The Association of Maternal Body Composition and Dietary Intake with the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus during the Second Trimester in a Cohort of Chinese Pregnant Women

Objective To investigate the association of maternal body composition and dietary intake with the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus （GDM）. Methods A total 154 GDM subjects and 981 controls were enrolled in a prospective cohort study in 11 hospitals from May 20, 2012 to December 31, 2013. Bioelectrical impedance analysis and dietary surveys were used to determine body composition and to evaluate the intake of nutrients in subjects at 21-24 weeks＇ gestation （WG）. Logistic regression analysis was applied to explore the relationships of maternal body composition and dietary intake with the risk of GDIVl morbidity. Results Age, pre-pregnant body weight （BW）, and body mass index （BMI） were associated with increased risk of GDM. Fat mass （FM）, fat mass percentage （FMP）, extracellular water （ECW）, BMI, BW, energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrates at 21-24 WG were associated with an increased risk of GDM. In contrast, fat free mass （FFM）, muscular mass （MM）, and intracellular water （ICW） were associated with a decreased risk of GDM. Conclusion Maternal body composition and dietary intake during the second trimester of pregnancy were associated with the risk of GDM morbidity.

Internal connections between dietary intake and gut microbiota homeostasis in disease progression of ulcerative colitis:a review

Ulcerative colitis(UC)is a chronic systematic inflammation disorder with increasing incidence,unknown pathogenesis,limited drug treatment,and abundant medical expenses.Dietary intake,as a daily indispensable environment factor,is closely related to UC pathogenesis and prevention.The underlying interactions between dietary intake and UC progression are implicated with the modulation of gut microbiome as well as microbial metabolites,suggesting the complex and systematic characteristics of UC.However,the triangular relationships with dietary intake,gut microbiota homeostasis,and UC have not been well summarized so far.Here we review the recent studies of dietary intake on the regulation of gut microbiome homeostasis as well as modulation of UC progression.These findings suggest that varieties in dietary patterns result in the production of diverse microbial fermentation metabolites,which contribute to gut microbiome homeostasis through multiple manipulations including immune modulation,inftammation restriction as well as epithelial barrier maintenance,thus finally determine the fate of UC progression and give implications for functional food development for prevention and treatment of UC patients.

Studies on Human Dietary Requirements and Safe Range of Dietary Intakes of Selenium in China and Their Application in the Prevention of Related Endemic Diseases

The human dietary selenium requirement in China has been estimated by various methods. The minimum dietary selenium requircment for the prevention of Keshan disease (KD) was found to be around 17 μg/d. On the other hand, an intake of 40 μg/d is required to maintain the plasma glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity at plateau. Hence 40 μg/d is considered as the adequate dietary selenium requirement. Studies conducted in a chronic selenosis area indicate thai the toxic dietary selenlum inlake (adverse effect level), which would maintain the characteristic fingernail changes, was approximately 1600 μg/d. The mean value of dietary selenium intakes, which enabled the five patients to recover from fingernail lesions, was found to be 819 ±126μg/d. At a 95% confidence limit, the lower limit is around 600μg/d. Therefore, 600 and 400μg/d were suggested as the individual daily maximum safe selenium intake and the safe dietary selenium intake, respectively,The results were used in the prevention of Se-related endemic KD and Kashin-Beck disease (KBD)

