiesel derived from the transesterification of raw palm oil was blended with diesel fuel at different proportions designated as PO5 (5% Biodiesel and 95% Diesel), PO10 (10% Biodiesel and 90% Diesel), PO15 (15% Biodiesel and 85% Diesel), PO20 (20% Biodiesel and 80% Diesel), PO50 (50% Biodiesel and 50% Diesel), PO85 (85% Biodiesel and 15% Diesel), and PO100 (100% Biodiesel). A Lombardini 2-cylinder, four-stroke direct injection diesel engine with a compression ratio of 22.8 was developed using Ricardo Wave software in which diesel, palm oil biodiesel blends and pure biodiesel are used in the model, and the obtained results were analysed and presented. The simulation was done under varying engine speeds of 1200 rpm to 3200 rpm at full load condition. Biodiesel and its blends are more environment-friendly and non-toxic when compared to diesel fuel;it also improves the mechanical efficiency of the engines, and above all can also lead to a reduction in poverty among rural dwellers. The obtained results showed that brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency increased with palm oil biodiesel blends as compared to diesel fuel which might be a result of biodiesel’s lower heating value, and the increase in thermal energy may be a result of the oxygenation of the biodiesel blend as compared to pure diesel. In terms of brake torque, palm oil biodiesel blends were lesser than diesel fuel. The CO, HC, and NOx emissions of palm oil biodiesel blends decreased significantly compared to that of pure diesel. From this study, palm oil biodiesel emits lesser emissions than diesel fuel and its performance characteristics are similar to diesel fuel. Therefore, palm oil biodiesel can be used without any modifications directly in a diesel engine. In addition, it can also be used as blends as an alternative and sustainable fuel, decreasing air pollution, and increasing environmental sustainability.

Effect of <i>γ</i>-Valerolactone Blending on Engine Performance, Combustion Characteristics and Exhaust Emissions in a Diesel Engine

γ-valerolactone (GVL) is a C5-cyclic ester that can be produced from biomass providing a potentially renewable fuel for transportation and feedstock for the chemical industry. Experiments were performed with fossil diesel (D), D + biodiesel (BD) and D + BD + GVL blends. A four-cylinder, turbocharged direct injection diesel engine was used for the tests. The engine was coupled to a dynamometer to vary the load. CO, NOx, THC and smoke emissions were measured by using a multi-channel gas analyzer. Combustion characteristics were assessed by in-cylinder pressure data with respect to crank angle and the derived heat release rates. Compared with D, and D + BD blends, addition of GVL had relatively little effect on engine performance and NOx emission, but reduced the exhaust concentration of CO, unburned fuel and smoke significantly. The smoke reduction is particularly notable in view of the very recent suggestion that black carbon is the second most important greenhouse gas in the atmosphere next to carbon dioxide. No diesel engine study with GVL has been reported so far.

Emission and performance study emulsi ed orange peel oil biodiesel in an aspirated research engine

This study paves the way on reducing smoke emission and NO_x emissions of research diesel engine by detailing the e ect of water addition in biodiesel. Fuel samples were prepared with di erent concentrations of water in orange peel oil biodiesel(94% waste orange peel oil biodiesel + 4% water + 2% Span 80(WOPOBDE1) and 90% waste orange peel oil biodiesel + 8% water + 2% Span 80(WOPOBDE2). Span 80 was employed as a nonionic surfactant, which emulsifies water in biodiesel. Experimental results revealed that the nitrogen oxides and smoke emission of orange peel oil biodiesel emulsion were reduced by 11%–19% and 3%–21%, respectively, compared to that of neat orange peel oil biodiesel(WOPOBD). In addition, the introduction of orange peel oil–water emulsions in the diesel engine considerably reduced the emissions of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. The overall hydrocarbon emission of WOPOBDE2 was 12.2% lower than that of WOPOBD and 16.3% lower than that of diesel. The overall CO emission of WOPOBDE2 was 17% lower than that of base fuel(WOPOBD) and 21.8% lower than that of diesel. Experimental results revealed that modified fuel had higher brake thermal e ciency and lower brake specific fuel consumption than that of base fuel at all engine brake power levels.

