Finite-difference modeling of Maxwell viscoelastic media developed from perfectly matched layer

In numerical simulation of wave propagation,both viscoelastic materials and perfectly matched layers(PMLs)attenuate waves.The wave equations for both the viscoelastic model and the PML contain convolution operators.However,convolution operator is intractable in finite-difference time-domain(FDTD)method.A great deal of progress has been made in using time stepping instead of convolution in FDTD.To incorporate PML into viscoelastic media,more memory variables need to be introduced,which increases the code complexity and computation costs.By modifying the nonsplitting PML formulation,I propose a viscoelastic model,which can be used as a viscoelastic material and/or a PML just by adjusting the parameters.The proposed viscoelastic model is essentially equivalent to a Maxwell model.Compared with existing PML methods,the proposed method requires less memory and its implementation in existing finite-difference codes is much easier.The attenuation and phase velocity of P-and S-waves are frequency independent in the viscoelastic model if the related quality factors(Q)are greater than 10.The numerical examples show that the method is stable for materials with high absorption(Q=1),and for heterogeneous media with large contrast of acoustic impedance and large contrast of viscosity.

Well-Posedness and a Finite Difference Approximation for a Mathematical Model of HPV-Induced Cervical Cancer

We present a first-order finite difference scheme for approximating solutions of a mathematical model of cervical cancer induced by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which consists of four nonlinear partial differential equations and a nonlinear first-order ordinary differential equation. The scheme is analyzed and used to provide an existence-uniqueness result. Numerical simulations are performed in order to demonstrate the first-order rate of convergence. A sensitivity analysis was done in order to compare the effects of two drug types, those that increase the death rate of HPV-infected cells, and those that increase the death rate of the precancerous cell population. The model predicts that treatments that affect the precancerous cell population by directly increasing the corresponding death rate are far more effective than those that increase the death rate of HPV-infected cells.

Numerical modeling of wave equation by a truncated high-order finite-difference method

Finite-difference methods with high-order accuracy have been utilized to improve the precision of numerical solution for partial differential equations. However, the computation cost generally increases linearly with increased order of accuracy. Upon examination of the finite-difference formulas for the first-order and second-order derivatives, and the staggered finite-difference formulas for the first-order derivative, we examine the variation of finite-difference coefficients with accuracy order and note that there exist some very small coefficients. With the order increasing, the number of these small coefficients increases, however, the values decrease sharply. An error analysis demonstrates that omitting these small coefficients not only maintain approximately the same level of accuracy of finite difference but also reduce computational cost significantly. Moreover, it is easier to truncate for the high-order finite-difference formulas than for the pseudospectral for- mulas. Thus this study proposes a truncated high-order finite-difference method, and then demonstrates the efficiency and applicability of the method with some numerical examples.

Flow difference effect in the lattice hydrodynamic model

In this paper, a new lattice hydrodynamic model based on Nagatani＇s model INagatani T 1998 Physica A 261 5991 is presented by introducing the flow difference effect. The stability condition for the new model is obtained by using the linear stability theory. The result shows that considering the flow difference effect leads to stabilization of the system compared with the original lattice hydrodynamic model. The jamming transitions among the freely moving phase, the coexisting phase, and the uniform congested phase are studied by nonlinear analysis. The modified KdV equation near the critical point is derived to describe the traffic jam, and kink -antikink soliton solutions related to the traffic density waves are obtained. The simulation results are consistent with the theoretical analysis for the new model.

Chromatic and achromatic differences of melanin-and carotenoid-based plumage coloration in five minivet species(Pericrocotus spp.)under conspecific and predator visual systems

Adaptive mate choice has been accepted as the leading theory to explain the colorful plumage of birds.This theory hypothesizes that conspicuous colors act as signals to advertise the qualities of the owners.However,a dilemma arises in that conspicuous colors may not only attract mates,but also alert predators.The"private channels of communication"hypothesis proposes that some intraspecific signals may not be visible to heterospecific animals because of different visual systems.To better understand the evolution of plumage colors and sexual selection in birds,here we studied the chromatic difference and achromatic differences of melanin-and carotenoid-based plumage coloration in five minivet species(Pericrocotus spp.)under conspecific and predator visual systems.We found that either the chromatic or achromatic difference among male or female minivets’plumage was consistently higher under conspecific vision than under predator vision for all five studied species of minivets.This result indicated that individual differences in plumage colors of minivets were visible to the conspecific receivers and hidden from potential predators as a result of evolution under predation risk and conspecific communication.However,males were under a higher risk of predation because they were more conspicuous than females to the vision of a nocturnal predator.