Dietary intake in patients with chronic pancreatitis:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND A progressive reduction in the secretion of pancreatic enzymes in patients with chronic pancreatitis(CP)results in malabsorption and ultimate malnutrition.However,the pathogenesis of malnutrition is multifactorial and other factors such as chronic inflammation,alcohol excess and poor dietary intake all contribute.Patients may restrict their dietary intake due to poor appetite or to avoid gastrointestinal symptoms and abdominal pain.Whilst up to half of patients with chronic pancreatitis are reportedly malnourished,the dietary intake of patients with CP is relatively understudied and has not been systematically reviewed to date.AIM To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the dietary intakes of patients with CP compared to healthy controls,and to compare the dietary intake of patients with alcohol-related CP and non-alcohol-related CP.METHODS A systematic literature search was performed using EMBASE,MEDLINE,and Cochrane review on studies published between 1946 and August 30th,2019.Adult subjects with a diagnosis of CP who had undergone dietary assessment were included in the systematic review(qualitative analysis).Studies on patients with other pancreatic diseases or who had undergone pancreatic surgery were not included.Studies comparing the dietary intake of patients with CP to that of healthy controls were included in the meta-analysis(quantitative analysis).Metaanalysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3.Newcastle Ottawa Scale(NOS)was used to assess quality of studies.RESULTS Of 6715 studies retrieved in the search,23 were eligible for qualitative analysis while 12 were eligible for quantitative analysis.In the meta-analysis,the total energy(calorie)intake of patients with CP was similar to that of healthy controls[mean difference(MD):171.3;95%confidence interval(CI):-226.01,568.5;P=0.4],however patients with CP consumed significantly fewer non-alcohol calories than controls[MD:-694.1;95%CI:-1256.1,(-132.1);P=0.02].CP patients consumed more protein,but carbohydrate and fat intakes did not differ significantly.Those with alcohol-related CP consumed more mean(standard deviation)calories than CP patients with a non-alcohol aetiology[2642(1090)kcal and 1372(394)kcal,respectively,P=0.046],as well as more protein,fat,but not carbohydrate.CONCLUSION Although patients with CP had similar calorie intake to controls,studies that analysed the contribution of alcohol to energy intake showed that patients with CP consumed fewer non-alcohol calories than healthy controls.A high calorie intake,made up to a large degree by alcohol,may in part contribute to poor nutritional status in CP.

Impact on dietary intake of a self-directed, gender-tailored diabetes prevention program in men

AIMTo investigate changes in dietary intake following a 6-mo randomised controlled trial of the self-directed, gender-tailored type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) Prevention Using LifeStyle Education (PULSE) program in men. METHODSMen aged 18-65 years, with a body mass index (BMI) 25-40 kg/m2, and at high risk for developing T2DM were recruited from the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. Eligible participants were randomised into one of two groups: (1) waitlist control; or (2) PULSE intervention. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline and immediately post-program using the Australian Eating Survey food frequency questionnaire and diet quality measured using the Australian Recommended Food Score (ARFS). RESULTSOne hundred and one participants (n = 48, control; n = 53, intervention, mean age 52.3 ± 9.7 years, BMI of 32.6 ± 3.3 kg/m2) commenced the study. Following the active phase, differences between groups were observed for proportion of total energy consumed from healthful (core) foods (+7.6%EI, P < 0.001), energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods (-7.6%EI, P < 0.001), sodium (-369 mg, P = 0.047), and diet quality (ARFS) (+4.3, P = 0.004), including sub-scales for fruit (+1.1, P = 0.03), meat (+0.9, P = 0.004) and non-meat protein (+0.5, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONThe PULSE prevention program’s nutrition messages led to significant improvements in dietary intake in men at risk of T2DM.

Evaluation of Care Quality Related to Dietary Intake and Swallowing Functions of Residents at Long-Term Facilities in Japan

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of healthcare services pertaining to the dietary intake and swallowing functions of residents, nutrition management practices, and performance of residents at long-term care facilities. We investigated outcome indicators, such as changes in dietary intake and swallowing function levels of residents, and clarified which structural and process indicators were associated with the outcome indicators. This was a retrospective study, analyzing information on healthcare services from 1067 long-term care facilities during the fiscal year 2012, sampled from among those registered with the Welfare, Health and Medical Care Information Network of the Welfare and Medical Service Agency in Japan. Five outcome indicators were identified. Next, we examined the relationships between the outcome indicators and structural or process indicators using a multivariate linear regression model, adjusting for facility type. The findings showed how the five outcome indicators were used in long-term care facilities over a period of one year and determined the independent predictors of these outcome indicators. The amplification of dietary function 1 was associated with “assessment of oral functions using a feeding and swallowing assessment checklist every three months”, “holding care conferences related to ingestion and swallowing every three months”, and “maintaining a 1:2 ratio for meal-time assistants to residents”. To improve the quality of care, it is necessary to increase the number of staff (e.g., to provide meal assistance to residents) and to understand changes in the residents’ status through accurate assessment and monitoring.

