Ketogenic diet alleviates cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice via the Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by cognitive decline and chronic inflammation within the brain.The ketogenic diet,a widely recognized therapeutic intervention for refractory epilepsy,has recently been proposed as a potential treatment for a variety of neurological diseases,including Alzheimer's disease.However,the efficacy of ketogenic diet in treating Alzheimer's disease and the underlying mechanism remains unclear.The current investigation aimed to explore the effect of ketogenic diet on cognitive function and the underlying biological mechanisms in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.Male amyloid precursor protein/presenilin 1(APP/PS1)mice were randomly assigned to either a ketogenic diet or control diet group,and received their respective diets for a duration of 3 months.The findings show that ketogenic diet administration enhanced cognitive function,attenuated amyloid plaque formation and proinflammatory cytokine levels in APP/PS1 mice,and augmented the nuclear factor-erythroid 2-p45 derived factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway while suppressing the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway.Collectively,these data suggest that ketogenic diet may have a therapeutic potential in treating Alzheimer's disease by ameliorating the neurotoxicity associated with Aβ-induced inflammation.This study highlights the urgent need for further research into the use of ketogenic diet as a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease.

Ketone bodies and inflammation modulation:A mini-review on ketogenic diet’s potential mechanisms in mood disorders

Mental disorders such as depression and anxiety inflict significant burdens on individuals and society.Commonly prescribed treatments often involve cognitive therapy and medications.However,for patients resistant to these conventional methods,alternative therapies like the Ketogenic Diet(KD)offer a promising avenue.KD and its key metabolite,β-hydroxybutyrate(BHB),have been hypothesized to alleviate mental disorders through antiinflammatory actions,a crucial pathway in the pathophysiology of depression.This mini-review examines 15 clinical trials exploring the influence of KD and BHB on inflammation and their potential roles in managing mental disorders.Both human and animal studies were scrutinized to elucidate possible cellular and molecular mechanisms.Out of the 15 trials,10 reported reduced levels of at least one inflammatory mediator or mRNA post KD or BHB treatment,while two observed an elevation in anti-inflammatory agents.These findings suggest that KD and BHB could modulate cellular inflammatory pathways,highlighting their potential for therapeutic application in mental disorders.

Very low calorie ketogenic diet and common rheumatic disorders:A case report

BACKGROUND The scientific literature provides evidence that nutritional ketosis can be an important support in the treatment of pathologies in which inflammation is present,as recent studies have shown that ketone bodies have anti-inflammatory activity in numerous diseases,including rheumatic diseases.We report the case of a 22-year-old woman with class I obesity and juvenile idiopathic arthritis who started treatment with a very low calorie ketogenic diet(VLCKD).CASE SUMMARY The patient was a 22-year-old woman diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis at age 4 years and with a body mass index(BMI)of 30.8 kg/m2,waist circumference(WC)80 cm,fat mass(FM)28.1 kg,free FM 45.7 kg,and visceral adipose tissue(VAT)3.5 kg,assessed on bioimpedance analysis.She was treated using a commercial VLCKD weight-loss program(PNK®method);this program provides high-biological-value protein preparations and natural foods.Each protein preparation contains 15 g protein,4 g carbohydrate,3 g fat,and 50 mg omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid,with an energy content of 90–120 kcal.After four months on the program,the BMI was 28.6 kg/m2,WC 73 cm,FM 23.2 kg,free FM 41.9 kg,and VAT 2.9 kg.CONCLUSION VLCKD enabled the patient to reach her target weight and to reduce her joint pain and headaches.Laboratory inflammatory indices also normalized.

