Changes of free radicals and digestive enzymes in saliva in cases with deficiency inspleen-yin syndrome

Objective：To explore the nature of deficiency in spleen-yin syndrome,which could provide scientific theoretical support and practical guidance for clinical Traditional Chinese Medicine（TCM）syndrome differentiation based on biology,and had a strong clinical significance.Methods：Serum Cu and Zn were detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer,serum vitamin E by high performance liquid chromatography,serum vitamin C by 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Colorimetry,total superoxide dismutase（SOD）and Cu and Zn- SOD by the xanthine oxidase method,and malondialdehyde（MDA）by the 2-thiobarbituric acid method（TBA）.Total antioxidant capacity was detected by a colorimetry kit.Amylase Activity was detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer.Lysozyme was detected by lysozyme detection plate,the diameter of bacteriolysis circle was measured and the corresponding content of lysozyme was obtained from a table of standard curve values.Results： No significant difference in total SOD and Cu,Zn-SOD was found between deficiency in spleen-yin group and normal group.However,such factors in deficiency in kidney-yin group were significantly lower than the other groups（P〈0.05）.The MDA content in both deficiency in spleen-yin group and deficiency in kidney-yin group were significantly higher than that of normal group（P〈0.05）,while the total antioxidant capacity was significantly lower than normal group（P〈0.05）.The vitamin E content in deficiency in kidney-yin group was significantly lower than that in the other two groups（P〈0.05）.No significant difference in the contents of vitamin C,Cu and Zn were observed in these groups.The Zn/Cu level in deficiency in kidney-yin group and the vitamin E level in deficiency in spleen-yin group decreased,but with no significant difference.Amylase activity in unit time in cases with deficiency in spleen-yin was lower than and had significant differences with that in normal cases,and higher than that in cases with deficiency in kidney-yin.The sectional velocity of saliva and the ratio of lysozyme in normal case group were significantly higher than other two groups,while deficiency in the spleen-yin group was significantly higher than the deficiency in kidney-yin group.Conclusion：All the results indicated that the objective pathological mechanism between the deficiency in spleen-yin and deficiency in kidney-yin was different.

The Study on the Effects of Chinese Herbal Mixtures on Growth,Activity of Post-Ruminal Digestive Enzymes and Serum Antioxidant Status of Beef Cattle

Sixteen Limousin×Luxi crossbred beef cattle [（199.4±8.67） kg] were used to evaluate the effects of Chinese herbal mixtures （CHM） on growth, activities of post-ruminal digestive enzymes and serum antioxidant status of beef cattle. Treatments were control （no CHM supplementation） and three formulations of CHM （CHM-A, CHM-B and CHM-C） that were arranged as completely randomized design. The calves were fed in indoor individual feeding barn with total mixed ration for 90 d. The CHM-A, CHM-B, and CHM-C was incorporated into the diet at the level of 20 g kg-1 DM （dry matter） of concentrate. The cattle were weighted at the beginning, at the end and every 15 d between to determine growth rate. Blood sample was taken every 30 d to analyze activities of total superoxide dismutase （T-SOD） and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-PX） and concentration of malondialdehyde （MDA）. The cattle were slaughtered at the end of experiment and chymus samples from various section of the post-ruminal digestive tract were collected to analyze enzymes activities. All cattle had similar average daily gain, but cattle supplemented with CHM-A tended faster growth （P=0.08） compared to the control and other CHM treatments. Supplementation of CHM did not affect pH of chymus in any section of the post-ruminal digestive tract. Activities of pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and lipase in chymus samples were enhanced （P0.05） to various extents by supplementation of CHM-A, CHM-B, and CHM-C depending on the enzymes and the site of the digestive tract. Amylase activity was increased only by CHM-A and CHM-C from chymus sample collected at the ileum. Supplementation of CHM-A and CHM-B reduced （P0.05） concentration of MDA, but did not affect GSH-PX activity in the serum of cattle throughout the entire experimental period. Cattle supplemented with CHM-B also had higher （P0.05） T-SOD activity in the serum at day 30 and 60 as compared with the control and the other two CHM treatments. Chinese herbal mixtures supplemented at the levels of 20 g kg-1 DM of concentrate increased post-ruminal digestive enzymes activity and enhanced serum antioxidant status. Inclusion of CHM-A and CHM-B in the diet may be favourable for ruminant production.