Dietary intake and serum levels of copper and zinc and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma:A matched case-control study

Background:Copper and zinc are involved in the development of multiple malignancies;yet,epidemiological evidence on hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is limited.This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary intake and serum levels of copper and zinc with the risk of HCC.Methods:A total of 434 case-control pairs matched for sex and age(±1 year)were included in this study.Cases with newly diagnosed HCC were from the Guangdong Liver Cancer Cohort(GLCC)study,and healthy controls were from the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study(GNHS).A semi-quantitative 79-item food frequency questionnaire(FFQ)was used to assess habitual dietary intakes of copper and zinc.Serum levels of copper and zinc were measured by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.The copper(Cu)/zinc(Zn)ratio was computed by dividing copper levels by zinc levels.Conditional logistic regression models were performed to calculate the odds ratio(OR)and 95%confidence intervals(CI)for per 1 standard deviation increase(per-SD increase)in copper and zinc levels.Results:Higher dietary intake(OR_(per-SD increase)=0.65,95%CI:0.44,0.96,P_(trend)=0.029)and serum levels of zinc(OR_(per-SD increase)=0.11,95%CI:0.04,0.30,P_(trend)<0.001)were both associated with a lower risk of HCC.Subgroup analyses showed that the inverse association was only pronounced in men but not in women(P_(interaction)=0.041 for dietary zinc intake and 0.010 for serum zinc levels).Serum copper levels(OR_(per-SD increase)=2.05,95%CI:1.39,3.03,P_(trend)=0.020)and serum Cu/Zn ratio(OR_(per-SD increase)=6.53,95%CI:2.52,16.92,P_(trend)<0.001)were positively associated with HCC risk,while dietary copper intake and dietary Cu/Zn ratio were not associated with HCC risk.Conclusion:Zinc may be a protective factor for HCC,especially among men,but the effects of copper on HCC risk are not clear.

An Artificial Neural Network Model Combined with Dietary Retinol Intake from Different Sources to Predict the Risk of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Objective This study aimed to develop an artificial neural network(ANN) model combined with dietary retinol intake from different sources to predict the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) in American adults.Methods Data from the 2007 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES)2007–2014 were analyzed. Eligible subjects(n = 6,613) were randomly divided into a training set(n1 =4,609) and a validation set(n2 = 2,004) at a ratio of 7:3. The training set was used to identify predictors of NAFLD risk using logistic regression analysis. An ANN was established to predict the NAFLD risk using a training set. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the model using the training and validation sets.Results Our study found that the odds ratios(ORs) and 95% confidence intervals(CIs) of NAFLD for the highest quartile of plant-derived dietary retinol intake(i.e., provitamin A carotenoids, such as β-carotene)(OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.99) were inversely associated with NAFLD risk, compared to the lowest quartile of intake, after adjusting for potential confounders. The areas under the ROC curves were 0.874 and 0.883 for the training and validation sets, respectively. NAFLD occurs when its incidence probability is greater than 0.388.Conclusion The ANN model combined with plant-derived dietary retinol intake showed a significant effect on NAFLD. This could be applied to predict NAFLD risk in the American adult population when government departments formulate future health plans.

Lower serum magnesium concentration and higher 24-h urinary magnesium excretion despite higher dietary magnesium intake in athletes:a systematic review and meta-analysis

Magnesium plays a critical role in the human's life activities and energy metabolism. This study aimed to evaluate the magnesium status of athletes via a systematic review of cross-sectional studies. A comprehensive systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane Library electronic databases, and other sources before April 5, 2021. Fourteen studies were included in the systematic review, involving 855 athletes and 521 control subjects. Serum magnesium concentration was significantly lower in athletes(mean difference(MD):-0.04 mmol/L;95% confidence interval(CI):-0.06 to-0.01;P = 0.02)in spite of significantly higher dietary magnesium intake(MD: 51.72 mg/day;95% CI: 14.62 to 88.83;P = 0.006). Meta-analysis showed that 24-h urinary magnesium excretion in athletes was significantly higher than that in the untrained population(MD: 0.76 mmol/day;95% CI: 0.11 to 1.41;P = 0.02). Despite higher total dietary magnesium intake, athletes generally have lower serum magnesium concentration and higher 24-h urinary magnesium excretion, demonstrating that the magnesium requirement of athletes is higher than the untrained population. It is necessary to carry out a dietary assessment and nutrition counseling to help athletes adopt proper diets to meet their nutritional needs in exercise.

