Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis of Fagopyrum tataricum Varieties(Lines)

In order to reveal the genetic differences and agronomic traits of Fagopy-rum tataricum_ varieties （lines） intuitively, explore good resources and avoid the blindness of parent selection during the breeding process, six primary agronomic traits of 45 F. tataricum_ varieties （lines） that came from the eleven buckwheat breeding departments across the country were analyzed with principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The results of principal component analysis showed that the six agronomic traits could be simplified into three principal components, and the cumulative contribution rate reached 83%. The results of cluster analysis showed that the 45 F. tataricum varieties （lines） were classified into four groups：high stalk, medium yield and smal grain type, medium stalk, high yield and large grain type, medium stalk, low yield and smal grain type and high stalk, medium yield and medium grain type. Among them, performance of comprehensive trait of the second type was better than that of the other types. Thus, the F. tataricum_va-rieties （lines） that were classified into the second type could be considered as good varieties （lines） or breeding materials. The genetic differences among F. tataricum_varieties （lines） had no necessary correlations with origin and geographical distance. ln addition to complementary traits and geographical distance, genetic distances （dif-ferent populations） should be taken into consideration during parent selection in cross breeding.

Characterization of QTL for unique agronomic traits of new-plant-type rice varieties using introgression lines of IR64

To enhance the yield potential of an elite indica rice cultivar,an introgression(BC_3-derived) line of IR64,YTH288,was developed using a new-plant-type cultivar,IR66215-44-2-3,as a donor parent.YTH288 has agronomically valuable characteristics such as large panicles,few unproductive tillers,and large leaves inherited from NPT.To identify the genetic basis of these traits,we used 167 F_2 plants derived from a cross between IR64 and YTH288 to conduct QTL analysis for five agronomic traits:days to heading(DTH),culm length(CL),flag leaf length(FLL),flag leaf width(FLW),and filled spikelet number per panicle(FSN).Six putative QTL were detected:four on chromosome4(for CL,FLL,FLW,and FSN) and two on chromosome 2(for DTH and FLL).All QTL with the IR66215-44-2-3 allele,except that for FLL on chromosome 2,had positive effects on each trait.To confirm the effects of these putative QTL,we developed NILs with the IR64 genetic background by marker-assisted selection.We observed significant differences in several agronomic traits between IR64 and NILs that carried these QTL on chromosomes2 and 4.Additionally,four IR64-NILs carrying chromosomal segments derived from different NPT varieties on the long arm of chromosome 4 exhibited similar pleiotropic To enhance the yield potential of an elite indica rice cultivar, an introgression(BC3-derived) line of IR64, YTH288, was developed using a new-plant-type cultivar,IR66215-44-2-3, as a donor parent. YTH288 has agronomically valuable characteristics such as large panicles, few unproductive tillers, and large leaves inherited from NPT.To identify the genetic basis of these traits, we used 167 F2 plants derived from a cross between IR64 and YTH288 to conduct QTL analysis for five agronomic traits: days to heading(DTH), culm length(CL), flag leaf length(FLL), flag leaf width(FLW), and filled spikelet number per panicle(FSN). Six putative QTL were detected: four on chromosome4(for CL, FLL, FLW, and FSN) and two on chromosome 2(for DTH and FLL). All QTL with the IR66215-44-2-3 allele, except that for FLL on chromosome 2, had positive effects on each trait. To confirm the effects of these putative QTL, we developed NILs with the IR64 genetic background by marker-assisted selection. We observed significant differences in several agronomic traits between IR64 and NILs that carried these QTL on chromosomes2 and 4. Additionally, four IR64-NILs carrying chromosomal segments derived from different NPT varieties on the long arm of chromosome 4 exhibited similar pleiotropiceffects for unique agronomic traits. These NILs can be used as research materials for studying each trait and as breeding materials for yield improvement of indica rice cultivars.