Numerical Study by Imposing the Finite Difference Method for Unsteady Casson Fluid Flow with Heat Flux

This article presents an investigation into the flow and heat transfer characteristics of an impermeable stretching sheet subjected to Magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid. The study considers the influence of slip velocity, thermal radiation conditions, and heat flux. The investigation is conducted employing a robust numerical method that accounts for the impact of thermal radiation. This category of fluid is apt for characterizing the movement of blood within an industrial artery, where the flow can be regulated by a material designed to manage it. The resolution of the ensuing system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), representing the described problem, is accomplished through the application of the finite difference method. The examination of flow and heat transfer characteristics, including aspects such as unsteadiness, radiation parameter, slip velocity, Casson parameter, and Prandtl number, is explored and visually presented through tables and graphs to illustrate their impact. On the stretching sheet, calculations, and descriptions of the local skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are conducted. In conclusion, the findings indicate that the proposed method serves as a straightforward and efficient tool for exploring the solutions of fluid models of this kind.

A geometrically and locally adaptive remeshing method for finite difference modeling of mining-induced surface subsidence

Surface subsidence induced by underground mining is a typical serious geohazard.Numerical approaches such as the discrete element method(DEM)and finite difference method(FDM)have been widely used to model and analyze mining-induced surface subsidence.However,the DEM is typically computationally expensive,and is not capable of analyzing large-scale problems,while the mesh distortion may occur in the FDM modeling of largely deformed surface subsidence.To address the above problems,this paper presents a geometrically and locally adaptive remeshing method for the FDM modeling of largely deformed surface subsidence induced by underground mining.The essential ideas behind the proposed method are as follows:(i)Geometrical features of elements(i.e.the mesh quality),rather than the calculation errors,are employed as the indicator for determining whether to conduct the remeshing;and(ii)Distorted meshes with multiple attributes,rather than those with only a single attribute,are locally regenerated.In the proposed method,the distorted meshes are first adaptively determined based on the mesh quality,and then removed from the original mesh model.The tetrahedral mesh in the distorted area is first regenerated,and then the physical field variables of old mesh are transferred to the new mesh.The numerical calculation process recovers when finishing the regeneration and transformation.To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method,the surface deformation of the Yanqianshan iron mine,Liaoning Province,China,is numerically investigated by utilizing the proposed method,and compared with the numerical results of the DEM modeling.Moreover,the proposed method is applied to predicting the surface subsidence in Anjialing No.1 Underground Mine,Shanxi Province,China.

The Precise Finite Difference Method for Seismic Modeling

3-D seismic modeling can be used to study the propagation of seismic wave exactly and it is also a tool of 3-D seismic data processing and interpretation. In this paper the arbitrary difference and precise integration are used to solve seismic wave equation, which means difference scheme for space domain and analytic integration for time domain. Both the principle and algorithm of this method are introduced in the paper. Based on the theory, the numerical examples prove that this hybrid method can lead to higher accuracy than the traditional finite difference method and the solution is very close to the exact one. Also the seismic modeling examples show the good performance of this method even in the case of complex surface conditions and complicated structures.

ON LINEARIZED FINITE DIFFERENCE SIMULATION FOR THE MODEL OF NUCLEAR REACTOR DYNAMICS

The model of nuclear reactor dynamics is an initial-boundary value problems of a cou- pled nonlinear integrodifferential equation system of one ordinary differential equation and one par-- tial differential equation. In this this,paper,a linearized difference scheme is derived by the method of reduction of order.It is proved that the scheme is uniquely solvable and unconditionally convergent with the convergence rate of order two both in discrete H1norm and in discrete maxinum narm,and one needs only to solve a tridiagonal system of linear algebraic equations at each time lev- el.The method of reduction of order is an indirect constructing-difference-scheme method,which aim is for the analysis of solvablity and convergence of the constructed difference scheme.