Study on Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Diesel-2 Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate Blends

Diesel engines are the major contributors of various types of air polluting gases like carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, smoke, etc. Improvement of fuel properties is essential for suppression of Diesel pollutant emissions along with the optimization of design factors and after treatment equipment. Studies conducted in the past have shown that a significant reduction were obtained in the emissions using oxygenates. This paper investigates the performance and emission characteristics of a direct injection Diesel engine fueled with 2 Ethoxy Ethyl Acetate (EEA) blends. Different fuel blends which contain 5%, 10% and 15% of EEA were prepared and the effect of these blends on performance and emissions were studied on a single cylinder direct injection Diesel engine. The blends were tested under different load conditions and the result showed that EEA blended fuels improves the performance of the engine and reduce the emission level significantly.

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of DI diesel engine running on blends of honne oil/diesel fuel/kerosene/DMC

Honne oil(tamanu)(H),a non-edible vegetable oil is native for northwards of Northern Marianas islands and the Ryukyu Islands in southern Japan and westward throughout Polynesia.It has remained as an untapped new possible source of alternative fuel that can be used as diesel engine fuel.Literature pertaining to use of vegetable oil in diesel engine with kerosene and dimethyl carbonate(DMC)is scarce.The present research is aimed to investigate experimentally the performance,exhaust emission and combustion characteristics of a direct injection(DI)diesel engine,typically used in agricultural sector,over the entire load range,when fuelled with neat diesel(ND)and blends of diesel fuel(D)/DMC/H/kerosene(K).DMC/D/H/K blends have a potential to improve the performance and emissions and to be an alternative to ND.Experiments have been conducted when fuelled with H20(20%H+80%D),HK(20%H+40%K+40%D)and HKD5(20%H+40%K+35D+5%DMC)to HKD15 in steps of 5%DMC keeping H and K percentages constant.The emissions(CO,HC and smoke density(SD))of fuel blend HKD15 are found to be lowest,with SD dropping significantly.The NOx level is slightly higher with HKD5 to HKD15 as compared to ND.The brake thermal efficiency of HKD5 to HKD15 is same and it is higher than that of ND.There is a good trade off between NOx and SD.Peak cylinder pressure and premixed combustion phase increases as DMC content increase.

Performance, emission and combustion characteristics of direct injection diesel engine running on calophyllum inophyllum linn oil (honne oil)

The present work examines the use of a non-edible vegetable oil namely honne oil,a new possible source of alternative fuel for diesel engine.A Direct Injection(DI)diesel engine typically used in agricultural sector was operated on Neat Diesel(ND)and neat honne oil(H100).At maximum load,with H100,brake thermal efficiency and NOx emission decreased where as emissions like CO,HC,smoke opacity increased.With H100,peak cylinder pressure and maximum rate of pressure rise decreased compared to ND.With H100,occurrence of peak pressure is away from top dead center compared to ND.With H100,ignition delay and combustion duration increased compared to ND.

Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating on different water in diesel emulsion fuels:optimization using response surface methodology(RSM)

The nitrogen oxide(NOx)release of diesel engines can be reduced using water in diesel emulsion fuel without any engine modification.In the present paper,different formulations of water in diesel emulsion fuels were prepared by ultrasonic irradiation.The water droplet size in the emulsion,polydisperisty index,and the stability of prepared fuel was examined,experimentally.Afterwards,the performance characteristics and exhaust emission of a single cylinder air-cooled diesel engine were investigated using different water in diesel emulsion fuels.The effect of water content(in the range of 5%-10% by volume),surfactant content(in the range of 0.5%-2% by volume),and hydrophilic-lipophilic balance(HLB)(in the range of 5-8)was examined using Box-Behnken design(BBD)as a subset of response surface methodology(RSM).Considering multi-objective optimization,the best formulation for the emulsion fuel was found to be 5%water,2% surfactant,and HLB of 6.8.A comparison was made between the best emulsion fuel and the neat diesel fuel for engine performance and emission characteristics.A considerable decrease in the nitrogen oxide emission(-18.24%)was observed for the best emulsion fuel compared to neat diesel fuel.