Nutritional and Technological Characteristics of New Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>) Lines and Varieties Grown in Eastern Kenya

Protein sources in the diet of people living in semi-arid land of Kenya are lacking and if available it is costly to them. In terms of safe food and a healthy food supply, cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata.) are a significant source of protein, carbohydrates, and minerals especially for poor populations in the Kenya, it is said to be poor man’s meat. The aim of this study was to determine nutritional composition of newly bred ten cowpea lines and five varieties commonly grown in Eastern Kenya of Kitui, Machakos and Makueni counties to understand their potential utilization in curbing rising food and nutrition insecurity in arid and semi-arid lands ASALs and in any other food applications in Kenya. The experiment was arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) whereby proximate composition and minerals were determined using standard AOAC and AACC methods and technological characteristics checked using modified methods used by other researchers. Collected data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SAS (2006) version 9.1, mean separation was done using Tukey’s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) method at 5% level of significance. Cowpeas composition ranged from 12.28% - 13.35% for moisture content, 49.37% - 55.74% for total carbohydrates, 2.99% - 3.34% for crude ash, 0.13% - 0.81% for crude lipids, 23.37% - 29.70% for crude protein and 1.40% - 4.34% for crude fibers. Cowpea samples recorded highest percentage of essential amino acids (60.71%) and non-essential amino acids (39.29%). Minerals ranged from 1.97 - 2.69 mg/100g for calcium, 3.23 - 3.90 mg/100g for magnesium, 205.53 - 223.30 mg/100g for sodium, 0.80 - 1.23 mg/100g for zinc, 1071.15 - 1152.62 mg/100g for potassium and 0.62 - 1.06 mg/100g for phosphorus. For technological properties, lines absorbed water equivalent to their weights and they were comparable to varieties grown in the region. From the results it showed that cowpea line IT97K-1042-3, TEXAN PINKIYE, TX123, IT85F-867-5, IT82D-889-1 and IT82D-889 have desirable attributes such as high crude protein contents, good water absorption capacities and volumetric expansion. They compared well with existing K80 variety. These cowpea lines could possibly be bred and combined into a single cowpea line and further improved by breeders to have other good properties such as higher levels of water absorption during soaking hence reduced cooking times. Therefore, this work has shown that cowpea lines developed can be used as food security crop, industrial food applications and enriching foods of low protein like in complementary foods for healthy food supply in Eastern Kenya.

Differences in Nuclear DNA Between Male-Sterile and Male-Fertile Lines of Sorghum bicolor

Cytoplasmic male sterility(cms)is determined by nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions. Up to now, most studies are focused on the comparison of cytoplasmic DNAs of male-sterile lines and male-fertile lines, and analysis of nuclear DNA has not been documented yet. In order to find out the possible difference in nuclear genome of male-sterile line A1 Tx623 and corresponding male-fertile line Tx623 of sorghum, random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)approach was used to analyze their cytoplasmic and nuclear genomes. Total DNAs of them were amplified at first to screen primers, which were able to generate reproducible bands specific to male-sterile line or male-fertile line. Then the selected primers were used to amplify their mitochon-drial DNA(mtDNA)and chloroplast DNA(cpDNA). The origins of all the polymorphic fragments were analyzed. After ruling out those amplified from cytoplasmic DNA, seventeen polymorphic fragments were determined to be amplified from nuclear DNA. These fragments originated from nuclear DNA indicate that differences in sequence exist between the nuclear DNA of male-sterile line and male-fertile line of sorghum, which do not agree with the traditional standpoint that they have identical nucleus.

Correlation of Inhibitor Proteinase in Varieties and Lines of Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) to Different Geographic Population of Verticillium dathliae Klebahn

Breeding for wilt resistance and its theoretical basis are primarily responsible for increases in cotton yield and fiber quality. Breeding for immunity is the most efficient method in our struggle with infectious diseases.

