Droplet Size Distribution on the Large-holed Compound Sieve Tray in the Spray Regime

The droplet size distribution with large-holed compound sieve tray operating in the spray regime is measured by using a double electrical probes technique in a cold model column of 400 mm diameter. The results indicate that the hole F-factor F0 and surface tension are the main factors which influence the liquid dispersion expressed by the Sauter mean diameter D32. A correlation of D32 on surface tension, viscosity, .F-factor, weir height and liquid flow rate is proposed.

Coordination of distinctive pesticide adjuvants and atomization nozzles on droplet spectrum evolution for spatial drift reduction

Pesticide adjuvants,as crop protection products,have been widely used to reduce drift loss and improve utilization efficiency by regulating droplet spectrum.However,the coordinated regulation mechanisms of adjuvants and nozzles on droplet spectrum remain unclear.Here,we established the relationship between droplet spectrum evolution and liquid atomization by investigating the typical characteristics of droplet diameter distribution near the nozzle.Based on this,the regulation mechanisms of distinctive pesticide adjuvants on droplet spectrum were clarified,and the corresponding drift reduction performances were quantitively evaluated by wind tunnel experiments.It shows that the droplet diameter firstly shifts to the smaller due to the liquid sheet breakup and then prefers to increase caused by droplet interactions.Reducing the surface tension of sprayed liquid facilitates the uniform liquid breakup and increasing the viscosity inhibits the liquid deformation,which prolong the atomization process and effectively improve the droplet spectrum.As a result,the drift losses of flat-fan and hollow cone nozzles are reduced by about 50%after adding organosilicon and vegetable oil adjuvants.By contrast,the air induction nozzle shows a superior anti-drift ability,regardless of distinctive adjuvants.Our findings provide insights into rational adjuvant design and nozzle selection in the field application.

Experimental study on the improvement of spray characteristics of aero-engines using gliding arc plasma

A gliding arc plasma fuel atomization actuator suitable for aeroengines was designed,and a gliding arc plasma fuel spray experimental platform was built to address the fuel atomization problem in aeroengine combustion chambers.The spray characteristics for different airflows,fuel flows,and discharge voltages were analyzed using laser particle size analysis.The research shows that the fuel atomization effect is improved from the increased airflow.The decreased fuel flow not only reduces the injection pressure of the fuel but also changes the discharge mode of the gliding arc,which affects reductions in the discharge power and inhibits fuel atomization.Gliding arc discharges accelerate the breaking,atomization,and evaporation of fuel droplets while reducing the particle size,which increases the proportion of small droplets.Compared with the working conditions of plasma-assisted atomization without the gliding arc,the D0.5,D0.9,and average particle size of the fuel droplets are reduced by 4.7%,6.5%,and 4.1%,respectively,when the modulation voltage of the gliding arc power supply is 200 V.

Rapid velocity reduction and drift potential assessment of off-nozzle pesticide droplets

The droplet velocity and diameter significantly affect both the spatial drift loss and the interfacial deposition behaviors, thus determining the ultimate utilization efficiency during pesticide spraying.Investigating the spatial velocity and diameter evolutions can reveal the mechanism of drift loss and guide to design regulation strategy. Here, we explored the spatial velocity distribution of droplets after leaving the nozzle by particle image velocimetry technology and particle tracking model, considering that the effect of nozzle configuration and the air velocity. It shows that all droplets decelerate rapidly with the velocity attenuation ratio ranging from 50% to 80% within the region of 200 mm below the nozzle.The spatial velocity evolution differences between droplets in crossflow are determined by the competition of vertical drag force and net gravity, and the drag force sharply increases as the droplet diameter decreases, especially for that smaller than 150 μm. Based on the spatial evolution differences of the droplet velocity and diameter, a functional adjuvant was added to the liquid for improving the diameter distribution. And the drift loss was significantly reduced due to the reduction of the proportion of easily drifting droplets.