Controlling of NO_x Emitted from a Diesel Engine Fueled on Biodiesel: Theoretical Modeling and Experimental Evaluation

The development of a diesel engine model using one-dimensional （1-D） fluid-dynamic engine simulation codes,and its validation using experimental measurements are described in this paper.The model was calibrated by running the engine on an electric dynamometer at eight steady-state operating conditions.The refined engine model was used to predict the oxides of nitrogen （NOx） less than those measured earlier in the experiments,and hence to recommend changes in the engine for the verification of the results.The refined engine model is greatly influenced by the start of injection angle （ψ）,ignition delay （φ）,premix duration （DP）,and main duration （DM） for the prediction of reduced NOx emissions.It is found that optimum ψ is 6.5° before top dead center （BTDC）.At this angle,the predicted and experimental results are in good agreement,showing only a difference of up to 4%,6.2%,and 7.5% for engine performance,maximum combustion pressure （Pmax）,and NOx,respectively.

Compacted graphite iron-A material solution for modern diesel engine cylinder blocks and heads

The demands for improved fuel economy,performance and emissions continue to pose challenges for engine designers and the materials they choose. This is particularly true for modern diesel engines,where the primary path to achieving improved engine performance and emissions is to increase the Peak Firing Pressure in the combustion chamber. The resulting increase in thermal and mechanical loading has required a change from conventional grey cast iron to Compacted Graphite Iron (CGI) in order to satisfy durability requirements without increasing the size or the weight of the engines. With at least 75% higher tensile strength,45% higher stiffness and approximately double the fatigue strength of conventional grey cast iron,CGI satisfies durability requirements and also provides the dimensional stability required to meet emissions legislation throughout the life of the engine. Currently,there are no CGI diesel engines running on the roads in North America. This is set to change considerably as new commercial vehicle and pick-up SUV diesel engines are launched with CGI cylinder blocks in 2008 and 2009. These initial programs will provide over 2 million CGI diesel engines when ramped to mature volume,potentially accounting for 10%-15% of the North American passenger vehicle fleet within the next four years.

Experimental study of effects of oxygen concentration on combustion and emissions of diesel engine

Effects of oxygen concentration on combustion and emissions of diesel engine are investigated by experiment.The intake oxygen concentration is controlled by adjusting CO2.The results show that very low levels of both soot and NOx emissions can be achieved by modulating the injection pressure,tim-ing,and boost pressure at the low levels of oxygen concentration.However,both CO and HC emissions and fuel consumption distinctly increase at the low levels of oxygen concentration.The results also indicate that NOx emissions strongly depend on oxygen concentration,while soot emissions strongly depend on injection pressure.Decreasing oxygen concentration is the most effective method to control NOx emissions.High injection pressure is necessary to reduce smoke emissions.High injection pres-sure can also decrease the CO and HC emissions and improve engine efficiency.With the increase of intake pressure,both NOx and smoke emissions decrease.However,it is necessary to use the appro-priate intake pressure in order to get the low HC and CO emissions with high efficiency.