Ketogenic diet poses a significant effect on imbalanced gut microbiota in infants with refractory epilepsy

AIM To investigate whether patients with refractory epilepsy and healthy infants differ in gut microbiota(GM),and how ketogenic diet(KD) alters GM.METHODS A total of 14 epileptic and 30 healthy infants were recruited and seizure frequencies were recorded. Stool samples were collected for 16 S r DNA sequencing using the Illumina Miseq platform. The composition of GM in each sample was analyzed with MOTHUR,and intergroup comparison was conducted by R software.RESULTS After being on KD treatment for a week,64% of epileptic infants showed an obvious improvement,with a 50% decrease in seizure frequency. GM structure in epileptic infants(P1 group) differed dramatically from that in healthy infants(Health group). Proteobacteria,which had accumulated significantly in the P1 group,decreased dramatically after KD treatment(P2 group). Cronobacter predominated in the P1 group and remained at a low level both in the Health and P2 groups. Bacteroides increased significantly in the P2 group,in which Prevotella and Bifidobacterium also grew in numbers and kept increasing.CONCLUSION GM pattern in healthy infants differed dramatically from that of the epileptic group. KD could significantly modify symptoms of epilepsy and reshape the GM of epileptic infants.

Neuroprotective effects of a ketogenic diet in combination with exogenous ketone salts following acute spinal cord injury

We have previously shown that induction of ketosis by ketogenic diet(KD)conveyed neuroprotection following spinal cord injury in rodent models,however,clinical translation may be limited by the slow raise of ketone levels when applying KD in the acute post-injury period.Thus we investigated the use of exogenous ketone supplementation(ketone sodium,KS)combined with ketogenic diet as a means rapidly inducing a metabolic state of ketosis following spinal cord injury in adult rats.In uninjured rats,ketone levels increased more rapidly than those in rats with KD alone and peaked at higher levels than we previously demonstrated for the KD in models of spinal cord injury.However,ketone levels in KD+KS treated rats with SCI did not exceed the previously observed levels in rats treated with KD alone.We still demonstrated neuroprotective effects of KD+KS treatment that extend our previous neuroprotective observations with KD only.The results showed increased neuronal and axonal sparing in the dorsal corticospinal tract.Also,better performance of forelimb motor abilities were observed on the Montoya staircase(for testing food pellets reaching)at 4 and 6 weeks post-injury and rearing in a cylinder(for testing forelimb usage)at 6 and 8 weeks post-injury.Taken together,the findings of this study add to the growing body of work demonstrating the potential benefits of inducing ketosis following neurotrauma.Ketone salt combined with a ketogenic diet gavage in rats with acute spinal cord injury can rapidly increase ketone body levels in the blood and promote motor function recovery.This study was approved by the Animal Care Committee of the University of British Columbia(protocol No.A14-350)on August 31,2015.

Ketogenic diets and Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease(AD)is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by decline in cognitive functions and associated with the neuropathological hallmarks of amyloid-peptide plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.Cerebral glucose uptake and metabolism deteriorate in AD and this hypometabolism precedes the onset of clinical signs in AD.The early decline in brain glucose metabolism in AD has become a potential target for therapeutic intervention.This has led to investigations assessing the supplementation of the normal glucose supply with ketone bodies which are produced by the body during glucose deprivation and can be metabolized by the brain when glucose utilization is impaired.The present review provides a synopsis of preclinical studies and clinical trials assessing the efficacy of ketogenic diets in the treatment of AD.Both the direct administration of ketone bodies and the use of high-fat,low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets have been shown to be efficacious in animal models of AD and clinical trials with AD patients.The mechanism underlying the efficacy of ketogenic diets remains unclear,but some evidence points to the normalization of aberrant energy metabolism.At present there is only limited evidence of the usefulness of ketogenic diets in AD.However,this dietary approach seems to be promising and deserves further clinical investigations.