Spray Characteristics Study of Combined Trapezoid Spray Tray

The spray behaviors of the combined trapezoid spray tray(CTST) have a significant effect on the gas-liquid interface. In this paper, the spray process of CTST in a column, 570 mm in diameter, was experimentally investigated by using a high-speed camera, and a theoretical model of the average droplet size was established according to the unstable wave theory. The results demonstrated that gas velocity passing through the hole is the key factor affecting the spray angle, which increases gradually with an increase in the gas velocity. When the gas velocity exceeds 7.5 m/s, the spray angle becomes stable at around 55°. The average flow velocity of the liquid sheet at the spray-hole increases significantly with an increase in the gas velocity, and decreases slightly with an increase in the liquid flow rate; moreover, it increases from the bottom of spray hole upward to the top. The density of liquid drops distribution in the spray area can be described by the RosinRammler function. In addition, the liquid drops are mainly concentrated in the area of spray angle ranging from 20° to 40°, and they gradually become uniform with the increase in the gas velocity and the liquid flow rate. The average liquid drop size deceases with an increase in the gas velocity, and increases slightly with an increasing liquid flow rate. In the normal working range, the average liquid drop size is about 1.0 mm to 2.5 mm in diameter.

In situ characterization of particle formation in spray flame synthesis using wide-angle light scattering

Wide-angle light scattering(WALS)was used for in situ measurements of droplet and nanoparticle size distributions during the synthesis of titania and iron oxide particles from liquid precursor solutions in the standardized SpraySyn burner for spray flame synthesis.Titania was synthesized from titanium tetraisopropoxide(TTIP)and iron oxide from iron(II)nitrate nonahydrate(INN)using ethanol(EtOH)as solvent.Scattering images were taken at heights up to 120 mm above the burner surface and classified into droplet and particle scattering.Droplet size distributions were derived from a sequential analysis of scattering data containing the oscillating Mie pattern,the lognormal size distribution parameters for spherical and fractal particle fractions from a multivariate approach on averaged particle scattering data.The results show that the precursor addition leads to altered evaporation behavior and even droplet disruption probably induced by puffing or micro-explosions compared to pure EtOH.In the case of TTIP(a hygroscopic alkoxide),the synthesis of a large fraction of spheres was observed,while the nitrate INN leads to the formation of mostly fractal aggregates.

Droplet size and spray pattern characteristics of PWM-based continuously variable spray

A Pulse-Width-Modulation-based(PWM-based)continuously variable sprayer was developed using a proportional regulating solenoid valve.Variable flow-rate was obtained by varying the duty cycle of the actuating signal with 24 kHz frequency.Flow-rate regulating ranges of the PWM-based continuously variable spray(i.e.the turndown ratio responding to 100%-40%duty cycle)are 7.14:1,3.57:1,and 3.70:1 for flat-fan,hollow-cone and solid-cone nozzles,respectively.The purpose of the study was to evaluate the PWM-based continuously variable spray.The method was to quantify the effects of flow-rate control on spray characteristics in terms of droplet size spectra,spray distribution patterns,and spray angle for flat-fan,hollow-cone,solid-cone nozzles.For all nozzles tested,spray distribution concentrated on the center of the spray field with the decrease of flow-rate.But the spray shape is still symmetrical.The sensitivities of the spray angles to flow-rate were 0.83,0.67,and 0.58(o)/%respectively for flat-fan,hollow-cone and solid-cone nozzles.Compared with the sensitivities of spray angle for PWM-based intermittent variable spray,they are somewhat larger.As flow-rate was reduced from the maximum(100%flow-rate)to the minimum controllable rate,the observed median diameter of spray droplets decreased by 5.4%,9.8%,and 9.9%for flat-fan,hollow-cone and solid-cone nozzles,respectively.This indicates that spray droplet size was affected slightly by flow-rate control.