Comparative Study of Exhaust Emissions from Diesel and Syngas Powered 3.5 kW Compression Ignition Engine with and without Load

Despite diesel engines being highly efficient, with low fuel consumption and reduced carbon dioxide emissions, they emit relatively high levels of particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) due to high exhaust gas temperatures. Engine emissions show the quality and completeness of combustion. This paper aims to present the results of a study comparing exhaust emissions from a diesel and syngas powered engine. Syngas was produced from co-firing coal and biomass in a gasifier then cleaned, cooled and applied as an alternative fuel in an engine operated from 0 - 100% load. Exhaust-emissions were monitored at this load conditions. The exhaust-temperature was measured using thermocouples and the emission gases were analyzed using Testo 350. The emissions were lower and decreased as the engine load increased, except for sulphur dioxide and NOx. The study shows that levels of carbon monoxide, were higher in a range of 46.5 - 80.2%, while carbon dioxide was 3.3 - 18% higher compared to those from diesel. Hydrocarbon emissions were 480 and 1250 ppm for diesel and syngas respectively. The study reveals that the engine operates optimally at higher loads since hydrocarbons and oxides of carbon are low due to complete combustion at higher temperatures. Exhaust gas temperature was higher in the syngas fuel and increased as the engine load increased in the range of 455.83 - 480.03˚C which influenced the formation of NOx. NOx from diesel was found to be higher, ranging from 32.5 - 40.5%, compared to those from syngas with an engine load of 75%. The study observed that relative to diesel, the emissions of sulfur dioxide at 50% engine load were lower in a range of 23.7 - 57.1%. Emissions of hydrocarbons depended on the degree of substitution of diesel and engine load. The study therefore shows that, relative to diesel, emissions decreased when syngas was used with upgraded syngas from Prosporis juliflora presenting as the best alternative followed by Hyphanae compressa, and lastly rice husk. For optimal performance of the syngas fuelled engine, the study reports that the engine should be operated at engine loads above 50% with strategies on NOx emissions considered.

电控放气阀涡轮增压器在柴油机上的试验研究

在一台满足国六b阶段排放标准的柴油机上,开展电控放气阀涡轮增压器对发动机性能、排放影响的试验研究。试验验证表明:发动机匹配电控放气阀涡轮增压器在发动机中高转速工况对油耗有一定改善,在中低负荷工况能降低油耗、提高排气温度。通过电控放气阀开度特性优化并确定最优的控制参数,在WHTC循环SCR催化器平均温度从226℃提升到246℃,冷态WHTC循环NOx排放降低25%,冷热加权NOx排放降低8.6%。

EGR技术对生物柴油混合燃料发动机性能的影响研究

为缓解柴油掺烧生物柴油导致的NO_(x)排放过高问题,将4190ZLC船用中速柴油机作为试验台架,通过AVL_FIRE软件建立燃烧室模型,并验证该模型准确性。设置生物柴油掺混比0~40%等4组变量,EGR率0~12.5%等4组变量,进行柴油机燃烧、性能和排放分析。结果表明,掺烧适量生物柴油能够降低柴油机缸内温度,降低Soot排放,但同时会导致NO_(x)排放明显升高;EGR的引入能够实现低温燃烧,显著降低NO_(x)排放,但EGR率过高会增加Soot排放。生物柴油掺混比B40、EGR率12.5%组合NO排放比原机降低47.7%,Soot排放质量分数比原机降低98.13%。本文结果将为柴油掺混生物柴油燃烧并结合EGR技术提供一定的研究方向。

不同引燃方式下氨掺氢燃烧对发动机的性能影响

氨被认为是最有前景的零碳燃料之一,但掺氨量过大时氨逃逸现象严重,故将氨中掺混一定比例氢气,促进缸内燃烧反应进行,并将引燃柴油替换成氢气实现零碳燃烧。本文使用CONVERGE软件进行仿真,模拟了柴油引燃与氢气引燃时,氨掺氢对发动机燃烧和排放性能的影响。研究发现在柴油引燃时,当掺氢比为30%时与0时相比,缸内爆压、功率升高,燃油消耗率下降,氨逃逸占比下降,NO_(x)排放升高,CO_(2)零增长,soot、HC等排放改善;在氢气引燃时,当掺氢比为30%时与0时相比,缸内爆压、功率升高,燃油消耗率下降,氨逃逸占比下降,NO_(x)排放升高4倍,燃烧前后CO_(2)零增长,掺氢燃烧后改善了发动机整体性能,柴油引燃模式缸内直喷氨气掺混30%氢是实现净零碳排放较优方案。研究结果为氨燃料的实用性提供了依据,并可用于指导试验研究。