Epidemics of overweight and obesity among growing childhood in China between 1997 and 2009： Impact of Family Income, Dietary Intake, and Physical Activity Dynamics

Background： Obesity has become a major health problem among children and adolescents worldwide. This study aimed to examine the trends of overweight and obesity among childhood in China and assess their associations with family income, dietary intake, and physical activity （PA） between 1997 and 2009. Methods： Two waves of cross-sectional data of Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-17 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey were used. Weight and height were measured following standardized procedures. Dietary intake was assessed by 3 consecutive 24-h recalls. Childhood overweight and obesity were defined using the International Obesity Task Force-recommended body mass index cut-offs. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to examine the associations of family income with diet intakes and PA. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the associations of overweight and obesity with family income, dietary intake, and PA. Results： The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity increased from 12.6% in 1997 to 22.1% in 2009, particularly in the medium- and high-family income groups, which increased by 102.7% and 90.3%, respectively. Higher fat intake （% energy）, and moderate and vigorous PA were significantly associated with overweight and obesity in final model （odds ratio [OR] = 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI]： 1.00-1.02, P = 0.004; and OR = 0.99, 95% CI： 0.98-1.00, P = 0.036, respectively）. Conclusions： The prevalence of overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents has increased between 1997 and 2009. Reducing fat intake and increasing PA may help obesity prevention.

Association of Dietary Carotenoids Intake with Skeletal Fluorosis in the Coal-burning Fluorosis Area of Guizhou Province

Objective To explore whether the intake of dietary carotenoids could protect against skeletal fluorosis in Guizhou province in which coal-burning fluorosis is endemic. Methods A case-control study of 196 patients with skeletal fluorosis and 196 age and gender-matched controls was conducted in Zhijin, Guizhou Province. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to assess habitual dietary intake using a 75-item food frequency questionnaire and various covariates with structured questionnaires. Urinary fluoride was measured using an ion-selective electrode method. The genotype of superoxide dismutase 2（SOD2） rs11968525 was detected by Taq Man method. Results We observed significant dose-dependent inverse associations of skeletal fluorosis with intake of β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, and total carotenoids（P-trend = 0.002 to 0.018）, whereas α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin intakes were not found to be related to skeletal fluorosis, after adjustment for potential confounders. The adjusted ORs and 95% CI of skeletal fluorosis for the highest versus lowest quartile were 0.30（0.10, 0.86） for β-carotene, 0.23（0.08, 0.66） for lycopene, 0.26（0.10, 0.75） for lutein/zeaxanthin and 0.34（0.14, 0.74） for total carotenoids（all P-trend ＆lt; 0.05）. Stratified analyses showed that the protective effects of lutein/zeaxanthin and total carotenoids on skeletal fluorosis were more evident for individuals with the AG＋AA genotypes of SOD2（rs11968525）. Conclusion Increased intakes of β-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, and total carotenoids are independently associated with a lower risk of coal-burning skeletal fluorosis. SOD2（rs11968525） polymorphisms might modify the inverse associations between dietary carotenoids and skeletal fluorosis.

Patterns and dietary intake of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in food products in China

The health risk of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans（PCDD/Fs） and dioxin-like PCBs（d1-PCBs） to human being should be assessed regularly.To evaluate the contamination levels in various food products in the Chinese market and to assess the dietary exposure of the Chinese population,11 varieties of food groups totaling 534 samples including beef and mutton,chicken and duck,pork,fish and seafood,milk and dairy products were evaluated.The average concentrations of PCDD/Fs in all groups ranged from0.291 to 8.458 pg/g whole weight（w.w.）.The average toxic equivalency concentrations were from 0.012 pg TEQ/g w.w.for cereal to 0.357 pg TEQ/g fat for marine oil.OCDD and2,3,7,8-TCDF were the dominant congeners in foodstuffs.The dietary estimated mean intake for the Chinese rural and urban populations were 0.555 and 0.514 pg TEQ/kg body weight/day,respectively,however,the cereal group exposure were higher to the estimate daily intake and contributed 81%for rural and 48%for urban population,followed by fish and seafood which contributed 4%and 15%to the estimate daily intake.The estimated dietary intakes were compared with the toxicological reference values and showed that both rural and urban populations were well below those values.