The time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation for the two-velocity difference model

A thermodynamic theory is formulated to describe the phase transition and critical phenomenon in traffic flow. Based on the two-velocity difference model, the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau （TDGL） equation under certain condition is derived to describe the traffic flow near the critical point through the nonlinear analytical method. The corresponding two solutions, the uniform and the kink solutions, are given. The coexisting curve, spinodal line and critical point are obtained by the first and second derivatives of the thermodynamic potential. The modified Korteweg- de Vries （mKdV） equation around the critical point is derived by using the reductive perturbation method and its kink antikink solution is also obtained. The relation between the TDGL equation and the mKdV equation is shown. The simulation result is consistent with the nonlinear analytical result.

Multiple flux difference effect in the lattice hydrodynamic model

Considering the effect of multiple flux difference, an extended lattice model is proposed to improve the stability of traffic flow. The stability condition of the new model is obtained by using linear stability theory. The theoretical analysis result shows that considering the flux difference effect ahead can stabilize traffic flow. The nonlinear analysis is also conducted by using a reduetive perturbation method. The modified KdV （mKdV） equation near the critical point is derived and the kink antikink solution is obtained from the mKdV equation. Numerical simulation results show that the multiple flux difference effect can suppress the traffic jam considerably, which is in line with the analytical result.

A new control method based on the lattice hydrodynamic model considering the double flux difference

A new feedback control method is derived based on the lattice hydrodynamic model in a single lane. A signal based on the double flux difference is designed in the lattice hydrodynamic model to suppress the traffic jam. The stability of the model is analyzed by using the new control method. The advantage of the new model with and without the effect of double flux difference is explored by the numerical simulation. The numerical simulations demonstrate that the traffic jam can be alleviated by the control signal.

Similar Single-Difference Model and Its Algorithm for Solving GPS Monitoring Deformation Directly at Single Epoch

A new similar single-difference mathematical model (SS-DM) and its corresponding algorithmare advanced to solve the deformationof monitoring point directly in singleepoch. The method for building theSSDM is introduced in detail, and themain error sources affecting the accu-racy of deformation measurement areanalyzed briefly, and the basic algo-rithm and steps of solving the deform-ation are discussed.In order to validate the correctnessand the accuracy of the similar single-difference model, the test with fivedual frequency receivers is carried outon a slideway which moved in plane inFeb. 2001. In the test,five sessions areobserved. The numerical results oftest data show that the advanced mod-el is correct.

Modeling Dynamic Systems by Using the Nonlinear Difference Equations Based on Genetic Programming

When acquaintances of a model are little or the model is too complicate to build by using traditional time series methods, it is convenient for us to take advantage of genetic programming (GP) to build the model. Considering the complexity of nonlinear dynamic systems, this paper proposes modeling dynamic systems by using the nonlinear difference e-quation based on GP technique. First it gives the method, criteria and evaluation of modeling. Then it describes the modeling algorithm using GP. Finally two typical examples of time series are used to perform the numerical experiments. The result shows that this algorithm can successfully establish the difference equation model of dynamic systems and its predictive result is also satisfactory.

Flow difference effect in the two-lane lattice hydrodynamic model

By introducing a flow difference effect, a modified lattice two-lane traffic flow model is proposed, which is proved to be capable of improving the stability of traffic flow. Both the linear stability condition and the kink-antikink solution derived from the modified Korteweg-de Vries （mKdV） equation are analyzed. Numerical simulations verify the theoretical analysis. Futhermore, the evolution laws under different disturbances in the metastable region are studied.

