TOFD检测中的空间分辨力问题及其重要影响

TOFD检测技术存在许多局限性,如上下表面盲区以及其空间分辨力限制等,相关国内外技术标准很早就关注到了这些问题,并对TOFD检测上下表面盲区以及空间分辨力的计算方法进行了描述。但在实际应用时,相关检测标准却很少将检测技术的局限性与具体的检测工艺紧密结合。标准NB/T 47013.10—2015《承压设备无损检测第10部分:衍射时差法超声检测》中提出了针对上下表面盲区的具体要求及针对性解决方案,但是对于TOFD检测时的空间分辨力以及其对检测的重要影响的关注较少,尤其是当空间分辨力不足时,检测工艺将与验收标准之间产生矛盾的问题。文章从空间分辨力对缺陷评定的主要影响、产生原因及其影响程度等3个方面入手,证明了空间分辨力与验收标准之间的矛盾,分析了空间分辨力问题的普遍性及重要性,提出了现行标准中相关规定的一些不足。

Microstructures and micromechanical behaviors of high -entropy alloys investigated by synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques: A review

High-entropy alloys(HEAs)possess outstanding features such as corrosion resistance,irradiation resistance,and good mechan-ical properties.A few HEAs have found applications in the fields of aerospace and defense.Extensive studies on the deformation mech-anisms of HEAs can guide microstructure control and toughness design,which is vital for understanding and studying state-of-the-art structural materials.Synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction are necessary techniques for materials science research,especially for in situ coupling of physical/chemical fields and for resolving macro/microcrystallographic information on materials.Recently,several re-searchers have applied synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction methods to study the deformation mechanisms,phase transformations,stress behaviors,and in situ processes of HEAs,such as variable-temperature,high-pressure,and hydrogenation processes.In this review,the principles and development of synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction are presented,and their applications in the deformation mechanisms of HEAs are discussed.The factors that influence the deformation mechanisms of HEAs are also outlined.This review fo-cuses on the microstructures and micromechanical behaviors during tension/compression or creep/fatigue deformation and the application of synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction methods to the characterization of dislocations,stacking faults,twins,phases,and intergrain/interphase stress changes.Perspectives on future developments of synchrotron X-ray and neutron diffraction and on research directions on the deformation mechanisms of novel metals are discussed.

TOFD检测对伪缺陷的识别

TOFD作为一种可记录的超声检测,因其误差小、能测自身高度等优点,广泛用于锅炉、容器、压力管道无损检测中,对于缺陷的检测和伪缺陷的识别在总装缝中已取得射线检测,本文主要介绍TOFD检测对某种伪缺陷的识别。

基于超声TOFD技术的管道焊缝在役检查方案研究

为增强“华龙一号”核电机组主蒸汽管道焊缝在役阶段缺陷定量的准确性,利用便携式自动超声TOFD检测系统对52mm厚低合金钢产品环焊缝开展检测试验,结果表明,超声TOFD技术可以较好地适用于厚壁焊接结构的检测,具有较高的检测灵敏度。基于对超声TOFD技术近表面盲区问题的分析讨论,提出了采用超声TOFD技术与常规脉冲反射技术相结合的方案对“华龙一号”核电厂主蒸汽管道焊缝进行自动化超声检查,以满足焊缝缺陷精确定量和结构完整性评价需要。

TOFD技术在压力容器无损检测中的应用

压力容器是工业生产中被广泛使用的设备,其安全性直接关系到生产安全和人员安全。因此,对压力容器进行定期的无损检测是非常必要的。基于此,文章探讨了压力容器的定义及分类,分析了TOFD技术的基本原理及应用优势,并提出了TOFD技术在压力容器无损检测中的应用,以期提高压力容器检测结果的准确性。

Direct visualization of laser-driven dynamic fragmentation in tin by in situ x-ray diffraction

We present a novel method for investigating laser-driven dynamic fragmentation in tin using in situ X-ray diffraction.Our experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the method for simultaneously identifying the phase and temperature of fragments through analysis of the diffraction pattern.Surprisingly,we observe a deviation from the widely accepted isentropic release assumption,with the temperature of the fragments being found to be more than 100 K higher than expected,owing to the release of plastic work during dynamic fragmentation.Our findings are further verified through extensive large-scale molecular dynamics simulations,in which strain energies are found to be transferred into thermal energies during the nucleation and growth of voids,leading to an increase in temperature.Our findings thus provide crucial insights into the impact-driven dynamic fragmentation phenomenon and reveal the significant influence of plastic work on material response during shock release.

