Pharmacological effects of bioactive agents in earthworm extract:A comprehensive review

This review compiles information from the literature on the chemical composition,pharmacological effects,and molecular mechanisms of earthworm extract(EE)and suggests possibilities for clinical translation of EE.We also consider future trends and concerns in this domain.We summarize the bioactive components of EE,including G-90,lysenin,lumbrokinase,antimicrobial peptides,earthworm serine protease(ESP),and polyphenols,and detail the antitumor,antithrombotic,antiviral,antibacterial,anti-i nflammatory,analgesic,antioxidant,wound-healing,antifibrotic,and hypoglycemic activities and mechanisms of action of EE based on existing in vitro and in vivo studies.We further propose the potential of EE for clinical translation in anticancer and lipid-modifying therapies,and its promise as source of a novel agent for wound healing and resistance to antibiotic tolerance.The earthworm enzyme lumbrokinase embodies highly effective anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties and has the advantage of not causing bleeding phenomena due to hyperfibrinolysis.Its antifibrotic properties can reduce the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix.The glycolipoprotein extract G-90 can effectively scavenge reactive oxygen groups and protect cellular tissues from oxidative damage.Earthworms have evolved a well-developed defense mechanism to fight against microbial infections,and the bioactive agents in EE have shown good antibacterial,fungal,and viral properties in in vitro and in vivo experiments and can alleviate inflammatory responses caused by infections,effectively reducing pain.Recent studies have also highlighted the role of EE in lowering blood glucose.EE shows high medicinal value and is expected to be a source of many bioactive compounds.

Technique of Earthworms Restoring Soil in Greenhouse Cultivation

The production environment of greenhouse cultivation is relatively closed,the multiple cropping index is high,the management of fertilizationwatering and pesticideapplication isblindtosomeextent,andthe phenomenonofcontinuous cropping isalsocommonSoilquali-ty affects the sustainable development of greenhouse cultivation.Earthworm is a ubiquitous invertebrate organism in soil,an important part of soil system,a link between terrestrial organisms and soil organisms,an important link in the small cycle of soil material organisms,and plays an important role in maintaining the structure and function of soil ecosystem.Different ecotypes of earthworms are closely related to their habi-tats(soil layers)and food resource preferences,and then affect their ecological functions.The principle of earthworm regulating soil function is essentially the close connection and interaction between earthworm and soil microorganism.Using different ecotypes of earthworms and bio-logical agents to carry out combined remediation of greenhouse cultivation soil is a technical model to realize sustainable development of green-house cultivation.

Earthworm Optimization with Improved SqueezeNet Enabled Facial Expression Recognition Model

Facial expression recognition(FER)remains a hot research area among computer vision researchers and still becomes a challenge because of high intraclass variations.Conventional techniques for this problem depend on hand-crafted features,namely,LBP,SIFT,and HOG,along with that a classifier trained on a database of videos or images.Many execute perform well on image datasets captured in a controlled condition;however not perform well in the more challenging dataset,which has partial faces and image variation.Recently,many studies presented an endwise structure for facial expression recognition by utilizing DL methods.Therefore,this study develops an earthworm optimization with an improved SqueezeNet-based FER(EWOISN-FER)model.The presented EWOISN-FER model primarily applies the contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization(CLAHE)technique as a pre-processing step.In addition,the improved SqueezeNet model is exploited to derive an optimal set of feature vectors,and the hyperparameter tuning process is performed by the stochastic gradient boosting(SGB)model.Finally,EWO with sparse autoencoder(SAE)is employed for the FER process,and the EWO algorithm appropriately chooses the SAE parameters.Awide-ranging experimental analysis is carried out to examine the performance of the proposed model.The experimental outcomes indicate the supremacy of the presented EWOISN-FER technique.

