Effect of digital elevation models on monitoring slope displacements in open-pit mine by differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar

Displacement monitoring in open-pit mines is one of the important tasks for safe management of mining processes.Differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar(DInSAR),mounted on an artificial satellite,has the potential to be a cost-effective method for monitoring surface displacements over extensive areas,such as open-pit mines.DInSAR requires the ground surface elevation data in the process of its analysis as a digital elevation model(DEM).However,since the topography of the ground surface in open-pit mines changes largely due to excavations,measurement errors can occur due to insufficient information on the elevation of mining areas.In this paper,effect of different elevation models on the accuracy of the displacement monitoring results by DInSAR is investigated at a limestone quarry.In addition,validity of the DInSAR results using an appropriate DEM is examined by comparing them with the results obtained by global positioning system(GPS)monitoring conducted for three years at the same limestone quarry.It is found that the uncertainty of DEMs induces large errors in the displacement monitoring results if the baseline length of the satellites between the master and the slave data is longer than a few hundred meters.Comparing the monitoring results of DInSAR and GPS,the root mean square error(RMSE)of the discrepancy between the two sets of results is less than 10 mm if an appropriate DEM,considering the excavation processes,is used.It is proven that DInSAR can be applied for monitoring the displacements of mine slopes with centimeter-level accuracy.

Optimum selection of common master image for ground deformation monitoring based on PS-DInSAR technique

Considering the joint effects of various factors such as temporal baseline, spatial baseline, thermal noise, the difference of Doppler centroid frequency and the error of data processing on the interference correlation, an optimum selection method of common master images for ground deformation monitoring based on the permanent scatterer and differential SAR interferometry （PS-DInSAR） technique is proposed, in which the joint correlation coeficient is used as the evaluation function. The principle and realization method of PS-DInSAR technology is introduced, the factors affecting the DInSAR correlation are analysed, and the joint correlation function model and its solution are presented. Finally an experiment for the optimum selection of common master images is performed by using 25 SAR images over Shanghai taken by the ERS-1/2 as test data. The results indicate that the optimum selection method for PS-DInSAR common master images is effective and reliable.

基于时序InSAR技术的中贵天然气管道天水市段沿线滑坡隐患识别与形变分析

中贵天然气管道天水市段沿线地处黄土高原,地貌类型多样、构造活跃、复杂地质条件下发育多种具有隐蔽性和潜伏性的地质灾害,其中滑坡灾害对中贵天然气管道的安全危害极大,因此,对中贵天然气管道天水段沿线滑坡隐患进行有效识别与分析具有重要意义。采用Sentinel-1A升降轨卫星数据,基于时序合成孔径雷达干涉测量(synthetic aperture radar interferometry,InSAR)对中贵天然气天水段沿线滑坡隐患进行了解译识别、现场复核、发育特征与典型滑坡形变分析。研究区共识别17处滑坡隐患点,现场复核最终确定13处,其余4处为人类工程活动区,其中常沟村和磨峪沟村滑坡形变受降雨影响。统计发现研究区管道沿线滑坡多发生在坡度40°~50°,高差400~600 m,东北坡向和距管道100~150 m范围内,且岩土体强度较低,地层以第四系全新统冲洪积层(Q_(4)^(a1+p1))为主。结果表明:联合升降轨的时序InSAR技术可以有效识别管道沿线滑坡隐患,为油气管线的安全运营及今后油气管道选线提供重要的科学依据和参考。

Precise Three-Dimensional Deformation Retrieval in Large and Complex Deformation Areas via Integration of Offset-Based Unwrapping and Improved Multiple-Aperture SAR Interferometry:Application to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake

Conventional synthetic aperture radar(SAR)interferometry(InSAR)has been successfully used to precisely measure surface deformation in the line-of-sight(LOS)direction,while multiple-aperture SAR interferometry(MAI)has provided precise surface deformation in the along-track(AT)direction.Integration of the InSAR and MAI methods enables precise measurement of the two-dimensional(2D)deformation from an interferometric pair;recently,the integration of ascending and descending pairs has allowed the observation of precise three-dimensional(3D)deformation.Precise 3D deformation measurement has been applied to better understand geological events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.The surface deformation related to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake was large and complex near the fault line;hence,precise 3D deformation retrieval had not yet been attempted.The objectives of this study were to①perform a feasibility test of precise 3D deformation retrieval in large and complex deformation areas through the integration of offset-based unwrapped and improved multiple-aperture SAR interferograms and②observe the 3D deformation field related to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake,even near the fault lines.Two ascending pairs and one descending the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2(ALOS-2)Phased Array-type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2(PALSAR-2)pair were used for the 3D deformation retrieval.Eleven in situ Global Positioning System(GPS)measurements were used to validate the 3D deformation measurement accuracy.The achieved accuracy was approximately 2.96,3.75,and 2.86 cm in the east,north,and up directions,respectively.The results show the feasibility of precise 3D deformation measured through the integration of the improved methods,even in a case of large and complex deformation.