Intensity correlation properties of x-ray beams split with Laue diffraction

Beam splitting is one of the main approaches to achieving x-ray ghost imaging, and the intensity correlation between diffraction beam and transmission beam will directly affect the imaging quality. In this paper, we investigate the intensity correlation between the split x-ray beams by Laue diffraction of stress-free crystal. The analysis based on the dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction indicates that the spatial resolution of diffraction image and transmission image are reduced due to the position shift of the exit beam. In the experimental setup, a stress-free crystal with a thickness of hundredmicrometers-level is used for beam splitting. The crystal is in a non-dispersive configuration equipped with a double-crystal monochromator to ensure that the dimension of the diffraction beam and transmission beam are consistent. A correlation coefficient of 0.92 is achieved experimentally and the high signal-to-noise ratio of the x-ray ghost imaging is anticipated.Results of this paper demonstrate that the developed beam splitter of Laue crystal has the potential in the efficient data acquisition of x-ray ghost imaging.

Dispersion Relations in Diffraction in Time

In agreement with Titchmarsh’s theorem, we prove that dispersion relations are just the Fourier-transform of the identity, g(x′)=±Sgn(x′)g(x′), which defines the property of being a truncated functions at the origin. On the other hand, we prove that the wave-function of a generalized diffraction in time problem is just the Fourier-transform of a truncated function. Consequently, the existence of dispersion relations for the diffraction in time wave-function follows. We derive these explicit dispersion relations.

Surface diffraction beamline at the SSRF

BL02U2 of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility is a surface diffraction beamline with a photon flux of 5.5×10^(12) photons/s at 10 keV and a beam size of 160µm×80µm at the sample site.It is dedicated to studying surfaces(solid-vacuum,solid-gas)and interfaces(solid-solid,solid-liquid,and liquid-liquid)in nanoscience,condensed matter,and soft matter systems using various surface scattering techniques over an energy range of 4.8-28 keV with transmission and reflection modes.Moreover,BL02U2 has a high energy resolution,high angular resolution,and low beam divergence,which can provide excellent properties for X-ray diffraction experiments,such as grazing incident X-ray diffraction,X-ray reflectivity,crystal truncation rods,and liquid X-ray scattering.Diversity of in situ environments can also be provided for the samples studied.This paper describes the setup of the new beamline and its applications in various fields.

Analytical Method for the Wave Diffraction of Asymmetrically Arranged Breakwaters

The layout forms of several breakwater structures can be generalized as asymmetrical arrangements in actual engineering.However,the problem of wave diffraction around asymmetrically arranged breakwaters has not been adequately investigated.In this study,we propose an analytical method of wave diffraction for regular waves passing through asymmetrically arranged breakwaters,and we use the Nyström method to obtain the analytical solution numerically.We compared the results of this method with those of previous analytical solutions and with numerical results to demonstrate the validity of our approach.We also provided diffraction coefficient diagrams of breakwaters with different layout forms.Moreover,we described the analytical expression for the problem of diffraction through long-wave incident breakwaters and presented an analysis of the relationship between the diffraction coefficients and the widths of breakwater gates.The analytical method presented in this study contributes to the limited literature on the theory of wave diffraction through asymmetrically arranged breakwaters.

A novel self-alignment method for high precision silicon diffraction microlens arrays preparation and its integration with infrared focal plane arrays