The effects of nutritional ketosis induced by Bigu-herbs regimen and ketogenic diet on diseases and aging

The Bigu-herbs regimen,a Taoism(Taoism is an ancient Chinese Taoist philosophy system)special health-preserving technique to achieve longevity through strict abstinence from food,limits the intake of grains and uses herbs to replace normal diet to gain energy.Practicing Bigu-herbs regimen for several weeks to several years can make one lose weight,prevent diseases,and prolong life.The modern ketogenic diet(KD)mainly limits carbohydrate intake and increase fat intake.The low-carbohydrate,high-fat,and adequate protein diet is well known for its antiepileptic and neurotrophic effects.Limiting the intake of carbohydrate results in energy metabolism reprogramming to mobilize the steatolysis,energize and promote ketone bodies(KBs)production,achieving a state of nutritional ketosis(NK).The researchers summarized how ketone bodies or NK affects diseases and the aging process,as well as the side effects of KD.NK has a favorable effect on caloric intake,lipid parameters,glycemic index,and insulin sensitivity;moreover,it can be used as a treatment option for diabetes,obesity,and other metabolic disorders.NK is recognized as being neuroprotective and is good for epilepsy,Alzheimer’s disease,and emotional disturbance.Targeting the metabolic differences between tumor and normal cells,NK limits the use of glucose and impairs energy metabolism in cancer cells,inhibiting their growth and rendering them susceptible to clinical treatments.NK also affects inflammation and the release of cytokines,regulate gut flora,extend longevity and health span,and preserve physiologic functions.The side effects of KDs are controllable under the guidance of a specially trained dietitian and medical team.

Efficacy and safety of modified medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy

Background Medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diet(MCTKD)is previously less commonly used in China.This study was aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the modified MCTKD in the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in Chinese patients.Methods Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy were enrolled to receive treatment with modified MCTKD in Guangdong Sanjiu Brain Hospital during December 2020 and September 2022.The modified MCTKD contained fat that provided 50–70%of the total energy,as well as proteins and carbohydrates that provided 20–30%and 20%of energy,respectively.The fat component was composed of 20–30%medium-chain triglycerides(MCTs)and 30–40%long-chain triglycerides.The efficacy and safety of the diet were assessed at 1,3 and 6 months.Results A total of 123 patients aged 2.5 to 65 years,were included in this study.The response rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 49.6%,43.1%,and 30.9%,respectively.The seizure freedom rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 12.2%,10.6%,and 6.5%,respectively.The retention rates at 1,3 and 6 months were 98.4%,65.0%and 33.3%respectively.Side effects occurred in 21.14%of patients,which were predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain,diarrhea,vomiting,and constipation,and most of them resolved after dietary adjustments.A total of 82 patients(66.7%)discontinued the treatment with the reason of refusing to eat(8.1%),poor efficacy(35.0%),poor compliance(4.9%),and inability to follow-up(9.8%).Only 4 patients(3.3%)withdrew the diet due to side effects.Conclusions The modified MCTKD with MCTs providing 20–30%of energy has a good safety in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy,but its effectiveness needs to be enhanced.Further modifications of MCTKD with an optimal energy ratio are required to achieve a better efficacy and safety.

The Effect of Ketogenic-Diet on Health

In recent years, the ketogenic diet is the most popular diet around the world. Therefore, keto diet, short for ketogenic, involves eating a high amount of fat, a moderate amount of protein and very few carbs. This research paper aims to know about the effect of a ketogenic diet on our body, to know about the mechanism of the ketogenic diet in treating neurodegenerative disorders and to know about the mechanism of the ketogenic diet in reducing the weight of our body. Also, the objective was to investigate the ketogenic diet stimulates ketogenesis which treats certain neurodegenerative disorders. Although this is high fats containing food it is beneficial for our body in certain conditions. It is also useful in the conditions in which the brain requires a low level of glucose so the brain starts utilizing ketone bodies. As the intake of carbohydrates is lowered so it is also used to reduce the weight of the body. In this research, the qualitative methodology has been adopted which refers to secondary sources of data. In this project, I used a variety of research that has also been undertaken by numerous researchers including dietitians who tend to support the positive benefits of using ketogenic diets to manage losing weight as well as other health problems that could result from overweight. Also, we used a table to show the difference between studies. Finally, it is important to note that the ketogenic-diet has created debate, partially although traditional dietary education has, for years, illustrated the adverse effects of high overall including trans-fat intake.