Research on the Adaptability of New Flue-cured Tobacco Varieties(Lines) in Ankang Tobacco Growing Area

In order to screen new flue-cured tobacco varieties （lines） with mountain characteristics of Ankang tobacco growing area, the adaptable selection experiments of 6 newly introduced flue-cured tobacco varieties （lines） were carried out at the 2 set test sites in Ankang producing areas with K326, ＇Yunyan 87＇ and ＇Qinyan 96＇ as controls. The results showed that YN105 had more leaves per plant and coordi- nate chemical composition, and the yield per unit area was 2 221.05 kg/hm2 with the single output of 33 960.00 yuan/hm^2. Its rate of high and medium class leaves was 80.17%, presenting good performances in testing varieties （lines）. The flowering of YN99 was late but showed coordinate chemical composition, and the yield per unit area was 2 128.50 kg/hm^2 with the single output of 33 454.05 yuan/hm^2. Its rate of high and medium class leaves was 83.17%, which also had good perfor- mances in testing varieties （lines）. It was recommended that YN105 and YN99 be moderate planted in Ankang tobacco growing area, but further experiment is needed to confirm.

Cultivar Mixture Cooperation(CMC)of rice varieties(lines) with different blast resistant gene

We studied Cultivar Mixture Cooperation(CMC)of rice varieties(lines)by screening mixture ofrice varieties which possess different genes,1983-1996.

NEW VARIETIES AND LINES

Ⅱ-you 92: a new hybrid rice for late seasonⅡ-you 92 is an indica hybrid rice that was developed by Jinhua Agri Res Inst, Zhejiang Province.Ⅱ-you 92 has a suitable growth duration of 122-125 d as double-cropping late season rice, 3-4 dshorter than that of Shanyou 64 and 6-7 d shorter than Shanyou 10. It has a compact plant type, high tiller-ing ability and plant height of 85-90 cn. A number of 3.4-3.6 million effective panicles per ha can be

NEW VARIETIES AND LINES

Qixiuzhan 3:a new high-yielding, good-quality indica rice varietyBy crossing Qishanzhan with Xinxiu 299, a new variety Qixiuzhan 3 was developed by the Rice Res Inst ofGuangdong Acad of Agri Sci.Being planted in the early season, this variety belongs to mid-late-maturity rice, with the same ma-

Evaluation and screening for resistance of some varieties(lines)to major diseases and insect pests of rice

During 1984-1988,2,231 varieties(lines)from International Rice Testing Program(IRTP)were evaluated and screened for resistance to riceblast(Bl),bacterial blight(BB),sheath blight

Studies on the Root Characteristics of Maize Varieties of Different Eras

Experiment was conducted at the Gongzhuling Experimental Station of Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin Province, China, during 2009-2010. Six representative varieties of maize （Baihe in the 1950s, Jidan 101 in the 1960s, Zhongdan 2 in the 1970s, Yedan 13 in the 1980s, Zhengdan 958 in the 1990s, and Xianyu 335 in the 2000s） were each planted under two different densities （52 500 and 82 500 plants ha-~） and two different nitrogen application levels （150 and 300 kg ha-l）. Root characteristics and distribution among soil layers were studied by the field root digging method. The results showed that root mass increased with the process of the growth and development of the plant, and it peaked at kernel filling stage, and decreased at maturity due to the root senesces. Root mass of different maize varieties from the 1950s to 1980s had a trend of increase, while it decreased for the modern varieties. Root length and root surface areas had the similar changing trend. The study suggested that early maize varieties may have root redundancy, and reducing root redundancy may be a direction for variety improvement for high yield. Root characteristics were affected by nitrogen application level and density; modern varieties were more suitable for higher fertilizer application level and density conditions. Root characteristics distribution among soil layers decreased by an exponent equation, but the regression coefficients of different varieties were different. Though the root length density （RLD） of every soil layer of different varieties also decreased by an exponent equation, there were large variations of RLD in every part of a layer.