Protective Effect and Molecular Mechanism of Shui People's Classic Prescription Jipei Dilong Ointment on Osteoarthritis in Rats

[Objectives]To explore the protective effect and molecular mechanism of Shui People s Classic Prescription Jipei Dilong Ointment on knee osteoarthritis in rats.[Methods]72 SPF male SD rats were divided into control group,model group,Jipei Dilong Ointment high,medium and low dose groups,and positive drug Diclofenac group,with 12 rats in each group.Except the control group,all other groups were injected with 0.2 mL of 2%papain and 0.3%L-cysteine mixture into knee joint cavity to establish osteoarthritis model,while the control group was injected with the same amount of normal saline.The Lequesne MG score was used to determine the success of the model.After successful modeling,external administration was given for 4 weeks.The histopathological changes in articular cartilage and synovium were observed by HE staining;the levels of TNF-α,IL-1βand COX-2 in serum were detected by ELISA,and the relative expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 mRNA in cartilage was detected by qRT-PCR;the relative expression of MMP-9,TIMP-1,TLR4,MyD88 and NF-κB in rat cartilage was detected by Western-blot.[Results]Compared with the model group,Jipei Dilong Ointment could significantly reduce the Lequesne MG score and Mankin s score of arthritic rats(P<0.01);significantly improve the pathological changes in articular cartilage and synovium,reduce tissue edema,necrosis,inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrous tissue proliferation;reduce the expression of MMP-9 mRNA(P<0.01)in different degrees and increase the expression of TIMP-1 mRNA(P<0.01);reduce the relative expression of MMP-9,TLR4,MyD88 and NF-κB protein in different degrees(P<0.01),and significantly increase the relative expression of TIMP-1 protein in cartilage(P<0.01).[Conclusions]Jipei Dilong Ointment can improve the joint injury of osteoarthritis rats,and the mechanism may be related to the regulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1.

Therapeutic Effect and Mechanism of Jipei Dilong Ointment on Acute Soft Tissue Injury in Rats

[Objectives]This study was conducted to observe the therapeutic effect of Jipei Dilong Ointment on rats with acute soft tissue injury caused by heavy objects and to explore its action mechanism.[Methods]Thirty six rats were randomly divided into six groups(control group,model group,high-dose Jipei Dilong Ointment group(JP-H),medium-dose Jipei Dilong Ointment group(JP-M),low-dose Jipei Dilong Ointment group(JP-L)and diclofenac group).Except for the Control group,other groups were subjected to modeling of acute soft tissue injury by the weight impact method.All administration was performed once a day for nine consecutive days.The local appearance score and activity disorder score were determined after soft tissue injury in rats.HE staining was used to detect the pathological changes of injured soft tissues in rats.RT-PCR was used to detect the relative mRNA expressions of Bax,Bcl-2,MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in injured soft tissues of rats.Western Blot was used to detect the protein expressions of MMP-9,TIMP-1,TLR4,MyD88 and NF-κB p65 in injured soft tissues of rats.Results were statistically analyzed.[Results]Compared with the model group,Jipei Dilong Ointment could significantly improve the appearance symptoms such as swelling and ecchymosis in the injured area and the movement function of the affected limb(P<0.05).It could also improve the infiltration of inflammatory cells and widening of the intermuscular space caused by injury.Among them,the JP-H group and the diclofenac group had more significant curative effects.After 9 d of administration,each administration group could significantly up-regulate the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax mRNA expression level(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 mRNA expression level showed a downward trend(P>0.05).The expression level of NF-κB p65 protein in each administration group was significantly decreased(P<0.01).The protein expression levels of TLR4 and MyD88 and the ratio of MMP-9/TIMP-1 protein expression level in each administration group decreased to varying degrees.Among them,the JP-H group and diclofenac group significantly decreased(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Jipei Dilong Ointment has the functions of relieving pain,swelling and inflammation.It could improve the local appearance,functional activity and tissue morphology of affected limbs in rats,and has a therapeutic effect on acute soft tissue injury in rats.Its mechanism of action might be related to the inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway and the regulation of Bcl-2/Bax and MMP-9/TIMP-1 balance.