Pro and anti-inflammatory diets as strong epigenetic factors in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is the consequence of a complex interplay between environmental factors,like dietary habits,that alter intestinal microbiota in response to luminal antigens in genetically susceptible individuals.Epigenetics represents an auspicious area for the discovery of how environmental factors influence the pathogenesis of inflammation,prognosis,and response to therapy.Consequently,it relates to gene expression control in response to environmental influences.The increasing number of patients with IBD globally is indicative of the negative effects of a food supply rich in trans and saturated fats,refined su-gars,starches and additives,as well as other environmental factors like seden-tarism and excess bodyweight,influencing the promotion of gene expression and increasing DNA hypomethylation in IBD.As many genetic variants are now associated with Crohn's disease(CD),new therapeutic strategies targeting modi-fiable environmental triggers,such as the implementation of an anti-inflammatory diet that involves the removal of potential food antigens,are of growing interest in the current literature.Diet,as a strong epigenetic factor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders like IBD,provides novel insights into the pathophysio-logy of intestinal and extraintestinal inflammatory disorders.

Ketogenic diet therapy in children with epilepsy caused by SLC2A1 mutations:a single-center single-arm retrospective study

Background This retrospective study assessed the efficacy and safety of ketogenic diet therapies in children with epilepsy caused by SLC2A1 genetic mutations and glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome.Methods Pediatric patients with epilepsy symptoms admitted to our medical center between January 2017 and October 2021 were included if they presented with an SLC2A1 genetic mutation on whole-exome sequencing.We analyzed the patients’convulsions and treatment with antiepileptic drugs.The patients were followed up at different time periods after ketogenic diet therapies.Results Six patients with SLC2A1 mutations were included in this study.The patients had seizures of different types and frequencies,and they took antiepileptic drugs to relieve their symptoms.They were then treated with a ketogenic diet for at least four months.We analyzed epilepsy control rates at 1,2,3,6,and 12 months after ketogenic diet treatment.All patients were seizure-free within a month of receiving the diet therapy.All patients were followed up for six months,three were followed up for 12 months after the treatment,and there was no recurrence of epilepsy during this period.After antiepileptic drug withdrawal,none of the patients experienced seizure relapse when receiving ketogenic diet treatment alone.No severe adverse events occurred during the therapy.Conclusions Ketogenic diet therapy is very effective and safe for the treatment of epilepsy caused by SLC2A1 mutations.Therefore,patients with glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome caused by SLC2A1 mutations should begin ketogenic diet treatment as soon as possible.

Effective roles of exercise and diet adherence in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is characterized by symptoms of excessive fat accumulation and steatosis in the liver without alcohol intake in patients.The associated pathogenic mechanism is not completely understood and there are no specific drugs for patients with NAFLD.Exercise and diet adherence are the best options for the management of NAFLD patients.Questionnaire associated analysis models of adherence to these interventions are used to assess their effectiveness in the management of NAFLD patients using specificity,sensitivity,and so on.Studies have indicated that the relative ratio of NAFLD can be reduced by physical activity with diet control.In the future,the pathogenesis of NAFLD should be clarified with stratified efforts to develop appropriate drugs,and both exercise and diet adherence should be optimized using better questionnaire design and evaluation models for patients with NAFLD.