Senna petersiana inhibits key digestive enzymes and modulates dysfunctional enzyme activities in oxidative pancreatic injury

Objective:To evaluate the effect of Senna petersiana leaf extracts on key digestive enzymes and FeSO_(4)-induced oxidative injury.Methods:Dried Senna petersiana leaf powder(60 g)was defatted in n-hexane and then extracted sequentially at room temperature with dichloromethane,methanol,and distilled water.The total phytochemical content of the extracts was estimated using established methods.The in vitro antioxidant,anti-lipase,and antidiabetic activities and the effect of the extracts on intestinal glucose absorption and FeSO_(4)-induced pancreatic oxidative injury were determined using different protocols.Moreover,GC-MS analysis was performed to identify the main compounds of the plant extract.Molecular docking analysis was also carried out to evaluate the binding energy of compounds with digestive enzymes.Results:Senna petersiana leaf extracts showed significant antioxidant activities in FRAP,DPPH,and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays.They also inhibited pancreatic lipase and lowered intestinal glucose absorption by suppressing activities ofα-amylase andα-glucosidase.Treatment with the extracts also lowered lipid peroxidation(malondialdehyde),nitric oxide level,acetylcholinesterase,and ATPase activities with simultaneous improvement of antioxidant(catalase,superoxide dismutase,glutathione)capacity in the type 2 diabetes model of oxidative pancreatic injury.GC-MS characterization of the extracts revealed the presence of stilbenoids,alkaloids,and other compounds.Molecular docking screening assay indicated the extract phytochemicals showed strong interaction with the active site amino acids of the targeted digestive enzymes.Among the Senna petersiana compounds,veratramine had the highest affinity forα-amylase and lipase,whereas dihydrostilbestrol was most attracted toα-glucosidase.Conclusions:Senna petersiana inhibits carbohydrate digestive enzymes,reduces intestinal glucose absorption,and exerts ameliorative effects on FeSO_(4)-induced oxidative pancreatic injury with significant antioxidant capabilities.Detailed in vivo studies are underway to understand the plant's therapeutic potential in diabetes management.

Changes of visceral properties and digestive enzymes in the herbivorous marine teleost Siganus canaliculatus fed on different diets

The rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus is one of the few cultured herbivorous marine teleosts. To better understand the digestive physiology of this fish and provide data for designing formulated feed using macroalgae as an ingredient, the changes of visceral properties and digestive enzyme activities were investigated after the juveniles were fed on different types of food including raw fish（RF）, formulated diet（FD） or macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifra（EP） and Gracilaria lemaneiformis（GL） for eight weeks. The results showed that the hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices in the RF and FD groups, as well as the relative intestine length（RIL） in the EP and GL groups, were significantly higher than those in other groups. Additionally, differences in the histological structure of the liver and anterior intestine were also observed among different dietary groups. The hepatic nuclei were displaced to the periphery by lipid inclusions in fish fed RF. The highest levels of mucosal folds were found in the anterior intestines of fish fed macroalgae. Digestive enzyme activity profiles showed obvious fluctuations in the first three weeks, and then leveled off in the following weeks. The levels of protease, lipase and α-amylase in the alimentary tract showed changes related to the levels of dietary protein, lipid and carbohydrate, respectively.Although macroalgae significantly inhibited the activity of protease in the stomach, it increased RIL and the number of mucosal folds in the anterior intestine so as to compensate for the influences on protease activities in the stomach. This study suggests that the digestive tract of rabbitfish can well adapt to different diets, and needs about three weeks to physiologically acclimatize to the nutritional status, thus implying that rabbitfish are somewhat omnivorous.