Study on imaging method for measuring droplet size in large sprays

Information of droplet size and size distribution lays the basis for investigations of atomization mechanisms and performance optimization, However, the laser diffraction and phase Doppler particle analyzers have difficulty in accurately characterizing sprays with a wide range of droplet sizes and very large droplets, especially ira large number of droplets are aspherical. A method to measure size in such large- droplet sprays based on digital imaging with backward illumination was developed, including an image acquisition system and image process programs. Calibration of the measurement system was performed using a dot calibration target with different dot sizes. An experimental setup was designed and established to characterize spray nozzles under different operation loads, as well as different nozzle arrangements. Results show that the droplet size of sprays ranges from dozens of microns to several millimeters. The superiority of wide load range for such nozzles was indicated by the size-measurement results under half-load to full-load operations. The present study revealed that the image processing technique can be effectively implemented for in-line size measurements of sprays with a wide distribution of droplet size and aspherical droplets, which would be difficult to characterize bv other methods.

柴油与LPG/柴油双燃料喷雾特性的对比

采用高分辨率数码照相机对柴油与 LPG/柴油混合喷雾特性进行了对比研究。结果表明 ,随着 LPG掺混比的增大 ,喷雾油滴的平均直径减小 ,油滴尺寸数目分布曲线向小颗粒方向偏移 ,小颗粒油滴数目增多 ,雾化质量提高 ,使发动机碳烟排放大幅度降低 ;大颗粒油滴尺寸变化不大 ,小颗粒油滴尺寸变小 ,相对尺寸范围和发散边界扩大。随着喷雾贯穿距离的增大 ,柴油油滴的粒度增大 ;混合燃料的油滴尺寸的数目分布向小颗粒偏移 ,累积容积油滴直径则增大 ;相对尺寸范围和发散边界呈减小趋势 ,油滴容积分布在较大油滴的范围内渐趋均匀 ;喷射距离较长 ,油束射程总是等于油束到达燃烧室壁面的最大距离。

乙醇/柴油混合燃料喷雾粒度分布特性研究

采用激光粒度分析仪对乙醇/柴油混合燃料稳态自由喷雾粒度分布进行了试验研究,并就不同喷油压力、喷孔直径对乙醇、柴油及乙醇/柴油混合燃料稳态自由喷雾粒度分布的影响进行了对比研究。试验结果表明:各种燃料喷雾索特平均直径(SMD)的空间分布沿喷雾轴线均呈逐渐减小的趋势,其中柴油喷雾的SMD在20～40μm范围内变化,乙醇喷雾较柴油喷雾具有更小的SMD,且其空间分布较为均匀;随着乙醇含量的增加,乙醇/柴油混合燃料喷雾的SMD不断减小,其SMD大小和空间分布均匀性介于柴油喷雾和乙醇喷雾之间。

引射空气对压力旋流喷嘴喷雾特性的影响

用定容器模拟斯特林发动机的燃烧室,以低硫柴油为介质,利用高速摄影仪和激光粒度仪,研究了空气引射对压力旋流喷嘴的喷雾发展规律和粒径分布的影响规律.结果表明,喷油量和气流引射对喷雾发展特征和雾滴直径分布影响很大,引射气流能消除静态喷雾初期的液体滴漏现象,使得形成稳定喷雾的时间变短,喷雾扩散度增大,雾滴扩散程度明显增大,宏观喷雾形态改善;气体引射使得喷雾粒径减小,粒径分布范围更加集中,雾化效果明显改善.

激光全息技术应用于柴油喷雾场的研究

为进行柴油喷雾场的深入研究，作者研制了激光全息测量方法及分析系统。它包括高分辨率的光学成像系统、高质量的实像再现系统、喷束和激光脉冲的同步控制系统以及计算机图像处理系统。从而使巨脉冲激光同轴全息术得以成功地应用于柴油机密集喷雾场的研究。通过应用最新计算机图像处理技术而获得的三维油束图像，揭示了油束的微观结构与传统理论相悖的奥秘，形象地观察到油束随时间的发展历程以及在不同喷油条件下粒径、颗粒密度的空间分布特征。