新烟碱类杀虫剂哌虫啶在3种典型土壤中的生物有效性

为探究新烟碱类杀虫剂哌虫啶在3种典型土壤中的降解及其生物有效性,本研究在室内模拟土壤生境,以赤子爱胜蚯蚓和哌虫啶分别作为受试模式生物和目标污染物,采用蚯蚓生物富集量和间接生物测量法,研究哌虫啶在不同类型土壤中的生物有效性。研究结果表明:哌虫啶在棕壤、红壤和黑土中的降解半衰期分别为11.45~12.62、12.42~14.38 d和5.19~10.21 d,在3种典型土壤中的降解速度为黑土>棕壤>红壤。哌虫啶在蚯蚓体内的生物累积量随其在土壤中含量的增加而增大,在10 mg·kg^(-1)哌虫啶处理下,棕壤、红壤和黑土中蚯蚓体内哌虫啶的含量分别为190、210 ng·g^(-1)和160 ng·g^(-1),生物富集法研究表明,哌虫啶在黑土中的生物有效性较低,在红壤和棕壤中的生物有效性相对较高。不同处理的蚯蚓受到哌虫啶的氧化胁迫,其蛋白质含量、抗氧化酶活性、谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶活性和丙二醛含量具有显著的差异性(P<0.05),各指标在黑土中受到的影响较小,在棕壤和红壤中受到的影响较大,哌虫啶在有机质含量丰富的黑土中生物有效性较弱,而在棕壤和红壤中生物有效性较强。

湿垃圾来源的蚯蚓粪肥对连作障碍土壤质量和黄瓜产量的影响

随着城市化的发展,湿垃圾产量与日俱增,湿垃圾资源化利用迫在眉睫。利用蚯蚓处理湿垃圾制作蚯蚓粪肥用于农田土壤改良,是一项有效的湿垃圾资源化利用途径以及有利于缓解蔬菜连作障碍方面问题。该文以常规有机肥为参照,选取以湿垃圾及其厌氧沼渣为原料制作的蚯蚓粪肥为研究对象,研究连续3年施加蚯蚓粪肥对黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)土壤综合质量和作物产量的影响。结果表明,经过3年的改良后,施加60.0 t/hm^(2)蚯蚓粪肥的黄瓜产量提高了5.60%,土壤有机质含量提高了50.0%,且蚯蚓粪肥的效果要高于常规有机肥;土壤全氮含量达到最高,高于背景值33.0%;土壤的养分含量(硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾)也得到了提高,其中速效钾含量升高了94.0%。经过3年的改良,土壤中的细菌数量在施加了有机肥后明显增加,其中以添加30.0t/hm^(2)蚯蚓粪肥的细菌数量最多;土壤细菌/真菌的比值有所提高,土壤生物性状得到改善。土壤的呼吸强度随着有机肥的施入而升高,以施加60.0t/hm^(2)蚯蚓粪肥的最大;土壤pH略有降低,盐度无明显变化。因此,湿垃圾来源的蚯蚓粪肥能改善土壤的理化和生物学性质,可在一定程度上缓解连作障碍的发生,可作为化肥替代品或与化肥相配合在农业生产中进行推广。

基于蚯蚓密度调控污泥堆肥重金属有效性研究

目的为探讨不同蚯蚓投放密度对污泥中重金属有效性的影响,为污泥蚯蚓堆肥提供新思路。方法以不同密度赤子爱胜蚓(0,10,20,40条)和0g,25g,50g稻壳为添加剂对2kg污泥进行堆肥,探究不同蚯蚓投放密度下生活污泥重金属有效性变化。结果在一定稻壳添加量下,随蚯蚓密度增加,污泥pH(酸碱度)、OM(有机质)、TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)降低,EC(电导率)增加,随稻壳添加量逐渐增加,与蚯蚓协同作用下污泥pH、OM、TN、TP继续降低;在一定稻壳添加量下,随蚯蚓投放密度增加,污泥Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd总量降低,其中,50g稻壳协同40条蚯蚓堆肥时,Cu、Cd总量降低幅度达到最大,分别为34.04%、35.85%;在一定稻壳添加量下,随蚯蚓投放密度增加,污泥有效态Cu、Zn有升高趋势,有效态Cd有所降低,有效态Pb显著降低(P<0.05),其中,50g稻壳协同40条蚯蚓堆肥时,对污泥中Pb有效性钝化效果最显著,降低达到42.43%;通过相关性和回归分析可知,蚯蚓投放密度增加,通过改变EC影响Cu有效性、改变TN和TP影响Pb、Zn和Cd有效性。结论50g稻壳协同40条蚯蚓共同处理污泥时,对污泥中重金属活性降低效果最佳。

