Volatilization behaviors of diesel oil from the soils

The volatilization of diesel oil, Shengli crude oil and 90# gasoline on glass surface of petri dishes were conducted at the ambient temperature of 25℃. Diesel oil evaporates in a power manner, where the loss of mass is approximately power with time. 90# gasoline evaporates in a logarithmic with time. Where as the volatilization of Shengli crude oil fit either the logarithmic or power equation after different time, and has similar R2. And the effects of soil type and diesel oil and water content on volatilization behavior in unsaturated soil were studied in this paper. Diesel oil and water content in the soils play a large role in volatilization from soils. Appropriate water helps the wicking action but too much water stops it. The wicking action behaves differently in four different types of soils in the same volatilization experiment of 18% diesel oil content and air-dry condition.

Influence of biosurfactant on the diesel oil remediation in soil-water system

There were six high diesel oil degrading bacteria strains isolated from the oil contaminated soil that collected from Linzi City. The strain YI was able to produce biosurfactant rhanmolipid when cultivated on diesel oil as carbon source. The critical micelle concentrations （CMC） of rhanmolipid in water and in the soil were measured respectively according to the correlation between the surface tension of the medium and the added rhamnolipid concentration. The results showed that the CMC of rhanmolipid in water was 65 mg/L, and was 185 mg/L in soil. The tests on diesel oil biodegradation were conducted with the addition of different concentrations of rhamnolipid in water and in soil respectively. When 0.01% rhanmolipid was added to water, the diesel oil degradation was enhanced. On the contrary, when the same concentration of rhanmolipid was added to the soil, the degradation of diesel oil was inhibited. The results suggested that the rhamnolipid could enhance the diesel oil biodegradation, indicating that the concentration of rhamnolipid was higher than the corresponding CMC in the medium. Kinetics parameters for the diesel oil biodegradation parameters such as biodegradation constant （λ）, coefficient of correlation （r） and half life （t1/2） in both tests were numerically analyzed in this paper, indicating that the moderate concentration of rhamnolipid in the medium could not only enhance the extent of diesel oil biodegradation but also shorten the time for oil remediation.

Synthesis of Ni_2P promoted trimetallic NiMoW/γ-Al_2O_3 catalysts for diesel oil hydrotreatment

The Ni2P promoted and γ-Al2O3 supported NiMoW sulfide catalyst consisting of 4 wt% Mo, 22 wt% W, 2 wt% Ni and 2.5 wt% Ni2P was synthesized by a co-impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform （DRIFT） spectroscopy, NH3 temperature-programmed desorption （NH3-TPD） and transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The results showed that Ni2P, Ni, Mo and W species were highly dispersed over γ-Al2O3. The hydrodesulfurization （HDS） of dibenzothiophene （DBT） showed that the presence of Ni2P brought a strong promotional effect on the HDS activity, which was further confirmed by the HDS and hydrodenitrogenation （HDN） of diesel oil under industrial conditions. The enhancement in HDN activity and stability by Ni2P addition could be attributed more to the effect of new active sites of Ni2P than that of acidity modification. The as-prepared Ni2P-NiMoW/γ-Al2O3 catalyst showed better hydrotreating performance than NiMoW/γ-Al2O3 and commercial catalysts.

Application of bacteria-plant association in bio-degradation of diesel oil pollutants in soil

The bacteria and plants were associated to remove diesel oil pollutants from soil.Three efficiently degrading bacteria(named strains Q10,Q14 and Q18,respectively) were isolated.Two plants(alfalfa and Indian mustard) were selected to form the association.Biodegradation of diesel oil pollutants in soil was accelerated by bacteria-plants association.The main results are summarized as follows.The plants-bacteria association was more effective in biodegradation of diesel oil pollutants in soil than in respective experiments carried out with plants or bacteria alone.Strain Q18-Indian mustard association resulted in the maximum diesel oil reduction(69.18%).The activities of catalase and polyphenol oxidase in soil were enhanced and microbial populations in soil,especially in rhizosphere,were also stimulated in the treatment of bacteria-plant association.Overall,the soil conditions might be improved by alfalfa or Indian mustard to benefit the growth of bacteria,which resulted in degradation of diesel oil pollutants more effective by the bacteria-plant association.The bacteria-plants association may be a better approach to the removal of diesel oil pollutants from soil.

Effect of Resin Composite Materials Containing Tourmaline Powders Modified with Lanthanum Element on Diesel Oil Combustion

The resin composite materials (RCM) were prepared by the method of doping resin with tourmaline powders modified with lanthanum element. It was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), IR radiation determination, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR). The results showed that the RCM could radiate higher intensity of far infrared. The molecular movement was strengthened and the inter-molecular contacts were easily reduced when the diesel oil was dealt with the RCM. The effects of the RCM on the oil consumption and air pollutant emissions of oil-burning boiler were investigated. The oil-saving rate of the RBS·VH-1.5 boiler dealt with the RCM was 2.76%, and the reducing rates of CO and NO in the exhaust gas were 32.9% and 15.8%, respectively.

