Simple and universal method in designs of high-efficiency diffractive optical elements for spectrum separation and beam concentration

Diffractive optical elements（DOEs） with spectrum separation and beam concentration（SSBC） functions have important applications in solar cell systems. With the SSBC DOEs, the sunlight radiation is divided into several wave bands so as to be effectively absorbed by photovoltaic materials with different band gaps. A new method is proposed for designing high-efficiency SSBC DOEs, which is physically simple, numerically fast, and universally applicable. The SSBC DOEs are designed by the new design method, and their performances are analyzed by the Fresnel diffraction integral method.The new design method takes two advantages over the previous design method. Firstly, the optical focusing efficiency is heightened by up to 10%. Secondly, focal positions of all the designed wavelengths can be designated arbitrarily and independently. It is believed that the designed SSBC DOEs should have practical applications to solar cell systems.

Pluggable multitask diffractive neural networks based on cascaded metasurfaces

Optical neural networks have significant advantages in terms of power consumption,parallelism,and high computing speed,which has intrigued extensive attention in both academic and engineering communities.It has been considered as one of the powerful tools in promoting the fields of imaging processing and object recognition.However,the existing optical system architecture cannot be reconstructed to the realization of multi-functional artificial intelligence systems simultaneously.To push the development of this issue,we propose the pluggable diffractive neural networks(P-DNN),a general paradigm resorting to the cascaded metasurfaces,which can be applied to recognize various tasks by switching internal plug-ins.As the proof-of-principle,the recognition functions of six types of handwritten digits and six types of fashions are numerical simulated and experimental demonstrated at near-infrared regimes.Encouragingly,the proposed paradigm not only improves the flexibility of the optical neural networks but paves the new route for achieving high-speed,low-power and versatile artificial intelligence systems.

Subwavelength Diffractive Optical Elements

1 Introduction 1.1 Advantages of DOE 1)High diffraction efficiency; 2)Dispersive; 3)More selectivity of designing parameters; 4)More selectivity of primary materials; 5)Can make components miniature,forming array and integration. 1.2 1.3 megapixel triplet plastic mobile

Design of Diffractive Optical Elements Used for Beam Shaping in the Fresnel Domain

In the Fresnel transform domain, an effective improvement to the conventional iterative algorithm for designing the diffractive optical elements (DOEs) used for spatial beam shaping has been proposed. The algorithm can successfully achieve to design DOEs for beam shaping. Compared with conventional algorithm, this algorithm can provide faster convergence, more powerful ability to overcome local minimum problem and better shaping quality. By computer simulation, the result has shown that the DOEs designed by this algorithm has snch advantages as high uniformity at the main lobe, low profile error and steep edge.

A single diffractive optical element implementing spectrum-splitting and beam-concentration functions simultaneously with high diffraction efficiency

In this paper,a novel method is proposed and employed to design a single diffractive optical element（DOE） for implementing spectrum-splitting and beam-concentration（SSBC） functions simultaneously.We develop an optimization algorithm,through which the SSBC DOE can be optimized within an arbitrary thickness range according to the limitations of modern photolithography technology.Theoretical simulation results reveal that the designed SSBC DOE has a high optical focusing efficiency.It is expected that the designed SSBC DOE should have practical applications in high-efficiency solar cell systems.

Realizing high photovoltaic efficiency with parallel multijunction solar cells based on spectrum-splitting and-concentrating diffractive optical element

Based on the facts that multijunction solar cells can increase the efficiency and concentration can reduce the cost dramatically, a special design of parallel multijunction solar cells was presented. The design employed a diffractive optical element （DOE） to split and concentrate the sunlight. A rainbow region and a zero-order diffraction region were generated on the output plane where solar cells with corresponding band gaps were placed. An analytical expression of the light intensity distribution on the output plane of the special DOE was deduced, and the limiting photovoltaic efficiency of such parallel multijunction solar ceils was obtained based on Shockley-Queisser＇s theory. An efficiency exceeding the Shockley--Queisser limit （33%） can be expected using multijunction solar cells consisting of separately fabricated subcells. The results provide an important alternative approach to realize high photovoltaic efficiency without the need for expensive epitaxial technology widely used in tandem solar cells, thus stimulating the research and application of high efficiency and low cost solar cells.

The determination of 52 elements in marine geological samples by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a high-pressure closed digestion method

An improved analytical method to determine the content of 52 major, minor and trace elements in marine geological samples, using a HF-HCl-HNO_3 acid system with a high-pressure closed digestion method（HPCD）, is studied by an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry（ICP-OES） and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry（ICP-MS）. The operating parameters of the instruments are optimized, and the optimal analytical parameters are determined. The influences of optical spectrum and mass spectrum interferences, digestion methods and acid systems on the analytical results are investigated. The optimal spectral lines and isotopes are chosen, and internal standard element of rhodium is selected to compensate for matrix effects and analytical signals drifting. Compared with the methods of an electric heating plate digestion and a microwave digestion, a high-pressure closed digestion method is optimized with less acid, complete digestion,less damage for digestion process. The marine geological samples are dissolved completely by a HF-HCl-HNO_3 system, the relative error（RE） for the analytical results are all less than 6.0%. The method detection limits are 2–40μg/g by the ICP-OES, and 6–80 ng/g by ICP-MS. The methods are used to determine the marine sediment reference materials（GBW07309, GBW07311, GBW07313）, rock reference materials（GBW07103, GBW07104,GBW07105）, and cobalt-rich crust reference materials（GBW07337, GBW07338, GBW07339）, the obtained analytical results are in agreement with the certified values, and both of the relative standard deviation（RSD） and the relative error（RE） are less than 6.0%. The analytical method meets the requirements for determining 52 elements contents of bulk marine geological samples.