Silicon(Si)diffraction microlens arrays are usually used to integrating with infrared focal plane arrays(IRFPAs)to improve their performance.The errors of lithography are unavoidable in the process of the Si diffrac-tion microlens arrays preparation in the conventional engraving method.It has a serious impact on its performance and subsequent applications.In response to the problem of errors of Si diffraction microlens arrays in the conven-tional method,a novel self-alignment method for high precision Si diffraction microlens arrays preparation is pro-posed.The accuracy of the Si diffractive microlens arrays preparation is determined by the accuracy of the first li-thography mask in the novel self-alignment method.In the subsequent etching,the etched area will be protected by the mask layer and the sacrifice layer or the protective layer.The unprotection area is carved to effectively block the non-etching areas,accurately etch the etching area required,and solve the problem of errors.The high precision Si diffraction microlens arrays are obtained by the novel self-alignment method and the diffraction effi-ciency could reach 92.6%.After integrating with IRFPAs,the average blackbody responsity increased by 8.3%,and the average blackbody detectivity increased by 10.3%.It indicates that the Si diffraction microlens arrays can improve the filling factor and reduce crosstalk of IRFPAs through convergence,thereby improving the perfor-mance of the IRFPAs.The results are of great reference significance for improving their performance through opti-mizing the preparation level of micro nano devices.

Direct observation of shock-induced phase transformation in polycrystalline iron via in situ x-ray diffraction

Phase transition of polycrystalline iron compressed along the Hugoniot is studied by combining laser-driven shock with in situ x-ray diffraction technique.It is suggested that polycrystalline iron changes from an initial body-centered cubic structure to a hexagonal close-packed structure with increasing pressure(i.e.,a phase transition fromαtoε).The relationship between density and pressure for polycrystalline iron obtained from the present experiments is found to be in good agreement with the gas-gun Hugoniot data.Our results show that experiments with samples at lower temperatures under static loading,such as in a diamond anvil cell,lead to higher densities measured than those found under dynamic loading.This means that extrapolating results of static experiments may not predict the dynamic responses of materials accurately.In addition,neither the face-centered cubic structure seen in previous molecular-dynamics simulations or twophase coexistence are found within our experimental pressure range.

Tailoring electron vortex beams with customizable intensity patterns by electron diffraction holography

An electron vortex beam(EVB) carrying orbital angular momentum(OAM) plays a key role in a series of fundamental scientific researches, such as chiral energy-loss spectroscopy and magnetic dichroism spectroscopy. So far, almost all the experimentally created EVBs manifest isotropic doughnut intensity patterns. Here, based on the correlation between local divergence angle of electron beam and phase gradient along azimuthal direction, we show that free electrons can be tailored to EVBs with customizable intensity patterns independent of the carried OAM. As proof-of-concept, by using computer generated hologram and designing phase masks to shape the incident free electrons in the transmission electron microscope, three structured EVBs carrying identical OAM are tailored to exhibit completely different intensity patterns. Furthermore, through the modal decomposition, we quantitatively investigate their OAM spectral distributions and reveal that structured EVBs present a superposition of a series of different eigenstates induced by the locally varied geometries. These results not only generalize the concept of EVB, but also demonstrate an extra highly controllable degree of freedom for electron beam manipulation in addition to OAM.

Numerical Study on the Effect of Gap Diffraction on the Hydrodynamic Performance of A Floating Breakwater

Two-dimensional(2D)flume experiments are useful in investigating the performances of floating breakwaters(FBs),including hydrodynamic performances,motion responses,and mooring forces.Designing a reasonable gap between the flume wall and the FBs is a critical step in 2D flume tests.However,research on the effect of the gap on the accuracy of 2D FB experimental results is scarce.To address this issue,a numerical wave tank is developed using CFD to estimate the wave-FB interaction of a moored dual-cylindrical FB,and the results are compared to experimental data from a previously published work.There is good agreement between them,indicating that the numerical model is sufficiently accurate.The numerical model is then applied to explore the effect of gap diffraction on the performance of FBs in2D experiments.It was discovered that the nondimensional gap length L_(Gap)/W_(Pool)should be smaller than 7.5%to ensure that the relative error of the transmission coefficient is smaller than 3%.The influence of the gap is also related to the entering wave properties,such as the wave height and period.

Diffraction deep neural network-based classification for vector vortex beams

The vector vortex beam(VVB)has attracted significant attention due to its intrinsic diversity of information and has found great applications in both classical and quantum communications.However,a VVB is unavoidably affected by atmospheric turbulence(AT)when it propagates through the free-space optical communication environment,which results in detection errors at the receiver.In this paper,we propose a VVB classification scheme to detect VVBs with continuously changing polarization states under AT,where a diffractive deep neural network(DDNN)is designed and trained to classify the intensity distribution of the input distorted VVBs,and the horizontal direction of polarization of the input distorted beam is adopted as the feature for the classification through the DDNN.The numerical simulations and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme has high accuracy in classification tasks.The energy distribution percentage remains above 95%from weak to medium AT,and the classification accuracy can remain above 95%for various strengths of turbulence.It has a faster convergence and better accuracy than that based on a convolutional neural network.