Effects of diesel oil on the polychaete Annelida in model benthic ecosystem

An experiment about the effect of diesel oil pollution on the model benthic ecosystem was conducted inthe land-based tank at the 3rd Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, in Xiamen, added with No.0 diesel oil at concentrations of 5, 25, 125, 625 mg/dm3 in water of series sub-tanks for 16 h. The changes in polychaete community were studied in the period of two weeks with results that though all concentrations did not basically altered the population structure and composition, the total biomass decreased significantly and individualstended to be smaller in size. The average weight of individual decreased with the increase of diesel pollutant stress.

Series 190 Diesel Engines Used in China's Oil Drilling

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An Experimental Study on the Interaction between Hydrate Formation and Wax Precipitation in Waxy Oil-in-Water Emulsions

The coupled formation of wax crystals and hydrates is a critical issue for the safety of deep-sea oil and gas exploration and subsea transport pipeline flow.Therefore,this paper conducts an experimental study on the characteristics of methane hydrate formation in a water-in-oil(W/O)system with different wax crystal contents and explores the influence of different initial experimental pressures on the induction period and maximum rate of hydrate formation.The wavelet function was introduced to process the reaction rate and calculate the maximum speed of hydrate formation.Notably,the higher the pressure,the smaller the maximum rate of hydrate formation.We observed that wax crystal precipitation increases the viscosity of the emulsion,which limits the diffusion of gas in the liquid phase during hydrate nucleation and thus delays the hydrate nucleation.The methane gas precipitation also affects the remaining fraction’s wax content and therefore affects the wax precipitation.Secondary hydrate formation was observed several times during the experiment,increasing the risk of pipeline blockage.Overall,this work provides insights into the effect of wax crystal precipitation on hydrate behaviour that could facilitate flow assurance applications in subsea multiphase pipelines and inform the safe transportation of oil and gas pipelines.

Infiltration characteristics of non-aqueous phase liquids in undisturbed loessal soil cores

The widespread contamination of soils and aquifers by non-aqueous phase liquids （NAPL）, such as crude oil, poses serious environmental and health hazards globally. Understanding the infiltration characteristics of NAPL in soil is crucial in mitigating or remediating soil contamination. The infiltration characteristics of crude and diesel oils into undisturbed loessal soil cores, collected in polymethyl methacrylate cylindrical columns, were investigated under a constant fluid head （3 era） of either crude oil or diesel oil. The infiltration rate of both crude and diesel oils decreased exponentially as wetting depth increased with time. Soil core size and bulk density both had significant effects on NAPL infiltration through the undisturbed soil cores; a smaller core size or a greater bulk density could reduce oil penetration to depth. Compacting soil in areas susceptible to oil spills may be an effective stratage to reduce contamination. The infiltration of NAPL into soil cores was spatially anisotropic and heterogeneous, thus recording the data at four points on the soil core is a good stratage to improve the accuracy of experimental results. Our results revealed that crude and diesel oils, rather than their components, have a practical value for remediation of contaminated loessal soils.

Effects of nitrate concentration in interstitial water on the bioremediation of simulated oil-polluted shorelines

Nutrient addition has been proved to be an effective strategy to enhance oil biodegradation in marine shorelines. To determine the optimal range of nutrient concentrations in the bioremediation of oil-polluted beaches, nitrate was added to the simulated shoreline models in the initial concentration of 1, 5 and 10 mg/L. Whenever the NO3-N concentration declined to 70% of its original value, additional nutrients were supplemented to maintain a certain range. Results showed adding nutrients increased the oil biodegradation level, the counts of petroleum degrading bacteria （PDB） and heterotrophic bacteria （HB）, and the promoted efficiency varied depending on the concentration of nitrate. Oil degradation level in 5 mg/L （NO3-N） group reached as much as 84.3% accompanied with the consistently highest counts of PDB; while in l mg/L group oil removal efficiency was only 35.2%, and the numbers of PDB and HB were relatively low compared to the other groups supplemented with nutrients. Although counts of HB in the 10 mg/L group were remarkable, lower counts of PDB resulted in poorer oil removal efficiency （70.5%） compared to 5 mg/L group. Furthermore, it would need more NO3-N （0.371 mg） to degrade 1 mg diesel oil in the 10 mg/L group than in the 5 mg/L group （0.197 mg）. In conclusion, Nitrate concentration in 5 mg/L is superior to l and 10 mg/L in the enhancement of diesel oil biodegradation in simulated shorelines.