Effect of digestive enzymes and pH on variation of bioavailability of green tea during simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion

To exam ine the effect of digestive attributes such as digestive enzymes and pH on changes in phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity during digestion,the bioavailability of green tea infusion was investigated using a simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model.The total polyphenol content(TPC)decreased to 65%–70%throughout the mimicked normal digestion(MD)compared to the initial value.The total flavonoid content(TFC)decreased to approximately 25%after starting the gastric stage(pH 1.2);however,it regained to approximately 60%in the intestinal stage(pH 6.8).The mimicked digestive condition without digestive enzymes(WOE),which followed only the pH conditions of MD,showed significantly lower TPC and TFC values than MD.The percentage of antioxidant activity based on the initial values indexed by DPPH,ABTS,and FRAP gradually declined from approximately 60%at the gastric stage to approximately 40%at the final digestion stage.Meanwhile,the percentage of residual MIC was around 50%at the gastric stage.However,it gradually increased at the intestinal stage.The significantly lower antioxidant activity showed for WOE than MD throughout the simulated digestion.This study demonstrated that digestive enzymes and pH play a crucial role in the bioavailability of green tea infusion.

Effects of BDE-209 exposure on growth performance, intestinal digestive enzymes, and intestinal microbiome in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Polybrominated diphenyl ether has become a widespread environmental pollutant in aquatic environments.BDE-209,a prominent PBDEs found in the environment and wildlife,has been proven to cause oxidative stress,immune damage and endocrine system disorders in fish.However,the effects of BDE-209 on the intestinal health of fish remain unclear.This research aimed to determine the effects of BDE-209 on the growth performance,digestive enzymes activities and intestinal microbiota of common carp.After 60-day exposure,the growth performance of common carp were remarkably decreased(P<0.05).Moreover,the levels of protease,amylase and lipase activities remarkably decreased by BDE-209 exposure(P<0.05).In addition,metagenomics analysis revealed that the alpha-diversity values of intestinal microbiota were significantly decreased in BDE-209 exposure groups(P<0.05).The results also indicated that BDE-209 exposure could alter the intestinal microbial compositions.At the phylum level,the proportion of Fusobacteria was markedly reduced(P<0.05),while the proportions of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were significantly increased(P<0.05)along with the increasing concentrations of BDE-209.At the genus level,the proportion of Shewanella was higher(P<0.05)in BDE-209 exposure groups than in control group,while the abundance of Cetobacterium showed an opposite trend.Furthermore,the proportions of some aquatic probiotics(such as Bacillus,Rhodopseudomonas and Lactobacillus)were significantly enriched(P<0.05)in control group,and the content of short-chain fatty acid producing bacterium(such as Faecalibacterium,Bacteroides and Clostridium)were decreased along with the increasing BDE-209 concentrations,but no significant differences were found among the four groups(P>0.05).Overall,exposure to BDE-209 could alter the intestinal microbiota of common carp,which may affect their growth and threaten their health.

Growth rate,body composition, digestive enzymes and transaminase activities,and plasma ammonia concentration of different weight Jian carp(Cyprinus carpio var. Jian)

The present study investigated the effect of body weight on body composition, digestive and absorptive capacity, transaminase activities in hepatopancreas and muscle, and plasma ammonia concentration of Jian carp(Cyprinus carpio var.Jian). A total of 750 Jian carps(18.0 ± 0.2 g) were randomly distributed into five groups with three replicates and fed the same diet for 56 days. Tissue and plasma samples were collected on days 14, 28,42, and 56. The results were used to develop a mathematical model for specific growth rate, body moisture and fat content, aspartate transaminase activity and alanine aminotransferase activity in hepatopancreas and muscle, plasma ammonia concentration, and trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and amylase activities in hepatopancreas and intestine, activities of creatine kinase, Na^+/K^+-ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in intestine in Jian carp. There were linear relationships between natural logarithms of above indexes and body weight. The body moisture and fat content, digestive and absorptive enzymes activities, and transaminase activities showed negative allometry against body weight of Jian carp which were partial reasons to explain fish growth rate decreasing.