面向时序InSAR的卫星任务规划框架设计

随着国内自主雷达卫星和差分干涉合成孔径雷达技术(D-InSAR)及衍生的时序InSAR技术的发展,以时间序列上重复观测为主的长周期形变监测的应用与日俱增。对遥感卫星地面任务规划系统来说,规划和管理大量有时序关联的重复任务,从而最大限度地满足观测要求,是提升以形变监测为使命的雷达卫星运控效率的关键。在综合考虑雷达差分干涉任务序列性、一致性、周期性特征的基础上,设计了一种面向雷达卫星时序InSAR类型任务的规划框架,旨在规划序列任务时,考虑序列整体特性,进行序列任务组间的冲突检测。基于此方法,对现有的地面任务规划系统进行了优化升级,验证了框架的有效性。结果证明:该方法可快速、自动进行序列任务冲突消解,可为长周期序列任务的规划和管理提供设计参考。

基于SBAS-InSAR技术的淮北市地表沉降监测分析

长期高强度的煤炭开采和地下水抽采,导致淮北市地表发生大面积沉降,破坏了耕地以及生态环境,因此对地表沉降监测显得尤为重要。本文通过短基线集合成孔径雷达干涉测量(SBAS-InSAR)方法获取了2020年1月5日到2020年12月30日的淮北市地表年形变速率,并且使用水准数据对监测结果进行了精度验证。结果表明:淮北市沉降存在不均匀现象,年形变速率为-55~42 mm,淮北市地表沉降由地下煤炭资源开采和地下水抽采引起,主要地表沉降由采煤引起。研究结果可为地质灾害预防提供数据参考。

KEY TECHNOLOGY OF D-INSAR AT X-BAND FOR MONITORING LAND SUBSIDENCE IN MINING AREA AND ITS APPLICATION

In theory, land subsidence measurement results with high accuracy can be obtained by using the Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar(D-InSAR) at X-band. In practice, however, the measuring accuracy of D-InSAR at X-band has been seriously affected by some factors, e.g., decorrelation and high deformation gradient. In this work, the monitoring capability of D-InSAR for coal-mining subsidence is evaluated by using SAR data acquired by TerrraSAR-X system. The SAR image registration method for low coherence image pairs, the denoising phase filter for high noise level interferogram and atmospheric effects mitigation method are the key technical aspects which directly influence the measurement results of D-InSAR at X-band. Thus, a robust image registration method, an improved phase filter method and an atmospheric effects mitigation method are proposed in this paper. The proposed image registration method successfully achieves InSAR coregistration, while the amplitude cross-correlation cannot properly coregister low coherence SAR image pairs. Moreover, the time complexity of the proposed image registration method is obviously slighter than that of the Singular Value Decomposition(SVD) method. The comparing experiment results and the unwrapping phase results show that the improved Goldstein filter is more effective than the original Goldstein filter in noise elimination. The atmospheric influence correction experiment results show that the land subsidence areas with atmospheric influence correction are more clarified than that of without atmospheric influence correction. In summary, the presented methods directly improved the measurement results of D-InSAR at X-band.

Study on crustal deformation of the Ms6.6 Damxungearthquake in 2008 by InSAR measurements

Three Envisat images from ESA were used to derive the pre - and co-seismic deformation interfereograms caused by the Damxung Ms6. 6 earthquake of Oct. 6,2008 ,by using InSAR. The result shows no significant crustal motion more than 4 months before the earthquake, but a maximum co-seismic displacement of about 0.3 m in an epicentral area of 20 km × 20 km. The deformation field was symmetrically distributed about a NS axis, where the west side subsided and the east side uplifted. We used a linear elastic dislocation model in half space and a nonlinear constraint optimized algorithm to estimate the slip distribution along the fault. The results indicates that the epicenter is located at 90. 374°E ,29. 745°N with a moment magnitude of Mw6. 35. The earthquake is dominated by normal faulting with a maximum slip of 3 m on a 12 km × 11 km fault plane striking S189°W,dipping 60° to NW at a depth of 9.5 km,and is located at a sub-fault of the southeastern Piedmont of the Nyainqentanglha mountains. The relatively shallow depth of earthquake is related to relatively high heat flow in the area.