Finite Difference Method of Modelling Groundwater Flow

In this study, finite difference method is used to solve the equations that govern groundwater flow to obtain flow rates, flow direction and hydraulic heads through an aquifer. The aim therefore is to discuss the principles of Finite Difference Method and its applications in groundwater modelling. To achieve this, a rectangular grid is overlain an aquifer in order to obtain an exact solution. Initial and boundary conditions are then determined. By discretizing the system into grids and cells that are small compared to the entire aquifer, exact solutions are obtained. A flow chart of the computational algorithm for particle tracking is also developed. Results show that under a steady-state flow with no recharge, pathlines coincide with streamlines. It is also found that the accuracy of the numerical solution by Finite Difference Method is largely dependent on initial particle distribution and number of particles assigned to a cell. It is therefore concluded that Finite Difference Method can be used to predict the future direction of flow and particle location within a simulation domain.

Animal Models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Strain Differences

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by obsessions (intrusive thoughts, images etc.) and compulsions (repetitive, stereotyped and perseverant acts). Animal models of OCD are specifically devoted to simulating compulsive features of the disorder. In OCD, compulsive behaviors are recognized as repetitive and maladaptive and symptoms relief can be experienced due to treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Many animal models of OCD are provided with some degree of validity. Genetically based differences in behavior in animal models of OCD are of great value, given that human OCD is reported to involve genetic factors. Some animal models of OCD were already used in studies for the evaluation of strain differences. These works were explored in the present review.

Identification of Water Quality Model Parameter Based on Finite Difference and Monte Carlo

Identification results of water quality model parameter directly affect the accuracy of water quality numerical simulation. To overcome the difficulty of parameter identification caused by the measurement’s uncertainty, a new method which is the coupling of Finite Difference Method and Markov Chain Monte Carlo is developed to identify the parameters of water quality model in this paper. Taking a certain long distance open channel as an example, the effects to the results of parameters identification with different noise are discussed under steady and un-steady non-uniform flow scenarios. And also this proposed method is compared with finite difference method and Nelder Mead Simplex. The results show that it can give better results by the new method. It has good noise resistance and provides a new way to identify water quality model parameters.

A Nonstandard Finite Difference Scheme for SIS Epidemic Model with Delay: Stability and Bifurcation Analysis

A numerical scheme for a SIS epidemic model with a delay is constructed by applying a nonstandard finite difference (NSFD) method. The dynamics of the obtained discrete system is investigated. First we show that the discrete system has equilibria which are exactly the same as those of continuous model. By studying the distribution of the roots of the characteristics equations related to the linearized system, we can provide the stable regions in the appropriate parameter plane. It is shown that the conditions for those equilibria to be asymptotically stable are consistent with the continuous model for any size of numerical time-step. Furthermore, we also establish the existence of Neimark-Sacker bifurcation (also called Hopf bifurcation for map) which is controlled by the time delay. The analytical results are confirmed by some numerical simulations.

Application of a Delay-Difference Model for the Stock Assessment of Southern Atlantic Albacore(Thunnus alalunga)

Delay-difference models are intermediate between simple surplus-production models and complicated age-structured models. Such intermediate models are more efficient and require less data than age-structured models. In this study, a delay-difference model was applied to fit catch and catch per unit effort(CPUE) data(1975–2011) of the southern Atlantic albacore(Thunnus alalunga) stock. The proposed delay-difference model captures annual fluctuations in predicted CPUE data better than Fox model. In a Monte Carlo simulation, white noises(CVs) were superimposed on the observed CPUE data at four levels. Relative estimate error was then calculated to compare the estimated results with the true values of parameters α and β in Ricker stock-recruitment model and the catchability coefficient q. α is more sensitive to CV than β and q. We also calculated an 80% percentile confidence interval of the maximum sustainable yield(MSY, 21756 t to 23408 t; median 22490 t) with the delay-difference model. The yield of the southern Atlantic albacore stock in 2011 was 24122 t, and the estimated ratios of catch against MSY for the past seven years were approximately 1.0. We suggest that care should be taken to protect the albacore fishery in the southern Atlantic Ocean. The proposed delay-difference model provides a good fit to the data of southern Atlantic albacore stock and may be a useful choice for the assessment of regional albacore stock.