Studies on Digestive Enzymes in Alimentary Tract of Southern Sheatfish (Silurus meridionalis Chen) Larvae Ⅰ-Trypsin and Pepsin

The pepsin and trypsin activities and some of the properties of the two enzymes of southern sheatfish larvae were studied. The results were as follows: the highest level of trypsin activity is in the foregut in all measured tissues; from foregut to hindgut, trypsin activities decrease; the pH optimum of trypsin activity is pH9.0; the strongest pepsin activity is in the stomach; the proper density of haemoglobin for detecting pepsin activity is 1.0%. These data are useful in solving applied nutritional problems, such as the adequacy of artificial food to the digestive abilities of the fish.

Fatty Acid Composition and Digestive Enzyme Activities of Rainbow Trout in Response to Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid(DHA)and Eicosapentaenoic Acid(EPA)During Salinity Acclimation

This physiological study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)and eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA)on the fatty acid composition and digestive enzyme activities of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss)during salinity acclimation.Rainbow trout with an average initial weight of 90.61 g±9.25 g were fed diets with the quantities of DHA and EPA equaling to 0.54%,0.95%,1.40%and 1.79%(abbreviated as DE-0.54,DE-0.95,DE-1.40,and DE-1.79,respectively)for eight weeks,after which the gastric and intestinal fatty acids composition were analyzed.Subsequently,the fish underwent salinity acclimation.On days 1,4,7,and 14 after the freshwater was replaced by seawater and at the end of the 8-week period,gastric and intestinal digestive enzyme activities were determined.The results showed that the gastric and intestinal DHA and EPA contents of the fish were positively correlated to their dietary DHA and EPA levels.Low dietary DHA and EPA levels inhibited the protease activity of rainbow trout.Fish in the DE-0.54 group increased the lipase activity to enhance the utilization of lipids maybe due to the inadequate essential fatty acids for fish in this group.Hence,rainbow trout in the DE-0.54 group failed to maintain suitable activities of digestive enzymes after salinity acclimation.Therefore,a diet with minimum 0.95%DHA and EPA levels is necessary for rainbow trout during salinity acclimation.

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate Sources on Daily Weight Gain and Digestive Enzyme Activities of Juvenile Peanut Worm(Sipunculus nudus)

In the study,glucose,sucrose,dextrin,tapioca starch,potato starch,corn starch and gelatinized corn starch were selected to make the diets with same nitrogen and lipid,and Juvenile peanut worms( Sipunculus nudus) were fed with the diets came from different carbohydrate sources,effects of diets with different carbohydrate sources on daily weight gain and digestive enzyme activities of S. nudus were studied. Results showed that diets with different carbohydrate sources had significant influences on daily weight gain and digestive enzyme activities of S. nudus( P < 0. 05). Daily weight gain in gelatinized corn starch group was significantly higher than that in other groups( P < 0. 05); daily weight gain in glucose group was significantly lower than that in other groups( P < 0. 05); daily weight gain in the three ungelatinized starch groups was significantly higher than that in glucose,sucrose and dextrin groups( P < 0. 05). Analysis of digestive enzyme activities showed that dietary carbohydrate sources had significant influences on digestive enzyme activities of S. nudus( P < 0. 05). Protease activities and amylase activities of S. nudus in sucrose group were the highest,which were significantly higher than that in the other groups( P < 0. 05); lipase activities of S. nudus in glucose group were the lowest,which were significantly lower than that in other groups( P < 0. 05). In conclusion,growth-promoting effects of macromolecules carbohydrates( starch) were better than that of disaccharide( sucrose) and monosaccharide( glucose),which of gelatinized starch were better than that of ungelatinized starch.

Effects of dietary supplementation of probiotic,Clostridium butyricum,on growth performance,immune response,intestinal barrier function,and digestive enzyme activity in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88