Long-Term Land Deformation Monitoring Using Quasi-Persistent Scatterer (Q-PS) Technique Observed by Sentinel-1A: Case Study Kelok Sembilan

Located on the mountainous area, Kelok Sembilan flyover area in West Sumatra, Indonesia has a long history of land deformation, therefore monitoring and analyzing as continuously is a necessity to minimize the impact. Notably, in the rainy season, the land deformation occurs along this area. The zone is crucial as the center of transportation connection in the middle of Sumatra. Quasi-Persistent Scatterer (Q-PS) Interferometry technique was applied for extracting information of land deformation on the field from time to time. Not only does the method have high performance for detecting land deformation but also improve the number of PS point, especially in a non-urban area. This research supported by 90 scenes of Sentinel-1A (C-band) taken from October 2014 to November 2017 for ascending and descending orbit with VV and VH polarization in 5 × 20 m (range × azimuth) resolution. Both satellite orbits detected two critical locations of land deformation namely as zone A and Zone B, which located in positive steep slope where there is more than 500 mm movement in the Line of Sight (LOS) during acquisition time. Deformations in the vertical and horizontal direction for both zone, are 778.9 mm, 795.7 mm and 730.5 mm, 751.7 mm, respectively. Finally, the results were confirmed by ground truth data using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) observation.

双站与重轨InSAR数据融合获取DEM的方法

多样性InSAR数据融合是弥补单基线InSAR生成DEM所存在不足的重要手段。鉴于以往的融合研究大多基于相同InSAR系统构型与工作模式的同源数据,文章提出一种双站与重轨InSAR异源数据融合获取DEM的方法和处理流程,重点研究了融合区域识别、重轨干涉大气校正等关键问题。为验证方法的有效性,使用一对天绘二号双站干涉数据结合多个异源重轨干涉数据进行融合,开展获取DEM实验,并采用GNSS实测数据和WorldDEM对DEM精度进行了验证。结果表明,融合后的DEM解缠错误及叠掩、阴影导致的无效点数明显减少,融合后的DEM相比单基线天绘二号干涉生成的DEM高程精度提高了11.6%。

基于InSAR沉降监测的建筑地基沉降变形量测量

当前,地基沉降变形量测量结果误差较大。因此,文中提出融合InSAR沉降监测技术的建筑地基沉降变形量测量方法。通过滤波处理合成孔径雷达影像,结合InSAR沉降监测原理,计算出建筑地基的最大形变梯度,采用概率积分法进行空间差值计算,求解沉降变形量测量值。结果表明,该方法的测量平均百分比误差为0.04%,沉降中心测量平均百分比误差为0.09%。

基于最优PS点获取方法的矿山工业广场沉降监测

为保障矿山地面和井下工作人员、工业广场周边居民以及运煤系统运行安全,实时监测地表变形情况,提出永久散射体(PS)点的优化获取方法,以提升PS-合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术在沉降监测中的适用性。首先,选择淮北市郊煤矿工业广场煤柱Ⅱ513工作面开采沉陷期间2020年10月31日—2022年8月22日共26景SAR卫星影像,运用PS-InSAR技术确定最优的PS点目标选取方法;然后,基于该方法获取该工作面回采过程中的开采损害保护区地面沉降速率、累计沉降量;最后,基于地面水准点实测数据验证PS-InSAR监测精度并分析研究区地表及建(构)筑物动态沉降情况。结果表明:相干系数和振幅离差指数双阈值法较适应于研究区沉降监测;研究区内可探测到的最大下沉速率为-26.5 mm/a,最大累计下沉值为-53.7 mm;同时,探测到研究区西北部存在岩溶塌陷地质灾害因素;利用水准数据验证精度,均方根误差(RMSE)仅为3.8 mm,决定系数达到0.91。

分布式InSAR三维定位的闭合形式解及其精度分析

本文对分布式InSAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry)目标三维定位的空间几何关系和工作原理进行了分析,给出了完整的目标定位闭合形式解;对闭合形式解进行灵敏度分析,给出了定位精度指标与系统参数精度指标之间关系的解析表达式;分析表明目标定位几何结构的好坏主要取决于视线矢量、基线矢量和主星速度矢量的空间角位置关系,其中视线、基线平面与视线、速度平面间的二面角是一个关键参数,该二面角越大,几何结构越好.最后在以ENVISAT作为主星、采用“干涉车轮”编队的InSAR系统中,给出了精度指标传递关系的蒙特卡洛仿真验证.