The effect of dietary intake of antioxidant micronutrients on burn wound healing:a study in a tertiary health institution in a developing country

Background:Burn injury results in emotional stress affecting dietary intake and antioxidant micronutrient intake,which is known to have effects on recovery outcomes.The study aimed to assess dietary intake of antioxidant micronutrients and recovery outcomes of burn patients.Methods:Questionnaires were administered to 40 burn patients at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital(Ghana)from January 1,2014 to May 30,2014.The data taken include anthropometric measurements and dietary assessment.Their nutrient intakes were assessed with the Nutrient Analysis Template.The average intakes were compared to the recommended daily allowance.Assessment of recovery was based on records of wound healing assessments and infection rates from the health practitioners.Results:A cross-sectional study of 40 patients revealed an average total burn surface area(TBSA)of 31.4%,where 70.0,35.0,75.0,52.5,12.5 and 32.5%patients were deficient in vitamins A,C and E,zinc,copper and selenium,respectively and adequate amounts of vitamin C intake were related with significantly better wound healing progress.Positive wound healing outcomes were observed for patients with adequate vitamins A and E and zinc intake.Less infection presented among patients with adequate amount of vitamins A and C and zinc,but this was not observed for patients with adequate vitamin E,copper and selenium.Conclusions:Most burn patients did not meet their dietary requirements for antioxidant micronutrients and this was due to meals not tailored to suit individual requirements.Adequacy of the antioxidants especially vitamin C resulted in positive wound healing outcomes.Hence,there is need for planned well-balanced meals of high vitamin C.

Low Dietary Magnesium Intake and Hypertension

Purpose: Magnesium (Mg) is a key factor in blood pressure regulation. However, only in recent years, magnesium dietary intake has been studied in relation to hypertension, with equivocal conclusions. Further no comparisons have previously been made between the UK general population and primary hypertensives, the UK RNI and the USARDA. Methods: Twenty-five hypertensives (HT) (mean age 63.4 y) and twenty-one normotensives (mean age 46.7 y) were recruited from the same geographical area. Food diaries were completed and analysed to determine average daily Mg intake. Mg intake was compared between the observed group (OB), normotensives (NT) and general population (GP) and both the UK RNI and the USA RDA. Results: Study participants had a significantly lower dietary Mg intake than the UK RNI (p Conclusions: Daily Mg intake in hypertensives is lower than the general population, the UK RNI and the USA RDA. Daily magnesium intake reduces with age. These findings suggest that low Mg dietary intake increases the risk of hypertension.

Study of Association between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Dietary Intake

Objective To compare dietary intake and composition of women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome （PCOS）, and finally to figure out the relationship between dietary intake and PCOS.Methods Eighty-six women attending an outpatient gynecological endocrinology unit, underwent evaluation of anthropometry, dietary intakes by means of a food frequency questionnaire （FFQ）, 47 women with PCOS and 39 age-matched control women were investigated. Dietary intake was assessed by 24 h recalls. Associations between nutrients, BMI, WHR and glycometabolic measurements of PCOS were analyzed using multiple linear correlation and multiple linear regression analysis.Results 1） Obesity PCOS patients （BMI ≥25 kg/m2） took significantly more carbohydrates （P〈0.05） and fat （P〈0.01） of diet than the control women in 24 h before the first visit. There was significantly lower ratio of protein （P 〈0.01 ） and higher ratio of lipid （P〈0.01） in obesity PCOS patients than those in the control. Obesity PCOS women took significantly more calories （P〈O.05） and higher ratio of lipid （P〈O.O1） than non-obesity PCOS women （BMI〈25 kg/m2）. There were no significantly statistical differences between the non-obesity PCOS women and controls. 2） There were positive correlations between BMI and energy lipid intake, but negative correlations between BMI and the ratio of protein in the diet intake （P〈0.05）. In PCOS women, fasting insulin （FINS）, area under curve of insulin （IA UC）, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） were all positively related with BMI （all P〈0.05）. 3） Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that BMI was positively associated with the amount of fat and negatively associated with the ratio of protein in diet in 24 h （both P〈0.001）. HOMA-IR was positively related with fat intake and negatively related with protein composition （both P〈0.05）.Conclusion The statistical differences exist in the nutritional composition of obesity PCOS patient＇s diets, which may contribute to obesity PCOS development.