Background： Colibacillosis caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coil （E. coil} results in economic losses in the poultry industry. Antibiotics are usually used to control colibacillosis, however, E. coli has varying degrees of resistance to different antibiotics. Therefore the use of probiotics is becoming accepted as an alternative to antibiotics. In this study, we evaluated the effects of Clostfidium butyricum （C. butyficum） on growth performance, immune response, intestinal barrier function, and digestive enzyme activity in broiler chickens challenged with Eschefichia coli （E. coil） K88. Methods： The chickens were randomly divided into four treatment groups for 28 days. Negative control treatment （NC） consisted of birds fed a basal diet without E. coil K88 challenge and positive control treatment （PC） consisted of birds fed a basal diet and challenged with E. coil K88. C. buO/ricum probiotic treatment （CB） consisted of birds fed a diet containing 2 x 107 cfu C. buO/ricum/kg of diet and challenged with E. coil K88. Colistin sulfate antibiotic treatment （CS） consisted of birds fed a diet containing 20 mg colistin sulfate/kg of diet and challenged with E. coil K88. Results： The body weight （BW） and average day gain （ADG） in the broilers of CB group were higher （P 〈 0.05） than the broilers in the PC group overall except the ADG in the 14-21 d post-challenge. The birds in CB treatment had higher （P 〈 0.05） concentration of tumor necrosis factor-a （TNF-a） at 3 and 7 d post-challenge, and higher （P 〈 0.05） concentration of interleukin-4 （IL-4） at 14 d post-challenge than those in the PC treatment group. The concentration of serum endotoxin in CB birds was lower （P 〈 0.05） at 21 d post-challenge, and the concentrations of serum diamine oxidase in CB birds were lower （P 〈 0.05） at 14 and 21 d post-challenge than in PC birds. Birds in CB treatment group had higher （P 〈 0.05） jejunum villi height than those in PC, NC, or CS treatment at 7, 14, and 21 d post-challenge. In comparison to PC birds, the CB birds had lower （P 〈 0.05） jejunum crypt depth during the whole experiment. The birds in CB or CS treatment group had higher （P 〈 0.05） activities of amylase and protease at 3, 7, and 14 d post-challenge, and higher （P 〈 0.05） activity of lipase at 3, 7 d post-challenge than PC birds.

Responses of Detoxifying, Antioxidant and Digestive Enzyme Activities to Host Shift of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

The polyphagous B-biotype of Bemisia tabaci （Gennadius） has demonstrated a high capacity to adapt to numerous hosts from diverse plant families. To illustrate induced responses by the host plant, biochemical research on eight plant-insect interaction correlative enzymes, representing detoxifying, antioxidant and digestive pathways, were investigated. Transferring whitefly adults to Zhongmian 23 from the pre-adapted host Zhongmian 41 induced activities of carboxylesterase （by 1.80-fold）, glutathione S-transferase （by 3.79-fold）, proteinase （by 1.62-fold） and amylase （by 2.41-fold） activities, hut decreased polyphenol oxidase （by 1.89-fold） and peroxidase （by 1.88-fold）. However, transferring whitefly adults to the favorite host abutilon from Zhongmian 41 was associated with increased activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase （by 1.61-fold） and amylase （by 1.42-fold）, and decreased activities of polyphenol oxidase （by 2.96-fold） and peroxidase （by 2.07-fold）. Our results, together with previous studies, proved that multiple pathways are involved in coping with host shifts by polyphagous herbivores, and the taxonomic status and preference of the host transferred would affect which pathway would be induced. These results would represent a key challenge in developing long-term sustainable insect control strategies.

Effects of soybean meal replacement with fermented alfalfa meal on the growth performance,serum antioxidant functions,digestive enzyme activities,and cecal microflora of geese