InSAR技术现状与应用

合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)是近期发展起来的一种新型空间对地观测技术。经相干处理,它把合成孔径雷达(SAR)产生的单视复数图像中的相位信息提取出来,给出目标点的三维信息。由于SAR具有全天候、全天时和对某些地物有一定穿透性等特点,使InSAR技术的潜在应用领域相当广泛,目前已经成为地学界相关研究的热点之一。介绍了SAR和InSAR的基本原理与发展概况,分析了InSAR测量模式的测高精度,着重讨论了InSAR技术的应用及其与天文地球动力学研究的相互促进关系。

用InSAR技术进行形变监测的研究

卫星合成孔径雷达干涉技术((InSAR)通过对地面同一地区两次或多次平行观测成像得到的复图象对进行处理可获得数字地面模型,用以监测地表面变化。本文简单叙述了(InSAR)基本原理、处理流程及方法,并通过天津SAR数据的处理,详细介绍了SAR数据处理整个过程,之后给出了基于ERS-2天津地区原始数据的实验结果形成的干涉图及数字高程图。

用D-InSAR研究巴姆地震形变场

简要介绍了D-InSAR的基本原理,并以ENVISAT卫星获取的巴姆地震数据为例,展示其在研究巴姆地震形变场中的应用及数据处理过程。

一种InSAR干涉相位图的自适应滤波算法

提出了一种自适应的InSAR干涉相位图滤波方法.干涉相位滤波算法的关键是独立同分布滤波样本的选取,该方法以相位变化最小为准则,根据区域增长策略,在当前滤波像素的邻域空间内自适应地选择滤波窗口,再在此窗口内进行复数平均得到滤波后的干涉相位值.以相位变化最小为准则进行滤波样本的选取,使其满足独立同分布的条件,从而提高干涉相位滤波的性能.仿真数据和实测数据的处理结果表明,该算法具有较好的滤波性能,能够充分保持干涉相位图像细节,并有效地去除噪声.

星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量(D-InSAR)技术在形变监测中的应用概述

本文综述了地球表面形变的主要类型 (包括开采沉陷、地表沉降、地壳运动、地震形变、火山运动、冰川运动及山体滑坡等 )及其在我国的分布状况 ,结合合成孔径雷达干涉测量 (包括InSAR及D InSAR ,统称InSAR技术 )的技术原理及特点 ,介绍了国内外InSAR技术近年来在形变监测领域的应用与发展。通过与传统形变监测及GPS监测技术的对比后指出 ,由于InSAR特有的技术特点 ,使其在各类形变监测应用中具有传统方法无可比拟的技术优势 ,必将对形变监测的发展起到极大的推动作用。

基于D-InSAR技术的淮南矿区地面沉陷监测

针对常规的通过大地水准测量、GPS测量监测矿区地面沉陷的技术存在监测周期长、成本高、无法全面监测等缺陷,提出了一种基于D-InSAR技术的矿区地面沉陷监测方法。以淮南矿区为试验区,采用两轨法D-InSAR技术,利用该地区2个时相的ALOS PALSAR数据获取了淮南矿区试验时间段内的地面形变图,分析了淮南矿区各矿的地面沉陷信息。结果表明,煤矿开采区存在5~25 cm不同程度的沉陷,与实际情况相符,因此,基于D-InSAR技术的监测方法可以作为一种获取矿区大范围的地表沉陷信息的有效方法。

用GPS改正InSAR大气延迟误差的研究

大气延迟是InSAR技术用于地表探测的主要误差源,利用GPS改正InSAR大气延迟误差是采用外部数据改正InSAR大气延迟最有效的方法。为了对SAR影像进行逐像素的大气层延迟改正,必须对GPS获取的大气延迟进行加密插值。针对反距离加权内插法(IDW)在GPS大气延迟估计加密插值中存在的问题,提出了对样本点和待插值点间水平距离和高程差赋予不同影响因子的改进反距离加权(IIDW)内插法。试验结果表明,改进的反距离加权内插法的插值精度优于传统的反距离加权内插法,特别当待插值点的高程较样本点的总体高程有明显偏移时,改进的内插法效果更好。