Simple experimental scheme of teleporting a two-qubit state via linear optical elements

We propose a simple experimental scheme in which an unknown two-qubit state is faithfully and deterministically teleported from Alice to Bob. The scheme is constructed with four photons from parametric down conversion, linear optical elements, and conventional photon detectors, all of which are available in current technology. It is shown that the probability of successful teleportation ideally reaches 100% based on single-photon two-qubit-assisted Bell-state measurement, which can distinguish all four Bell-states simultaneously via conventional photon detectors. By generalizing the scheme, the teleportation of an unknown multi-qubit system can also be realized.

Spectrum-Splitting Diffractive Optical Element of High Concentration Factor and High Optical Efficiency for Three-Junction Photovoltaics

A spectrum-splitting and beam-concentrating （SSBC） diffractive optical element （DOE） for three-junction pho- tovoltaics （PV） system is designed and fabricated by five-circ/e micro-fabrication. The incident solar light is efficiently split into three sub-spectrum ranges and strongly concentrated on the focal plane, which can be di- rectly utilized by suitable spectrum-matching solar cells. The system concentration factor reaches 12x. Moreover, the designed wavelengths （450nm, 550nm and 65Onto） are spatially distributed on the focal plane, in good agree- ment with the theoretical results. The average optical effic/ency of all the cells over the three designed wavelengths is 60.07%. The SSBC DOE with a high concentration factor and a high optical efficiency provides a cost-effective approach to achieve higher PV conversion efficieneies.

Design optimization of highly efficient spectrum-splitting and beam-concentrating diffractive optical element for lateral multijunction solar cells

Two improved algorithms are proposed to extend a diffractive optical element （DOE） to work under the broad spec- trum of sunlight. An optimum design has been found for the DOE, with a weighted average optical efficiency of about 6.8% better than that of the previous design. The optimization of designing high optical efficiency DOEs will pave the way for future designs of high-efficiency, low-cost lateral multijunction solar cells based on such a DOE.

Method Investigation for Fabricating Micro-Optical Elements by Use of Half Tone Masks

Several approaches to fabricate micro optical elements by use of half tone masks are studied and compared. It is shown that half tone masks employed in filtering image systems can obtain gray patterns with considerably high precision, but it is hard to operate from the viewpoint of operation. The method using contacting lithography technology or laser ablation can be easily operated with the cost of reducing fabrication precision and the trouble of choosing appropriate materials. For all of these methods, the coding of half tone masks with corrections for the nonlinear characteristics of coding, imaging and photoresist is recommended.

The Design and Manufacturing of Diffraction Optical Elements to form a Dot-Composed Etalon Image within the Optical Systems

The possibilities of manufacturing of diffraction optical elements (DOE), using the “Caroline 15 PE” plasma-etching machine were considered. It is established that at thickness of chromic mask of 100 nm the plasma-chemical etching (PCE) method reaches depth of surface micro-profile to 1.4 μm on optical glass. It allows increasing the diffraction efficiency of DOE to 0.3 - 0.35 on the second order of diffraction.

基于衍射透镜接收的激光雷达特性分析及测试

在激光雷达系统设计中,光学系统的优化与设计是一个重要的研究方向,本文利用衍射光学元件(DOE)的设计自由度高和色散大等优势,将DOE用于激光雷达接收端,同时实现聚焦和滤光作用,降低了光学系统复杂度。本文基于DOE的原理,仿真分析了DOE的光学特性,并且以DOE作为激光雷达的光学接收端,完成了激光雷达测距实验,证明了DOE同时具有聚焦作用和窄带滤光作用,实验结果与仿真基本一致。本文利用DOE在激光雷达中的优势,实现激光雷达的轻量化、集成化和高效化。

广角衍射光学元件的优化设计

为进一步研究入射角度的增大对衍射光学元件(diffractive optical element,DOE)衍射效率及微结构高度等参数的影响,分析了入射角度和周期宽度对带宽积分平均衍射效率的影响。基于扩展标量衍射理论,建立了DOE的微结构高度与入射角度和周期宽度的数学模型,提出了工作在一定入射角度范围内,基于复合带宽积分平均衍射效率(comprehensive polychromatic integral diffraction efficiency,CPIDE)最大化实现设计波长和微结构高度等结构参数的优化设计方法。以工作在红外波段的DOE为例进行分析。结果表明:当相对周期宽度为20,入射角度范围为0°~40°时,该DOE的CPIDE为94.15%,微结构高度为1.3396mm。该设计方法可以实现广角DOE的优化设计。