Multiple Pesticide Residues in Bananas Sold in Tangshan City and Dietary Risk Assessment

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the pesticide residue status of bananas in Tangshan area and the dietary intake risk of consumers.[Methods]High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS)was applied to detect 70 pesticide residues in 191 batches of banana samples extracted from Tangshan area,and chronic and acute risk assessments were conducted.[Results]Among the 191 batches of bananas,172 batches of samples were detected to contain agrochemicals,with a detection rate of 90.05%.Seventeen agrochemicals were detected,accounting for 24.29%of the total agrochemicals tested.There was a phenomenon of multiple pesticide residues in a single sample,and high detection rates were found in carbendazim(49.21%),prochloraz(41.88%),pyraclostrobin(34.03%)and imidacloprid(30.37%).According to GB 2763-2021 National Food Safety Standards—Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food,the over-standard rate of imidacloprid was 17.8%;and the chronic and acute dietary risks of the 17 pesticide residues were all less than 100%.[Conclusions]The pesticide residues in bananas consumed by consumers on a daily basis do not pose unacceptable dietary risks.

Dietary Iodine Intake in the Chinese Population

Objective To evaluate dietary iodine intake and its potential risks among the Chinese population Methods Individual dietary iodine intake was calculated using food consumption data multiplying by iodine concentration in foods, table salt and drinking water, followed by summing, and then compared with the corresponding age-specific reference values, including Upper Intake Level （UL） and Recommended Nutrient Intake （RNI）. Results In areas with water iodine concentration （Wl） lower than 150 ug/L, 80.8% of residents had iodine intake between the RNI and UL, 5.8% higher than UL, and the remaining （13.4%） lower than RNI if iodized salt was consumed. However, in the uniodized salt consumption scenario, only 1.0% of residents between RNI and UL, 1.4% higher than UL, and a large part of residents （97.6%） lower than RNI. In areas with Wl higher than 150 ug/L ,all residents had iodine intake between RNI and UL if iodized salt was consumed, except 10.5% and 24.9% of residents higher than UL in areas with Wl at 150-300 ug/L and higher than 300 ug/L respectively. However, in the uniodized salt consumption scenario, only 1.5% and 1.7% of residents had higher iodine intake than UL respectively. Conclusion The findings suggested that in general, the dietary iodine intake by the Chinese population was appropriate and safe at the present stage. People in areas with WI lower than 150 ug/L were more likely to have iodine deficiency. While people in areas with WI higher than 150 ug/L were more likely to have excessive iodine intake if iodized salt was consumed.

Dietary Sodium Intake and Its Impact Factors in Adults of Shandong Province

Dietary sodium intake and its impact factors in 2 140 adults aged 18-69 years were analyzed. The mean daily sodium intake was 5 745.0 （5 427.6- 6 062.5） mg per day, which was higher in males than in females （P〈0.01）. After having been adjusted for gender, age and urban/city areas, the mean daily sodium intake was significantly higher in participants with a lower education level, drinkers and smokers than in those with a higher education level, nondrinkers and nonsmokers （P〈O.01）. The dietary sodium intake in adults of Shandong Province is higher than the recommended standards.

Time-Lag Effect of Dietary Fiber and Fat Intake Ratio on Japanese Colon Cancer Mortality

The daily intake of total dietary fiber (TDF) was evaluated from data of the National Nutrition Survey (NNS) in Japan for 41 years since 1947. An interrelationship between the nutrient intake, including TDF, and the mortality from colon cancer in Japanese people was calculated by a simple correlation coefficient and time-series correlation coeffcient.TDF intake per capita decreased rapidly from 27.4 g in 1947 to 15.8 g in 1963, and subsequently decreased by a lesser rate to 15.3 g in 1987. Fat intake increased rapidly from 18.0 g in 1950 to 56.6 g in 1987.The age-adjusted mortality from colon cancer shows a significant positive correlation with both the intakes of animal protein and of total fat, and the fat energy ratio. A time-series analysis indicates that the mortality from colon cancer was negatively correlated with TDF with a 15-27 year delay, the maximum correlation existing with a 23-year lag (r = -0.947). The TDF intake was less than 17.9 g in 1965. At the same time, the mortality from colon cancer increased rapidly. A fat/TDF ratio above 3.0 resulted in a rapid increase in colon cancer mortality.The non-adjusted mortality from colon cancer has much the same interrelationship with TDF and fat intake as the adjusted figures. It is suggested that the cause of the increased mortality from colon cancer in Japan is positively related to the increased intake of fat and protein. In addition, the decrease in TDF intake has accelerated the mortality of colon cancer after a delay of 23-24 years. The importance of fat/TDF as a nutritional criterion for the incidence of colon cancer needs to be better recognized