Numerical storm surge model with higher order finite difference method of lines for the coast of Bangladesh

In this study, the method of lines (MOLs) with higher order central difference approximation method coupled with the classical fourth order Runge-Kutta (RK(4,4)) method is used in solving shallow water equations (SWEs) in Cartesian coordinates to foresee water levels associated with a storm accurately along the coast of Bangladesh. In doing so, the partial derivatives of the SWEs with respect to the space variables were discretized with 5-point central difference, as a test case, to obtain a system of ordinary differential equations with time as an independent variable for every spatial grid point, which with initial conditions were solved by the RK(4,4) method. The complex land-sea interface and bottom topographic details were incorporated closely using nested schemes. The coastal and island boundaries were rectangularized through proper stair step representation, and the storing positions of the scalar and momentum variables were specified according to the rules of structured C-grid. A stable tidal regime was made over the model domain considering the effect of the major tidal constituent, M2 along the southern open boundary of the outermost parent scheme. The Meghna River fresh water discharge was taken into account for the inner most child scheme. To take into account the dynamic interaction of tide and surge, the generated tidal regime was introduced as the initial state of the sea, and the surge was then made to come over it through computer simulation. Numerical experiments were performed with the cyclone April 1991 to simulate water levels due to tide, surge, and their interaction at different stations along the coast of Bangladesh. Our computed results were found to compare reasonable well with the limited observed data obtained from Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority (BIWTA) and were found to be better in comparison with the results obtained through the regular finite difference method and the 3-point central difference MOLs coupled with the RK(4,4) method with regard to the root mean square error values.

Screening of New Rice Lines with Low CadmiumAccumulation

In order to screen new rice lines with low cadmium accumulation,20 rice materials/lines bred by Hunan Rice Research Institute were planted in three cadmium-contaminated areas for three consecutive years.The contents of cadmium in rice were detected and compared with those of emergency varieties Xiangwanxian 13 and Yangdao 6,which had low cadmium accumulation and high cadmium accumulation respectively.The results showed that the cadmium contents of 20 materials were lower than that of Yangdao 6,and 16 materials were lower than that of Xiangwanxian 13.Among them,10 materials such as R1195 were significantly lower than that of Xiangwanxian 13 and 8 materials such as BG130 were most significantly lower than that of Xiangwanxian 13.The low cadmium accumulation male sterile lines W115S and restorer lines R1195 and R1514 were screened out.

On The Lexical Differences Between British and American English

本篇文章通过回顾英语发展史和分析英语发展现状,从历时和共时角度对比和分析英国英语和美国英语在词汇方面的差异;阐明美国英语是英语这一语种的一种变体,并非另一种语言。

FDTD Analysis of Nonuniform Lossy Cascade Multiconductor Transmission Lines

A hybrid algorithm is presented for nonuniform lossy multiconductor transmission lines (MTL) connected by arbitrary linear load networks. The networks are characterized by a state-variable equation which allows a general characterization of dynamic elements in the cascade networks. The method is achieved by the finite difference-time domain (FDTD) algorithm for the MTL, and the skin effect is taken into account, the more accurate method is used to compute the skin effect. And this method is combined with the computation of the nonuniform transmission lines. Finally, several numerical examples are given, these results indicate that: the current of the lossy MTL is smaller than the lossless of the MTL; and when the load networks contain the dynamic element, the transition time of the current is longer than the MTL connected by resistance only.