Plant-based dietary patterns and risk of esophageal cancer:A prospective cohort study spanning 17 years

Objective: Plant-based diets have multiple health benefits for cancers;however, little is known about the association between plant-based dietary patterns and esophageal cancer(EC).This study presents an investigation of the prospective associations among three predefined indices of plant-based dietary patterns and the risk of EC.Methods: We performed endoscopic screening for 15,709 participants aged 40-69 years from two high-risk areas of China from January 2005 to December 2009 and followed the cohort until December 31, 2022. The overall plant-based diet index(PDI), healthful plant-based diet index(h PDI), and unhealthful plant-based diet index(u PDI), were calculated using survey responses to assess dietary patterns. We applied Cox proportional hazard regression to estimate the multivariable hazard ratios(HRs) and 95% confidence intervals(95% CIs) of EC across 3plant-based diet indices and further stratified the analysis by subgroups.Results: The final study sample included 15,184 participants in the cohort. During a follow-up of 219,365person-years, 176 patients with EC were identified. When the highest quartile was compared with the lowest quartile, the pooled multivariable-adjusted HR of EC was 0.50(95% CI, 0.32-0.77) for h PDI. In addition, the HR per 10-point increase in the h PDI score was 0.42(95% CI, 0.27-0.66) for ECs. Conversely, u PDI was positively associated with the risk of EC, and the HR was 1.80(95% CI, 1.16-2.82). The HR per 10-point increase in the u PDI score was 1.90(95% CI, 1.26-2.88) for ECs. The associations between these scores and the risk of EC were consistent in most subgroups. These results remained robust in sensitivity analyses.Conclusions: A healthy plant-based dietary pattern was associated with a reduced risk of EC. Emphasizing the healthiness and quality of plant-based diets may be important for preventing the development of EC.

The Effect of the Paleo Diet on People Suffering from Osteoporosis (Review Paper)

Osteoporosis is a disease that decreases bone mass and increases bone porosity, weakening bones. The Paleo diet is an eating plan that imitates the dietary patterns of the Stone Age. It excludes grains, dairy, and processed foods and emphasizes feeding on lean meats, fruits, vegetables, and nuts. Consumption of the Paleo diet has many positive sides, such as high protein intake and weight loss. Still, excluding dairy products risks calcium and vitamin D deficiencies, which are crucial for bone health. Statistics and simulations that have explored the relationship between the Paleo diet and bone health (especially for people suffering from low bone density) show mixed outcomes on bone health.). While the consumer does get lots of benefits from fruit and vegetable intake in a large sum due to them containing nutrients like magnesium, potassium, and vitamin K (which are also necessary for bone health), the lack of dairy products (gives the maximum amount of calcium and vitamin D) raises concerns about maintaining adequate bone mineral density (BMD). More information on this topic shows the negative impact of this diet on people suffering from osteoporosis due to a lack of nutrient intake that nourishes the bone. Although the Paleo diet can enhance overall health through nutrient-dense foods and reduced processed intake, it can’t be said the same for people suffering from osteoporosis.

Influence of a diet meal plan on pepsinogen I and II,gastrin-17,and nutritional status in gastric ulcer patients

BACKGROUND Gastric ulcers(GUs)have a high risk of clinical morbidity and recurrence,and further exploration is needed for the prevention,diagnosis,and treatment of the disease.AIM To investigated the effects of a diet plan on pepsinogen(PG)I,PG II,gastrin-17(G-17)levels and nutritional status in patients with GUs.METHODS A total of 100 patients with GUs treated between May 2022 and May 2023 were enrolled,with 47 patients in the control group receiving routine nursing and 53 patients in the experimental group receiving dietary nursing intervention based on a diet plan.The study compared the two groups in terms of nursing efficacy,adverse events(vomiting,acid reflux,and celialgia),time to symptom improvement(burning sensation,acid reflux,and celialgia),gastric function(PG I,PG II,and G-17 levels),and nutritional status[prealbumin(PA)and albumin(ALB)levels].RESULTS The experimental group showed a markedly higher total effective rate of nursing,a significantly lower incidence of adverse events,and a shorter time to symptom improvement than the control group.Additionally,the experimental group’s post-intervention PG I,PG II,and G-17 levels were significantly lower than preintervention or control group levels,whereas PA and ALB levels were significantly higher.CONCLUSION The diet plan significantly reduced PG I,PG II,and G-17 levels in patients with GUs and significantly improved their nutritional status.