基于最大熵原理的喷雾液滴尺寸和速度联合分布函数

应用最大熵原理和动量守恒定律,从理论上建立了喷雾液滴尺寸和速度联合分布函数。应用该方程编制数值计算程序,对纯柴油与质量掺混比为30%(L30)的柴油/液化石油气(LPG)混合燃料的喷雾液滴尺寸和速度联合分布进行了数值计算,比较了两种燃料的雾化特性。比较结果表明:由于L30闪急沸腾效应的影响,其液滴尺寸分布曲线的峰值明显高于柴油的分布曲线峰值,且峰值和曲线整体趋势都向小颗粒方向偏移,说明喷射L30产生的液滴颗粒比柴油颗粒小;L30的速度分布曲线峰值较高,且位于小速度范围,说明小速度液滴所占的比例更大。液滴尺寸与速度(D-u)等高线图表明:液滴颗粒越小,其速度分布范围越广;液滴速度越小,其尺寸分布范围越大。L30液滴尺寸与速度联合分布的收敛速度较快,说明L30喷雾所产生的小颗粒和小速度液滴更加密集,雾化质量更佳。

LPG/柴油混合燃料喷雾液滴尺寸分布的数值模拟

运用最大熵原理和质量守恒定律,推导出混合燃料喷雾液滴尺寸分布函数,建立了柴油和LPG/柴油混合燃料的喷雾液滴尺寸分布模型,对纯柴油、LPG与柴油质量掺混比为30%的L30混合燃料进行了模拟计算,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:由于LPG的闪急沸腾效应,LPG/柴油混合燃料的喷雾液滴尺寸分布相对于柴油的尺寸分布向小颗粒方向偏移;计算数据与试验数据拟合很好,柴油中溶入LPG有助于改善雾化质量。

柴油机雾化油滴尺寸和速度联合分布的理论和实验研究

应用曹建明建立的喷雾液滴尺寸和速度最大熵分布模型,编制Fortran语言数值计算程序,对柴油雾化油滴尺寸和速度联合分布进行了数值计算。采用闪光摄影方法拍摄离散油滴的摄动拖尾照片,用Photoshop程序人工判读和统计了雾化油滴的尺寸和速度。将理论计算结果与实验数据进行了对比研究,结果表明,中等尺寸的油滴数目占油滴总数的比例较大,小颗粒油滴和大颗粒油滴数目都较少;中速油滴数目占油滴总数的比例较大,高速和低速油滴数目均较少;中间直径的速度分布范围宽;中速的尺寸分布范围宽。随着油滴直径的增大,速度分布曲线先增大后减小,峰值向低速方向偏移;随着油滴速度的增大,尺寸分布曲线先增大后减小,峰值向小颗粒方向偏移。理论模型的数值计算结果与实验数据拟合较好。

基于激光衍射原理的柴油机瞬变喷雾场粒径分布测量系统研究

摘要柴油机喷雾场是高速运动的持续时间只有数毫秒的瞬变喷雾场,实际测量柴油机喷雾场粒径分布随时间的变化对柴油机燃烧过程的研究具有重大意义.本文介绍的测量系统是我们针对柴油机的雾场特点研制的激光衍射瞬变雾场测量系统.该系统可以在一个喷雾周期内连续多次对柴油机雾场进行取样,可以测量在一个喷雾周期内喷油雾场粒径分布随时间的变化特性.本文还介绍了使用该系统进行的柴油机瞬变喷雾场粒径分布实测研究.

Effects of different nozzle materials on atomization results via CFD simulation

Spray drying,as a crucial operation in industrial production,converts solution to fine particle.The spray moiety directly affects the final particle morphology,size and distribution.Compared with the experimental method,computational fluid dynamics(CFD)modeling is a powerful and convenient tool for simulating the spray process.Based on the verified CFD model,different materials of atomizer were simulated to investigate the effect on droplet size and distribution in this work.The modeling result proved that the droplet size and distribution were influenced by the resistance coefficient of materials,wherein the Reynolds number could change the effect of roughness along with the change of mass flow rate on spray process.The results in this work have implication for controlling droplet size through developing new spray nozzle with different materials or surface coating.