二值振幅型远场超分辨消色差聚焦器件研究

具有远场超分辨聚焦特性、消色差、小尺寸和易加工的光学聚焦器件在光学成像、光学显微和光刻等领域具有巨大应用潜力.本文提出了一种基于光学超振荡基本原理,结合角谱衍射理论和二进制粒子群算法的二值振幅型远场超分辨消色差聚焦器件设计方法.为了验证所提出设计方法,首先针对波长λ_(1)=405 nm,λ_(2)=532 nm和λ_(3)=632.8 nm的径向偏振光对二值振幅型远场超分辨聚焦器件振幅进行优化设计,再对三者振幅分布进行逻辑“与”操作,使其同时含有3个工作波长远场超分辨聚焦的振幅分布信息.仿真结果表明:在3个波长入射条件下相应的峰值半高全宽分别为0.441λ_(1) (0.179μm),0.469λ_(2 )(0.249μm)和0.427λ_(3) (0.270μm),低于阿贝衍射极限,实现了远场超分辨消色差聚焦,且同时聚焦较小的旁瓣比率(<15%).此类器件具有易加工、消色差和超分辨等优点,适用于光学系统微型化、集成化.所提出的设计方法可拓展至其他光学波段,并为相关光学研究领域提供核心聚焦器件.

高边缘视场光学效率的衍射波导准直投影镜头设计

随着微型发光二极管(micro-light emitting diode,Micro-LED)微型图像源被应用于增强现实(augmented reality,AR)显示技术,AR显示系统朝着超小型化方向发展。然而Micro-LED图像源发光角度大,准直投影镜头要求体积小且像质高,其产生的渐晕现象也导致视场(field of view,FOV)边缘处光学效率低、照度不均匀,这对AR光学系统设计造成了挑战。为了解决上述问题,该文基于增加计算得到的非球面场镜,设计了一种照度均匀性高、边缘视场光学效率较高的衍射光栅波导准直投影镜头。对场镜理论进行详细分析,从而确定焦距区间,最终求解其面型参数,设计出照度相对均匀的镜头。设计的新型准直投影镜头对角线FOV为41.2°,F#为1.87,调制传递函数在125 lp/mm处大于0.5。仿真结果表明,系统照度均匀性相对提高了14%,边缘FOV的光学效率相对提高了15%,具有良好的成像性能,该镜头可应用于超小型AR衍射光栅波导头戴显示系统中。

中国先进研究堆工程科学应力谱仪性能优化与刻度研究

为充分发挥中国先进研究堆工程科学应力谱仪在工程构件残余应力表征的作用,在常用金属测试所需的中子波长约0.164 nm下进行谱仪的性能优化和刻度研究。在此波长下,将Fe(211)衍射峰的峰位误差作为光路优化的品质因数,通过调整单色器的水平聚焦和垂直聚焦姿态,获得了最优性能的聚焦光路。采用金箔活化法测试了样品处中子注量率,在反应堆满功率60 MW的条件下,样品处中子(波长0.164 nm)注量率为3.0×10^(7)cm^(−2)·s^(−1)(±4.5%),在衍射角约90°的分辨率为0.42%。使用带缝隙的镉片测试了探测器的位置分辨,获得探测器水平方向的位置分辨为(1.44±0.03)mm。本工作完成了谱仪的光路优化与性能刻度,为谱仪投入运行奠定了实验基础。

河北邢窑和定窑唐三彩烧制工艺的无损分析

研究了河北邢窑和定窑发掘出土的唐三彩样品的化学成分和物相结构。结果表明,邢窑和定窑唐三彩的胎体有不同的来源或配方;值得注意的是,邢窑唐三彩XY4样品中,存在同时施钙釉和铅釉的工艺。另一方面,邢窑和定窑唐三彩的高铅釉中,普遍存在α-石英和微量钙长石的晶相;其中定窑黄釉中存在微量莫来石(3Al_(2)O_(3)·2SiO_(2))晶相和α-Fe_(2)O_(3)晶相;定窑绿釉中存在微量的Pb_(8)Cu(Si_(2)O_(7))晶相;邢窑白釉中存在少量的钾长石(KAlSi_(3)O_(8))晶相。这些微量的晶相或是釉料本身所携带或在烧制或冷却过程中发生的复杂的物理化学变化所形成的,对了解早期唐三彩的烧制工艺和真伪识别以及墓葬出土唐三彩产地的研究具有很重要的意义。

物理光学中多光束叠加强度求解方法的探讨

大学物理光学中多光束相遇叠加强度的求解问题占据了课程内容的很大比重,涵盖了叠加原理、干涉、衍射、互补屏原理、复振幅、共轭波和偏振等理论和概念。为了使非光学特色工科大专院校的学生在有限的课程学习期间内快速方便地解决多光束叠加强度求解问题,有效地对实际的干涉测量设备原理进行分析,总结了一套“叠加强度求解六步法”的程序化解题流程,通过杨氏实验、单矩形孔夫琅禾费衍射、巴比涅互补屏系统和一个复杂习题解答为例对该方法的使用进行了充分举例说明,有效地论证了该方法的有效性和通用性。