The association of diet quality and physical activity with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 85,545 older Australians:A longitudinal study

Background:A quality diet and an active lifestyle are both important cornerstones of cardiovascular disease(CVD)prevention.However,despite their interlinked effects on metabolic health,the 2 behaviors are rarely considered jointly,particularly within the context of CVD prevention.We examined the independent,interactive,and joint associations of diet and physical activity with CVD hospitalization,CVD mortality,and all-cause mortality.Methods:CVD-free Australian participants aged 4574 years(n=85,545)reported physical activity,diet,sociodemographic,and lifestyle characteristics at baseline(20062009)and follow-up(20122015),and data were linked to hospitalization and death registries(03/31/2019 for CVD hospitalization and all-cause mortality and 12/08/2017 for CVD mortality).Diet quality was categorized as low,medium,and high based on meeting dietary recommendations.Physical activity was operationalized as(a)total moderate-to-vigorous physical activity(MVPA)as per guidelines,and(b)the composition of MVPA as the ratio of vigorous-intensity physical activity(VPA)to total MVPA.We used a left-truncated cause-specific Cox proportional hazards model using time-varying covariates.Results:During a median of 10.7 years of follow-up,6576 participants were admitted to the hospital for CVD and 6581 died from all causes(876 from CVD during 9.3 years).A high-quality diet was associated with a 17%lower risk of all-cause mortality than a low-quality diet,and the highest MVPA category(compared with the lowest)was associated with a 44%and 48%lower risk of CVD and all-cause mortality,respectively.Multiplicative interactions between diet and physical activity were non-significant.For all outcomes,the lowest risk combinations involved a high-quality diet and the highest MVPA categories.Accounting for total MVPA,some VPA was associated with further risk reduction of CVD hospitalization and all-cause mortality.Conclusion:For CVD prevention and longevity,one should adhere to both a healthy diet and an active lifestyle and incorporate some VPA when possible.

Dietary sodium acetate and sodium butyrate improve high-carbohydrate diet utilization by regulating gut microbiota, liver lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation in largemouth bass(Micropterus salmoides)

Background Adequate level of carbohydrates in aquafeeds help to conserve protein and reduce cost. However, studies have indicated that high-carbohydrate(HC) diet disrupt the homeostasis of the gut–liver axis in largemouth bass, resulting in decreased intestinal acetate and butyrate level.Method Herein, we had concepted a set of feeding experiment to assess the effects of dietary sodium acetate(SA) and sodium butyrate(SB) on liver health and the intestinal microbiota in largemouth bass fed an HC diet. The experimental design comprised 5 isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets, including LC(9% starch), HC(18% starch), HCSA(18% starch;2 g/kg SA), HCSB(18% starch;2 g/kg SB), and HCSASB(18% starch;1 g/kg SA + 1 g/kg SB). Juvenile largemouth bass with an initial body weight of 7.00 ± 0.20 g were fed on these diets for 56 d.Results We found that dietary SA and SB reduced hepatic triglyceride accumulation by activating autophagy(ATG101, LC3B and TFEB), promoting lipolysis(CPT1α, HSL and AMPKα), and inhibiting adipogenesis(FAS, ACCA, SCD1 and PPARγ). In addition, SA and SB decreased oxidative stress in the liver(CAT, GPX1α and SOD1) by activating the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Meanwhile, SA and SB alleviated HC-induced inflammation by downregulating the expression of pro-inflammatory factors(IL-1β, COX2 and Hepcidin1) through the NF-κB pathway. Importantly, SA and SB increased the abundance of bacteria that produced acetic acid and butyrate(Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1). Combined with the KEGG analysis, the results showed that SA and SB enriched carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism pathways, thereby improving the utilization of carbohydrates. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that growth performance was closely related to hepatic lipid deposition, autophagy, antioxidant capacity, inflammation, and intestinal microbial composition.Conclusions In conclusion, dietary SA and SB can reduce hepatic lipid deposition;and alleviate oxidative stress and inflammation in largemouth bass fed on HC diet. These beneficial effects may be due to the altered composition of the gut microbiota caused by SA and SB. The improvement effects of SB were stronger than those associated with SA.