Fermented forages are important feedstuffs. Bacillus subtilis inoculants are often used to improve the value of forage legume fermentation. The present work was conducted to study the effects of replacing soybean meal with solid-state fermented alfalfa meal（FAM） with B. subtilis ACCC 01746 on growth performance, serum antioxidant and digestive enzyme activities, and cecal microflora in goose. 300 healthy geese with similar body weights were randomly assigned to six treatment groups with five replicates of 10 geese（five males and five females） each. Geese were fed ad libitum for 35 days. Results showed that the geese fed with 4 and 8% FAM exhibited no significant effects on their final body weights（FBW） and average day gain（ADG）（P〉0.05）, whereas 12% or higher FAM caused poor growth of the geese compared with control diet（linear（L）： P〈0.05）. The average daily feed intake（ADFI）（quadratic（Q）： P〈0.05） and feed conversion ratio（FCR）（L： P〈0.05） with 8% or higher supplementation level were higher than those of the control group. The activities of antioxidant enzyme in serum increased, and the level of malondialdehyde（MDA） significantly decreased with increasing dietary FAM level（L： P〈0.05）. However, no significant differences were observed at 8% or lower supplementation level for glutathione peroxidase（GSH-Px） and superoxide dismutase（SOD）（P〉0.05） and at 4% for catalase（CAT） supplementation level compared with the control group. All diets containing FAM increased digestive enzyme activities in geese. However, geese fed diets with 12% FAM supplementation showed the highest trypsin activities in pancreas（Q： P〈0.05）. Supplementation with 12% or higher FAM significantly increased amylase activities in pancreas（L： P〈0.05） and duodenum（L： P〈0.05） compared with the control group. Significant differences were not observed in total anaerobic bacteria between geese fed with FAM and control diets on day 35（P〉0.05）. The numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the cecum of geese fed with FAM significantly increased（L： P〈0.05）, but no significant effects were found with 4 and 8% FAM supplementation levels compared with the control（P〉0.05）. By contrast, the coliform counts of cecum decreased with increasing inclusion of FAM, but these counts were significantly reduced in geese fed diets with 12% or higher FAM supplementation level（L： P〈0.05）. Collectively, our results indicated that supplementation of the basal geese diet with 8% FAM had no apparent adverse effects on growth performance, serum antioxidant enzyme activities, and digestive parameters and beneficial microbiota.

Effects of Yeast Chromium Combined with Probiotics on Laying Performance,Intestinal Microflora and Digestive Enzyme Activities of Laying Hens in Summer

[ Objective] To study the effects of yeast chromium combined with probiotics on laying performance, intestinal microflora and digestive enzyme activities of laying hens. [ Method] A total of 432 healthy 40-week-old Roman brown laying hens were randomly divided into nine groups. Laying hens in control group were fed with basal diet, laying hens in test groups were fed with basal diet combining with different levels of yeast chromium （0,400,600 μg/kg） or probiotics （0,400,800 mg/kg）. [ Result] Yeast chromium, probiotics or yeast chromium combined with probiotics adding into feeds could significantly increased the laying rate （ P 〈 0.05 ） and significantly reduced feed-egg rate （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Joint use of yeast chromium and probiotics had significant interaction effects on laying rate and feed conversion rate（P 〈 0. 05）. Adding of yeast chromium combined with probiotics in diets could significantly increased the amount of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium （P 〈0.05 ） in ileum and cecum of laying hens, and significantly reduced the amount of Escherichia coli and Salmonella （P 〈0.05 ） , in addition, the activity of total protease, lipase and amylase in duodenal contents were significantly increased （ P 〈 0.05 ）. Joint use of yeast chromium and probioties had sig- nificant interaction effects on the activity of total protease, lipase and amylase in laying hens duodenal contents （ P 〈 0.05 ）. [ Conclusion ] Joint adding of 600μg/kg yeast chromium and 800 mg/kg probiotics in diets in summer had best effects on laying performance, intestinal microflora and digestive enzyme activities of laying hens.

Effects of Dihydromyricetin Extracted from Ampelopsis grossedentata on Visceral Organ Indexes and Intestinal Digestive Enzyme Activities of Chickens

To provide a reference basis for reasonable development and utilization of Ampelopsis grossedentata resource and its application in production,we added 0.025%,0.05% and 0.1% dihydromyricetin（DMY）extracted from A.grossedentata into the basal diets of Yaoshan chickens,and studied the effects of DMY on visceral organ indexes and digestive enzyme activities of 40-day-old healthy Yaoshan chickens.Supplementation of DMY in basal diets influenced visceral organ weight,organ index,length and digestive enzyme activity of small intestine of chickens.Among them,0.05% DMY was the most appropriate volume for supplementation.Compared with control group（without DMY）,0.05% DMY reduced lung weight and index（P〉0.05）,significantly reduced liver weight（P〈0.05）,extremely reduced stomach weight and stomach index（P〈0.01）,increased activity of amylase in small intestine（P〉0.05）,significantly increased length of small intestine and activity of protease（P〈0.05）.Supplementation of 0.05% DMY reduced the visceral organ weight and organ index,enhanced digestion and absorption ability of gastrointestinal tract,thereby improving feed utilization rate and promoting the growth of chickens.