不同品种鲜食糯玉米采后贮藏品质及抗氧化酶活性的变化

为探究不同品种鲜食糯玉米采后贮藏品质及抗氧化酶活性变化规律,选用京科糯2000、京科糯768以及农科糯336为材料,研究其在20℃常温贮藏条件下感官品质、硬度、失重率、色泽、V_(C)、可溶性固形物、糖类物质、丙二醛含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化规律。结果表明,随着贮藏天数的延长,不同品种鲜食糯玉米均出现不同程度地籽粒失水皱缩、风味散失、光泽和甜度下降等现象,京科糯768表面劣变最为严重,其次是农科糯336,京科糯2000籽粒表面劣变程度最轻。三个品种鲜食糯玉米的硬度、L*值、V_(C)、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量均下降,失重率、b*值、淀粉和丙二醛含量总体升高。农科糯336中V_(C)、可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量下降幅度最小,且淀粉和丙二醛含量上升幅度最小,并且可溶性糖含量和过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性显著高于京科糯2000与京科糯768(P<0.05),而抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(Ascorbate peroxidase,APX)活性显著高于京科糯768(P<0.05)。综上,农科糯336在贮藏期间具有更好的营养价值和贮藏品质,并且还具有较高的POD活性。京科糯2000在贮藏期间,果实内部葡萄糖、果糖以及L*值的下降幅度和b*值上升幅度均最小,感官品质较好。而京科糯768能更好地维持玉米籽粒硬度值。

基于红外光谱与聚类分析法的宁夏产地枸杞子品种鉴别研究

宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)为宁夏传统道地中药材,因其良好的药食两用价值,已引种至甘肃、新疆、青海等省区。因长期引种和改良,宁夏枸杞品种繁多,是影响其质量的重要因素之一。本研究采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对宁夏中宁产地的宁杞1号、4号、5号、7号、0909号、10号共6个品种的枸杞子进行测定,一维红外光谱及二阶导数光谱范围均为4000~650cm^(-1),得到图谱后进行图谱解析;采用谱带较密集的指纹区(1800~650cm^(-1))计算红外光谱图的相似系数;然后结合SMICA聚类分析法对不同品种枸杞子的红外指纹图谱进行聚类比较。结果表明,不同品种枸杞子样品的一维红外光谱图较为相似,峰的位置、峰高和峰形都较为接近,其共同吸收峰较多,仅在3282~3288、1239~1242和1143~1147 cm^(-1)附近的吸收峰强度、峰位置、峰形状有所不同,说明不同品种枸杞子中多糖类、苷类、蛋白质类、脂类和黄酮类等成分的种类和含量有所差异。二阶导数光谱中,宁杞1号、4号、7号在2880 cm^(-1)处吸收峰不明显,0909号在969 cm^(-1)处吸收峰不明显。不同品种枸杞子的相似度范围在0.9489~0.9928之间,说明不同品种枸杞子存在一定差异,其中,宁杞7号与其他品种的平均相似度系数最小,为0.9640,说明其成分特异性最高。0909号与宁杞10号相似系数为0.9928,相似度最高。采用Assure ID软件以各药材吸收波数为变量进行聚类分析,宁杞1号与其他品种的差异均较小,类间距在2.17~2.97范围内;0909号与其他品种间的差异最大,类间距在2.97~8.06范围内。聚类模型中,不同品种枸杞子的识别率均为100%,仅宁杞1号的拒绝率较低,为66%,易与其他品种枸杞子混淆,0909号的拒绝率和识别率均为100%,最易区分。类模型图中,0909号与宁杞5号、0909号与宁杞7号两两分开,可以明显鉴别出不同品种的样品。采用已知品种的枸杞子对聚类分析模型进行验证,其识别率和拒绝率与聚类分析模型相同。不同品种枸杞子类模型图与一维红外光谱、二阶导数图谱、相似度、类间距、识别率和拒绝率结果相互印证,佐证了宁杞1号为大多数宁杞系列品种的来源品种,而09系列品种0909号与其他品种有较大差异。因此,红外光谱与聚类分析法相结合可以快速、无损地鉴别不同品种枸杞子,对枸杞子药材生产和新品种选育具有一定的指导作用。