环境温度·饵料湿度和饵料酸碱度对蚯蚓生长繁殖的影响

[目的]研究不同环境温度、饵料湿度和饵料pH对蚯蚓生长和繁殖的影响,确定其最佳生长繁殖条件,为蚯蚓养殖提供科学依据。[方法]设计3个试验,分别研究不同环境温度对蚯蚓生长和产卵数的影响、不同饵料湿度对蚯蚓生长和产卵数的影响、不同pH对蚯蚓生长和产卵数的影响。[结果]不同温度对蚯蚓生长和繁殖的影响结果表明:23℃时产卵数最多,显著多于18和30℃时的产卵数(P<0.05);25℃次之,但两者间差异不显著;18℃时蚯蚓产卵数最少,显著少于23、25和30℃时的产卵数(P<0.05)。但从增重效果来看,18℃条件下总增重3.022 g,显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。不同湿度对蚯蚓生长和繁殖的影响结果表明:室温23~25℃条件下,65%湿度组个体生长最好,60%和70%湿度组稍次之,但处理间差异不显著(P>0.05);湿度70%时,蚯蚓产卵数显著高于其他组(P<0.05);湿度40%时,蚯蚓产卵数回升,但成活率较低。不同pH对蚯蚓生长和产卵数的影响结果表明:在pH 5~11范围内蚯蚓均能成活并有少量产茧,其适应性较广,而在pH为9时产卵数较多;处理组蚯蚓成活数在pH为6时最多;pH为8时,在增重、产茧数上,对照组优于任一处理组。[结论]大平二号蚯蚓繁殖最佳条件为温度23℃、湿度70%、pH 6;大平二号蚯蚓生长最佳条件为温度18℃、湿度65%、pH 8~9。

减施化肥增施蚯蚓粪有机肥对连作甜瓜的影响

【目的】研究减施化肥增施蚯蚓粪有机肥对连作甜瓜产量及品质的影响,为甜瓜生产中减施化肥增效提供基础数据。【方法】以甜瓜品种黄梦脆为材料,在优化施肥基础上配施4个蚯蚓粪有机肥梯度处理,研究减施化肥增施蚯蚓粪有机肥对连作甜瓜生理、光合特性、产量、品质和线虫根结数量的影响。【结果】相较于常规施肥,T_(2)处理的蔓长、蔓鲜重、蔓干重、根鲜重、根干重较对照分别增加了26.3%、39.9%、23.5%、80.6%和53.3%;光合指标T_(2)处理的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率较对照分别提升了38.6%、45.4%和66.1%,与对照差异显著;甜瓜品质关键指标在T_(2)处理下达到最大,与对照差异显著。【结论】T_(2)处理(蚯蚓粪有机肥300 kg/667m^(2)+复合肥50 kg/667m^(2))综合表现最佳,可作为连作甜瓜施肥。

稻壳炭强化城市污泥蚯蚓堆肥过程中重金属变化特征

为探讨稻壳炭强化蚯蚓堆肥对污泥性质和重金属的影响,本研究以城市污泥为研究对象,添加不同比例稻壳炭对蚯蚓堆肥进行强化处理,探究不同生物炭剂量(污泥干质量的2%、4%、6%、8%)对城市污泥蚯蚓堆肥过程中重金属有效态以及赋存形态的影响。结果表明:堆肥过程中pH呈先上升后降低的趋势,电导率先降低后升高,有机质呈下降趋势;与对照组(不添加稻壳炭)相比,添加不同比例稻壳炭强化后的电导率、有机质分别降低28.96%~47.46%、2.84%~18.87%;稻壳炭强化的污泥堆肥中养分增加,总氮、总磷和总钾在8%添加量时分别提高9.89%、24.39%和2.51%。当稻壳炭添加到蚯蚓堆肥后,重金属从易迁移转化形态向稳定态转化,在8%添加比例时,Cd、Cu、Ni的残渣态占比较对照组分别提高3.57、19.12、9.27个百分点,有效态分别降低56.25%、34.22%、28.20%;添加4%稻壳炭使Pb由可交换态、碳酸盐结合态向稳定的有机结合态转化,且有效态降低27.69%。相关性分析发现稻壳炭强化蚯蚓堆肥,升高堆体pH降低了污泥中Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb有效态含量。研究表明,稻壳炭强化蚯蚓堆肥可显著提升城市污泥营养元素,改善理化性质,提高污泥中重金属钝化效率。