Effects of Supplemental Histamine on Gastric Acid Secretion, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Intestinal Microfloral of Early Weaned Piglets

Two experiments were conducted to study the effect of supplemental histamine in the diet of early-weaned piglets. In experiment A, 24 cross bred piglets with an average body weight of 6.10±0. 40 kg, weaned at the age of 28 days, were divided into four groups, fed with basal diet of low dietary copper without (control) or with supplemental histamine at 60, 120, 180μg kg-1 BW. During the two weeks and the third week after weaning, ADG(average daily gain) of piglets were increased by 15.8%(P<0. 05), 9.5%(P< 0.10) by addition of 60μg kg-1 BW histamine, but decreased by addition of 180μg kg-1BW histamine, which also increased the amount of E. coli in colon and the scour incidence. The secretion of gastric acid and pepsin were improved by both dose of supplemental histamine (60, 180μg kg-1BW) and gastric digesta pH were decreased by both. Addition of 60 μg kg-1 BW histamine improved the activities of trypsin, amylase in duodelum digesta. In experiment B, 12 cross bred piglets with an average body weight of 6. 85±0.35 kg, weaned at the age of 28 days, were divided into two groups, fed with basal diet of high dietary copper without (control) or with supplemental 60 μg kg-1 BW histamine. During the two weeks and the third week after weaning, ADG of piglets were increased by 9. 8% (P<0.05), 7. 0% (P<0. 10). The secretion of gastric acid, activities of trypsin and amylase in duodelum digesta, were also improved by addition of 60 μg kg-1BW histamine. The results showed that addition of histamine (60μg kg-1BW) in early weaned piglets could increase the secretion of gastric acid and pepsin, reduce gastric digesta pH and scour incidence, improve activities of trypsin, amylase in duodelum digesta, and the growing performance of early weaned piglets.

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate-lipid Ratio on Growth, Body Composition and Digestive Enzyme Activities of Juvenile Peanut Worm,Sipunculus nudus

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate-lipid( C / L) ratios on growth performance,body composition and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile peanut worm. [Methods]Juvenile peanut worm with average body weight of( 16. 77 ± 0. 40) mg were fed with five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets formulated to contain different carbohydrate / lipid( C / L) ratios( 0. 68,1. 02,1. 62,2. 61 or 4. 35) for 8 weeks. [Results] The dietary C / L ratios had no significant effects on survival of juvenile peanut worm( P 】 0. 05). With the increasing of dietary C / L ratios,weight growth rate( WGR)and specific growth rate( SGR) increased when dietary C / L ratios were between 0. 68 and 2. 61,and then decreased significantly with dietary C / L ratio further increased. When the dietary C / L ratio was 2. 61( carbohydrate level was 20. 64%,lipid level was 7. 92%) both WGR and SGR produced the maximum value,they were 451. 78 ± 16. 85% and 3. 41 ± 0. 06 % / d,respectively. The dietary C / L ratios had significant effects on body moisture,body protein content and body lipid content( P 【 0. 05),but no significant effects on body ash content of juvenile peanut worm( P 】 0. 05). Different C / L ratios had significant effects on amylase activity and lipases activity of juvenile peanut worm( P 【 0. 05),but no significant effects on protease activity( P 】 0. 05). [Conclusion]The regression model analysis showed that the most suitable dietary C / L ratio which can make juvenile peanut worm acquire the best weight growth rate is 2. 42.