我国共同富裕评价指标体系及测度——基于省级行政区与区域层面的探讨

扎实推动共同富裕的重要基础是科学构建评价指标体系,并准确测度共同富裕水平。本文强调整体思维、多维思维、长线思维和底线思维,系统梳理共同富裕的理论内涵与统计含义,构建由富裕性、共享性与托底性三个一级指标组成的共同富裕评价指标体系,并采用政府统计部门宏观数据与中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)的大样本微观调查数据,在省级与区域层面测度2010—2018年共同富裕的实现程度。研究发现,从省级层面看,共同富裕指数持续向好,省级行政区之间的共同富裕指数呈收敛趋势;从一级指标看,富裕性指数与托底性指数稳步提升,但共享性指数提升乏力;省际富裕性指数与共享性指数呈比较明显的倒U型关系。从区域层面看,东部、中部、西部、东北地区之间在共同富裕指数上呈现明显的收敛趋势;南方与北方地区之间在共同富裕指数上的差距则呈加速扩大态势,但北方地区共享性维度的指数却一直高于南方地区。本文丰富了构建共同富裕评价指标体系的理论与方法,并将共同富裕的测度细化到省级与区域层面,为刻画共同富裕指数的省际差异、区域差异与时序变动,找准共同富裕的着力点并优化相关政策提供重要借鉴。

基于主成分和聚类分析7个深绿线椒品种的商品品质和产量评价

【目的】探明深绿线椒品种的商品品质和产量差异,为贵州辣椒产业品种结构调整和优势区域布局提供科学依据。【方法】以7个深绿线椒品种(长辣七号、湘辣17号、卓椒七号、卓椒八号、香辣八号、红冠303、泰丰五号)为研究对象,采用SPSS 26.0进行变异系数分析和主成分分析,Origin 2022进行相关性和聚类分析,对其商品品质与产量进行综合评价。【结果】7个深绿线椒品种的商品品质及产量性状变异系数为6.91%~28.17%,其中,以果形指数变异系数最小,单果鲜重的变异系数最大;单果鲜重与果纵径、鲜椒产量与干物质含量分别呈极显著相关性,果纵径与果横径、单果鲜重与果横径、干椒产量与单株挂果数、单株挂果数与果纵径、单株挂果数与单果鲜重、单果鲜重与干物质含量分别呈显著相关性。基于深绿线椒品种的9个性状,通过主成分分析建立综合表现评价模型,得出品种卓椒七号的综合表现最佳,其产量最高,达2410 kg/667m^(2)。聚类分析将7个线椒品种分为适合鲜加工(长辣七号、红冠303、香辣八号和湘辣17号)、既适合鲜加工又适合干加工(泰丰五号和卓椒八号)及适合绿熟期采收上市(卓椒七号)3类。【结论】7个深绿线椒品种的多样性丰富,单果鲜重、果横径、果纵径、单株挂果数是构成鲜椒产量的主要因素,单株挂果数是构成干椒产量的主要因素;卓椒七号鲜椒产量最高,适合在绿熟期采收上市;卓椒八号果形和果肉厚适中,鲜椒和干椒产量中上,是理想的加工型辣椒品种。

4个品种柑橘果酒品质差异性分析

柑橘种类丰富,不同种类间理化性状差异明显.为探究不同柑橘品种酿制成果酒后的品质差异,本研究以梁平柚、大雅柑、长叶晚橙、沃柑果实为原料发酵果酒,测定其基本理化指标、有机酸、氨基酸、总酚、总黄酮以及挥发性成分等,对4种果酒进行品质差异分析.结果表明,4个品种的果酒在色泽、风味、营养、功能等方面都呈现差异性特征;4种果酒基本理化品质差异有统计学意义(p<0.05),梁平柚果酒呈现较高的酒精度;乙酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸是4种果酒共有的主要有机酸种类,梁平柚果酒乙酸质量浓度最低,与其他3种酒差异性有统计学意义(p<0.05);4种果酒均检出≥16种氨基酸,其中大雅柑果酒的氨基酸总量和甜味氨基酸最高;4种果酒总酚差异无统计学意义(p>0.05);长叶晚橙果酒总黄酮高于其他品种且差异有统计学意义(p<0.05);果酒中共鉴定出46种挥发性成分,2, 4-二叔丁基苯酚、 2-辛酮、(-)-4-萜品醇、 5-甲基-2-庚醇是4种果酒共有且含量较高.