A Novel High Temperature Apparatus for in situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Studies of Molten Salt

This study demonstrates the design and application of a novel high temperature rotatory apparatus for insitu synchrotron X-ray diffraction studies of molten salts,facilitating investigation into the interaction between various structural materials and molten salts.The apparatus enables accurate detection of every phase change during hightemperature experiments,including strong reaction processes like corrosion.Molten salts,such as chlorides or fluo⁃rides,together with the structure materials,are inserted into either quartz or boron nitride capillaries,where X-ray diffraction pattern can be continuously collected,as the samples are heated to high temperature.The replacement re⁃action,when molten ZnCl2 are etching Ti3AlC2,can be clearly observed through changes in diffraction peak intensity as well as expansion in c-axis lattice parameter of the hexagonal matrix,due to the larger atomic number and ionic ra⁃dius of Zn2+.Furthermore,we investigated the high-temperature corrosion process when GH3535 alloy is in FLiNaK molten salt,and can help to optimize its stability for potential applications in molten salt reactor.Additionally,this high temperature apparatus is fully compatible with the combined usage of X-ray diffraction and Raman technique,providing both bulk and surface structural information.This high temperature apparatus has been open to users and is extensively used at BL14B1 beamline of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility.

母材偏析对TOFD检测数据评判的影响浅析

在TOFD检测中通过大量的图谱研究,发现很多具有共性的伪显示图谱,且非常容易引起图谱结果的误判。本文结合某项目,通过对材质、结构、焊接等使用条件分析,并结合其他检测方法和现场实际解剖验证,分析了母材偏析对TOFD检测数据评判的影响,确定了母材偏析图谱特征、产生原因及判定方法,提高了TOFD检测数据评判的准确性和客观性。

TOFD在桥梁结构检测中盲区的消除问题探析

为提升TOFD技术在桥梁结构无损检测中的应用效果,以具体桥梁工程为例,对检测盲区进行分类,并对不同位置盲区深度进行计算,从配备短脉冲探头、减小探头中心距、提升探头频率等方面对盲区消除方法进行分析;通过试验对超声技术检测盲区消除效果进行验证。结果表明,通过优化参数设计,可提升超声技术在应用过程中检出率和测值精度;随着计算机、信号处理、识别技术等的融合发展,超声技术将向智能化、精密化方向迈进,将在公路桥梁结构病害检测中得到深入应用。

The Crystal Structure Study of CaSrFe0.75Co0.75Mn0.5O6−δ by Neutron Diffraction

The crystal structure of CaSrFe0.75Co0.75Mn0.5O6−δ is investigated through neutron diffraction techniques in this study. The material is synthesized using a solid-state synthesis method at a temperature of 1200˚C. Neutron diffraction data is subjected to Rietveld refinement, and a comparative analysis with X-ray diffraction (XRD) data is performed to unravel the structural details of the material. The findings reveal that the synthesized material exhibits a cubic crystal structure with a Pm-3m phase. The neutron diffraction results offer valuable insights into the arrangement of atoms within the lattice, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the material’s structural properties. This research enhances our knowledge of CaSrFe0.75Co0.75Mn0.5O6−δ, with potential implications for its applications in various technological and scientific domains.

TOFD超声成像检测技术在压力容器检验中的应用

随着工业经济的发展,压力容器作为企业用于生产的重要设备已经被广泛使用,然而压力容器常常在高温、高压、腐蚀介质等特殊环境中使用,设备材料内部发生裂纹等缺陷的可能性难以避免,其发生事故危害的可能性及事故的危害性也加大。为了预防事故的发生,企业在强化操作维护、维护保养等管理的同时,对一些内部缺陷还必须有先进的检测手段来分析和识别,需要对压力容器进行专业检验,保证设备始终处在正常工作状态,以降低和减少设备安全事故的发生。因此,本文主要对TOFD超声成像检测技术在压力容器检验过程中的应用进行分析,希望能够为压力容器检验检测及维护保养工作提供一些参考和帮助。