Effect of Rare Earth Composite Ceramic Materials on Oil Combustion of Oil-Burning Boiler

The rare earth composite ceramic materials were prepared using rare earths and far infrared natural mineral. The effects of the as-prepared ceramic materials on the oil consumption and air pollutants emissions of oil-burning boiler were investigated. The results show that the composite ceramic materials can radiate higher intensity of far infrared. The molecular movement is strengthened and the chemical bonds of the molecules are easily ruptured when the diesel oil is dealt with the composite materials. The oil-saving rate of the RBS·VH-1 .5 boiler dealt with the rare earth composite ceramic materials is 3.49%, and the reducing rates of CO and NO in the exhaust gas are 25.4% and 9.7%, respectively.

STUDY ON FLUID THICKNESS BETWEEN POPPET AND VALVE GUIDE IN CONTROL VALVE OF INJECTOR

The physical model of -20 diesel oil and force model of injector controlvalve of common rail system is built. The changes of the fluid thickness are investigated on thebase of the results of CFD and experiments for control valve of injector. The results indicate thata fluid thickness of 0.02-0.03 mm between the poppet and valve guide is sufficient to dampen anyexcessive control valve poppet bouncing.

水基性透明液体剂型的加工、性能和差异(Ⅱ)

4微乳剂早在20世纪40年代,Hoar和Schulman等人发现油-水混合物借助表面活性剂可以自发地形成透明的分散体系,由于所形成的液滴粒径非常小,后来将这种体系命名为微乳液。此后证明,它是一个热力学上稳定的、均相的水包油型乳液可溶体系,加工的微乳液剂型即为微乳剂。微乳液存在3种结构类型,即O/W型。

Growth Kinetics Study of a Bacterial Consortium Producing Biosurfactants,Constructed with Six Strains Isolated from an Oily Sludge

We investigated the ability of a bacterial community constructed with six strains isolated from an oily sludge, to utilize diesel oil at high concentrations. The consortium was able to grow at concentrations up to 84 g diesel oil/L and had produced biosurfactants during its active growth phase;these compounds, in their crude form, reduced the surface tension of distilled water from 72 mN/m to 31 mN/m, with a corresponding Critical Micelle Concentration value γCMC = 81 mg/L. The plot of specific growth rates obtained from the growth curves versus initial concentrations was found to fit adequately the experimental data by the Andrews inhibitory model, which resulted in the following kinetic constants: μmax = 0.535d-1 ± 0.063, KS = 18.68 g/L ± 3.59 and KI = 29.02 g/L ± 4.96, reflecting the slow biodegradation rate. At 25.2 g diesel oil/L, close to the optimal concentration S* = 23.28 g/L ± 4.23, the consortium metabolized diesel oil faster than each strain did individually, suggesting that the process was stimulated by a synergistic interaction between the members of the consortium.

Sulfur-Selective Desulfurization of Dibenzothiophene and Diesel Oil by Newly Isolated Rhodococcus erythropolis NCC-1

A dibenzothiophene （DBT）-desulfurizing bacteria strain was isolated from oil-contaminated soils and identified as Rhodococcus erythropolis NCC-1. Strain NCC-1 was found to convert DBT to hydroxybiphenyl （2-HBP） via the 4S pathway and also be able to use organic sulfur compounds other than DBT as a sole sulfur source. The strain could desulfurize 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene （4,6-DMDBT）, which is one of the most recalcitrant dibenzothiophene derivatives to hydrodesulfurization. When two type of oils, a model oil [n-hexadecane （n-C16） containing DBT] and a hydrodesulfurized diesel oil with various organic sulfur compounds, were treated with Rhodococcus erythropolis NCC-1 cells, the total sulfur content significantly decreased, from 150 to 20 mg/L for n-C16 and from 554 to 274 mg/L for diesel oil. The newly isolated strain NCC-1 is considered to have good potential for application in the biodesulfurization of fossil fuels.

Wear and performance analysis of a 4-stroke diesel engine employing nanolubricants

In the present study, the performance of a 4-stroke diesel engine was experimentally evaluated upon adding Al2O3 or SiO2 nanoparticles to the engine oil （SAEISW40）. The viscosity and density of the resulting nanolubricants were determined while varying both the nanoparticle volume fraction and the temperature. Field emission scanning electron microscopy （FE-SEM） showed that the nanoparticles had a spherical morphology and dynamic light scattering analysis determined some aggregation of the nanoparticles in the engine oil. A pin-on-disc test apparatus was used for friction and wear analysis in the presence of the nanolubricants. Examination of wear scars by FE-SEM and energy dispersive spectroscopy found evidence of ball bearing and surface polishing effects, which were responsible for improvements in the tribological properties of the oil. The performance of these nanolubricants in a 4- stroke diesel engine test rig was assessed, and the greatest improvements in the tribological behavior and engine performance were observed when employing 0.3 vol% Al2O3.