重型柴油机低温起动及暖机过程的颗粒排放特性

低温环境下重型柴油机起动过程碳烟颗粒排放较高,严重影响起动效率。柴油机的低温起动性能受冷却液和润滑油温度的影响,为揭示低温环境下柴油机起动过程的碳烟颗粒排放变化规律,通过单缸发动机台架试验,对起动和暖机过程不同初始水温油温条件下的缸内压力、碳烟烟度和颗粒物浓度排放进行测量。试验结果表明:发动机低温起动初期碳烟排放最高,随着起动和暖机过程中水温油温升高碳烟排放逐渐降低,聚集态颗粒数浓度降低,核态颗粒数浓度升高,总颗粒数浓度受核态颗粒主导而升高;低温起动时提高初始水温、油温,起动和暖机过程中碳烟排放降低,核态颗粒数浓度、粒径、表面积和质量均降低,聚集态颗粒数浓度降低,大尺寸聚集态颗粒增多使得颗粒表面积和质量升高;低温环境下提高加温锅的加热能力以升高初始水温油温,可降低起动过程的碳烟和颗粒数排放,有助于提高起动效率和减少环境污染。

掺烧不同比例的异戊醇对船舶柴油机性能的影响

为了研究不同比例的异戊醇/柴油混合燃料在4190Z L C-2型船用中速柴油机中的燃烧和排放特性,运用AVL_FIRE仿真软件建立柴油机燃烧室模型,并通过台架实验验证其仿真模型的准确性。在仿真软件中通过调整异戊醇在柴油中的掺混比来研究混合燃料对柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响。结果表明:掺混异戊醇有助于改变NO的生成规律,使NO在速燃期的生成量上升,在缓燃期与后燃期的生成量减少,并且总体生成的NO质量分数降低;随着异戊醇掺混比的上升,CO最终生成质量分数下降,Soot最终生成质量分数上升,同时生成的Soot质量分数峰值降低,在缓燃期的氧化速率增快,并因为较快的耗氧量使得最终生成的Soot质量分数比纯柴油的高。

气门间隙对柴油机性能及排放的影响

气门间隙是传统柴油发动机的关键参数,合理的气门间隙应兼顾发动机可靠性、性能及排放。通过发动机试验台架测试稳态工况的性能、排放,研究不同进、排气门间隙与发动机性能、排放的关系。试验结果表明,进气门间隙对性能、排放的影响较小,排气门间隙对发动机性能、排放的影响远大于进气门间隙的影响。排气门间隙对发动机充气效率影响明显,特别是高速大负荷,0.4mm间隙的充气效率较0.2mm间隙的充气效率提高了0.027;受气门间隙对充气效率的影响,排气门间隙对高速大负荷的排气温度影响大于其他区域,气门间隙使排气温度下降14.3℃;氮氧化合物排放与排气门间隙呈正相关,对中高速大负荷的氮氧影响大于其他区域;碳烟排放与排气门间隙总体呈负相关,对低速中负荷工况影响较大,气门间隙使烟度下降0.12FSN。

柴油发动机水温过高的问题分析

柴油发动机水温过高的原因多种多样,包括冷却系统故障、发动机内部问题以及不良运行环境等。这些原因会造成发动机性能下降、油耗增加以及设备寿命缩短。为了应对这些问题,需检查和维修冷却系统,优化发动机水道设计,改善运行环境,并提高油品质量和维护水平。确保发动机在适宜温度下运行,对于保障设备性能和延长使用寿命至关重要。