Comparison of Digestive Enzyme Activities in Normal and Growth Retarded Japanese Eels(Anguilla japonics)

[ Objective] This experiment was conducted to compare the activity difference of digestive enzymes in Japanese eels Anguilla japonics and growth retarded eels under different reaction temperature. [Method] Both 20 normal Japanese eels （Weight from 126.4 to 140.2 g per eel） and 20 growth retarded eels （Weight from 3.5 to 8.6 g per eel） were selected, then, the protease, amylase, lipase activities in hepatopancreas, intestine and stomach under the reaction temperature 5, 10, 15, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 55℃ were measured. [ Result] The protease activities in hepatopancreas, intestine and stomach all reached the highest value for both normal eels and growth retarded eels, and the order of protease activities was intestine 〉 stomach 〉 hepatopancreas except the protease activities of growth retarded eels at the temperature of 5, 15, 55℃ The protease activities in hepatopancreas, intestine and stomach of growth retarded eels were 29.5%, 15.7% and 25.2% of those of normal eels（ P 〈0. 05）. The amylase activities of both normal and growth retarded eels reached the highest value at the temperature of 30 ~C. The amylase activity or- der of normal eels was hepatopancreas 〉 intestine 〉 stomach expect the amylase activity at the temperature of 5 ~C, while the amylase activity order of growth retarded eels is intestine 〉 hepatopancreas 〉 stomach. The amylase activities in hepatopancreas, intestine and stomach of growth retarded eels were 42.4%, 73.7% and 43.8% of those of normal eels （ P 〈 0.05）. The lipase activities of both normal and growth retarded eels reached the highest value at the temperature of 35 ~C. The lipase activity order of normal eels was hepatopancreas 〉 stomach 〉 intestine, while the lipase activity order of growth retarded eels was hepatopancreas 〉 intestine 〉 stomach expect the lipase activity at the temperature of 35 ~C. The lipase activities in hepatopancreas, intestine and stomach of growth retarded eels were 41.5%, 45.6% and 23.2% of those of normal eels（ P 〈0.05）. [ Conclusion] The protease, amylase, lipase activities in hepatopancreas, intestine and stomach of growth retarded Japanese eels were significantly lower than those of normal Japanese eels, therefore, its growth was affected directly.

桡足类消化酶活力的影响因子

桡足类消化酶活力的影响因子汤鸿，李少菁（厦门大学海洋系，３６１００５）ＦａｃｔｏｒｓＩｎｆｌｕｅｕｃｉｎｇｔｈｅＤｉｇｅｓｔｉｖｅＥｎｚｙｍｅＡｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆＣｏｐｅｐｏｄｓ．￥ＴａｎｇＨｏｎｇ；ＬｉＳｈａｏｃｈｉｎｇ（Ｏ－ｃｅａｎｏｌｏｇｙＤｅ...

Role of digestive protease enzymes and related genes in host plant adaptation of a polyphagous pest,Spodoptera frugiperda

The evolutionary success of phytophagous insects depends on their ability toefficiently exploit plants as a source of energy for survival.Herbivorous insects largelydepend on the efficiency,flexibility,and diversity of their digestive physiology and sophistication of their detoxification system to use chemically diverse host plants as foodsources.The fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith),is a polyphagous pest ofmany commercially important crops.To elucidate the ability of this insect pest to adaptto host plant mechanisms,we evaluated the impact of primary(corn)and alternate(rice)host plants after 1l generations on gut digestive enzymatic activity and expression profiles of related genes.Results indicated that the total protease and classspecific trypsinand chymotrypsinlike protease activity of S.frugiperda significantly differed among hostplant treatments.The classspecifiq protease profiles greatly differed in S.frugiperdamidguts upon larval exposure to different treatments with inhibitors compared with treatments without inhibitors.Similarly,the single and cumulative effects of the enzymespecific inhibitors TLCK,TPCK,and E64 significantly increased larval mortality and reduced larval growth/mass across different plant treatments.Furthermore,the quantitativereverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results revealed increased transcription oftwo trypsin(SfTry3,SfTry7)and one chymotrypsin gene(Sfchym9),which indicatedthat they have roles in host plant adaptation.Knockdown of these genes resulted in significantly reduced mRNA expression levels of the trypsin genes.This was related to theincreased mortality observed in treatments compared with the dsRED control.This resultindicates possible roles of S.frugiperda gut digestive enzymes and related genes in hostplant adaptation.