Ameliorative effects of Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from individuals following vegan, omnivorous and high-meat diets on ulcerative colitis in mice

Lactobacillus spp.can be beneficial for the prevention or treatment of ulcerative colitis(UC).In this study,153 participants who followed vegan,omnivorous,or high-meat diet were recruited.Compositional analysis of the Lactobacillus community in feces revealed that Lactobacillus fermentum strains were significantly affected by diet.Administration of mixed L.fermentum strains from vegans significantly improved inflammation compared to that from omnivores and high-meat consumers,as evidenced by a significant reduction in colonic tissue damage,improvement in inflammatory cytokines,enhanced expression of ZO-1,occludin,and claudin-3,and a significant increase in short chain fatty acids concentration.The effect of a single strain of L.fermentum was similar to that of a mixed strains of L.fermentum group.Genomic analysis suggested that L.fermentum strains from the guts of vegans possessed a higher prevalence of genes involved in carbohydrate catabolism than those from the guts of omnivores and high-meat eaters.In particular,the ME2 gene is involved in the biosynthesis of acetate,a compound considered to possess anti-inflammatory properties.In conclusion,this study indicates strain-specific differences in the ability of L.fermentum strains to alleviate UC in mice,influenced by habitual diets。

Diet in Renal Diseases: An Art of Science

Purpose of Review: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a limited ability to excrete fluids, electrolytes, uremic toxins and other end-products of catabolism. Studies on adverse renal outcomes with dietary patterns are limited. Methods: Comprehensive search in PubMed of papers published until June 2024 describing prospective cohort studies on renal nutritional therapy (RNT) with at least 3 years of follow up. Results: RNT should include adequate yet limited amounts of calories, fluids, protein, lipids, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus. RNT is an adjuvant to specific drug-therapy in 1) certain complications viz. fluid overload, anemia and renal osteodystrophy, and 2) specific kidney diseases viz. glomerulopathies, tubulopathies, polycystic kidney disease, calcium oxalates urolithiasis and cystinuria, as well as 3) types of renal failure viz acute and chronic and its treatment viz. hemodialysis, peritoneal and transplantation. Conclusion: RNT is patient-specific and should be systematically planned to delay the progression of CKD as well as to prevent and treat its complications.

A dicistrovirus increases pupal mortality in Spodoptera frugiperda by suppressing protease activity and inhibiting larval diet consumption

Understanding interactions between viruses and their hosts is conducive to enabling better application of viruses as biocontrol agents.Certain viruses carried by parasitic wasps enhance the parasitic efficiency of wasp-larvae by protecting them against the immune system of their Lepidopteran host.However,the relationship between prey pests and viruses found in predatory natural enemies remains unclear.Herein,we report the interaction between Arma chinensis virus-1(AcV-1),originally isolated from a predatory natural enemy,Arma chinensis(Hemiptera:Pentatomidae),and one of its prey species,Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae).The results showed that the AcV-1 virus appeared harmful to the novel host S.frugiperda by inhibiting larval diet consumption and increasing pupal mortality.Meanwhile,sequencing data indicated that the virus altered the gene expression profiles of S.frugiperda.KEGG analysis showed that the proteasome and phagosome pathways related to protein degradation and immune response were significantly enriched.Although the expression levels of digestive enzyme genes did not change significantly,the total protease activity of AcV-1 virus-positive individuals was significantly decreased,suggesting that the virus inhibited diet consumption of S.frugiperda via the down-regulation of digestive enzyme activities.These results indicate that a virus initially isolated in a predatory natural enemy can decrease the fitness of its prey species.The virus was found to impact the host proteasome and phagosome pathways related to protein degradation and immunity,providing a potential mechanism to enhance controlling efficiency.