柴油机选择性催化还原系统喷雾粒径分布试验

应用激光粒度仪研究了两种尿素喷射系统喷雾的粒径及其分布特征。对比分析了以纯净水和尿素溶液作为喷雾介质时喷雾粒径的分布情况,研究了喷射压力和喷射脉宽对无空气辅助喷射系统粒径的影响。改变有空气辅助喷射系统辅助气体的压力,测量了喷雾离开喷射器后的粒径分布。试验结果表明:以纯净水替代尿素溶液进行喷雾试验是可行的。无空气辅助喷射系统喷射压力由0.2 MPa升高至0.9 MPa,喷雾索特平均直径从146μm减小至49μm。在相同喷射周期内,无空气辅助喷射系统采用小喷射脉宽有利于喷雾雾化。有空气辅助喷射系统的雾化效果优于无空气辅助喷射系统。增大辅助气体压力可以提高有空气辅助喷射系统的雾化效果。

排气管壁面温度对尿素水溶液雾化效果的影响

为解决发动机排气管在排气温度较低时出现的尿素结晶问题,该研究从改进尿素水溶液(Urea Water Solution,UWS)雾化效果角度进行分析,搭建UWS喷射雾化试验台架,利用智能温控仪提供恒温壁面,利用高速摄像机记录UWS碰撞不同温度壁面的过程,采用激光粒度仪探究UWS以30°入射角分别碰撞常温(20℃)、100、150和200℃温度壁面后,近壁面处液滴粒径随时间的变化趋势。结果表明:不同壁面温度条件下,液滴的索特平均直径(Sauter Mean Diameter,SMD)大小呈‘M’形分布,测试空间内的SMD整体变化趋势一致,随着壁面温度的升高,SMD逐渐减小。UWS与不同温度壁面碰撞的初期,常温(20℃)壁面的主射区液滴粒径在120~180μm,反射区液滴粒径在100~120μm;壁面温度为100℃时,主射区液滴粒径在120~140μm,反射区液滴粒径在90~110μm;壁面温度为150℃时,主射区液滴粒径在100~120μm,反射区液滴粒径在80~100μm,壁面温度为200℃时,主射区液滴粒径集中在50~70μm,反射区液滴粒径在30~50μm,随着时间的延长,液滴粒径逐渐减小,最后保持稳定。随着壁面温度的升高,测试空间内液滴粒径随时间延长而减小的速度增加,雾化效果更好,壁面残留物经历了由尿素水溶液到尿素晶体、再到熔融态尿素晶体、最后为少量白色粉尘(氰酸聚合物)4个阶段。UWS形成的壁面液膜随着壁面温度的升高逐渐减小,当壁面温度较高时则不会有液膜形成。研究结果可为解决排气管内尿素结晶问题提供理论依据。

Evaluation of a Pulse Width Modulated Bypass Nozzle for the Development of a Variable Load Residential Oil Burner

Due to the need for energy conservation in buildings and the simultaneous benefit of cost savings, the development of a low firing rate load modulating residential oil burner is very desirable. One of the two main requirements of such a burner is the development of a burner nozzle that is able to maintain the particle size distribution of the fuel spray in the desirable (small) size range for efficient and stable combustion. The other being the ability to vary the air flow rate and air distribution around the fuel nozzle in the burner for optimal combustion at the current fuel firing rate. In this paper, which deals with the first requirement, we show that by using pulse width modulation in the bypass channel of a commercial off-the-shelf bypass nozzle, this objective can be met. Here we present results of spray patterns and particle size distribution for a range of fuel firing rates. The results show that a desirable fuel spray pattern can be maintained over a fuel firing rate turndown ratio (Maximum Fuel Flow Rate/Minimum Fuel Flow Rate) of 3.7. Thus here we successfully demonstrate the ability to electronically vary the fuel firing rate by more than a factor of 3 while simultaneously maintaining good atomization.