接种蚯蚓对有机茶园土壤结构及有机碳库的影响

为探讨接种蚯蚓对有机茶园土壤团聚体、孔隙分布及有机碳库的影响,设置375条/m^(2),250条/m^(2),125条/m^(2)三种蚯蚓投放密度,将威廉腔环蚓接种于信阳有机茶园土壤中。结果表明:接种蚯蚓能显著提升>2mm大团聚体的比例而降低<0.25mm粒径的微团聚体的比例;提高水稳性小团聚体(0.25mm≤d≤2mm)比例,但对水稳性大团聚体d>2mm的影响不显著;高密度蚯蚓处理平均重量直径(MWD),平均几何直径(NWD)以及分型维数(D),团聚体破坏率(PAD)显著高于其他密度处理及对照(CK)。接种蚯蚓使得结构性孔隙(土壤颗粒间和团聚体间孔隙)所占比重增加,其中以团聚体间孔隙增加最为显著,其次为颗粒间孔隙,对由粘粒及矿物层间形成的毛管孔隙分布无显著影响;随着接种密度的增加,颗粒间孔隙度变化不显著而团聚体间孔隙度的相对值和绝对值均显著增加。添加蚯蚓能显著增加土壤活性有机库总量。接种密度的增加对活性有机碳库总量影响不大,但对土壤呼吸速率提升较多,故从温室气体排放角度考虑低接种密度更合适。可见,有机茶园中少量接种蚯蚓即能达到改良土壤结构的效果,并能缓解由于采茶造成的土壤压实问题。

蚯蚓联合生防细菌Bacillus velezensis改善连作百合土壤细菌群落结构及防治枯萎病的效果

【目的】从土壤理化性状和微生物群落结构及多样性角度,研究蚯蚓联合生防细菌改善百合连作障碍的机理和效果,为湖南百合产业化种植提供技术措施。【方法】采用盆栽试验方法,在湖南长沙连续种植了两季百合(Lilium lancifolium Thunb.)。供试土壤为红壤,生防菌为Bacillales velezensis YFB3-1菌液(菌体浓度为10^(9) CFU/mL),蚯蚓为赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)。试验设单施菌液(T1)、只接种蚯蚓(T2)、同时使用菌液和蚯蚓(T3) 3个处理,以不使用菌剂和蚯蚓为对照(CK)。调查了两茬百合产量和枯萎病病情指数,分析了第二茬百合根际土壤理化性质、细菌群落结构和多样性,以及连作百合产量与根际土壤理化性质、细菌群落和枯萎病的相关性。【结果】与第一茬相比,同一处理的第二茬百合产量都显著下降。两年连作百合产量都以同时使用菌液和蚯蚓(T3)处理为最高,分别为16464、15674 kg/hm^(2),都显著高于同年份其他处理。两年连作百合枯萎病发病率和病情指数都以T3为最低,都显著低于同年份其他处理,T3处理百合枯萎病病情指数分别为18.15(2019年)、25.00 (2020年),并且两年的防治效果(T3)都明显优于单施菌液(T1)和接种蚯蚓(T2)。相比于对照(CK),2019、2020年T3处理百合枯萎病防治效果分别为44.55%、37.66%,分别增产15.05%、14.78%。蚯蚓联合生防菌YFB3-1增加了根际土壤Rhizobiales、Flavobacteriales、Pseudomonadales、Bacillales等有益微生物的种群丰度,蚯蚓与生防菌YFB3-1在抑制连作百合枯萎病方面具有显著的互作效应,因而缓解连作百合产量下降的效果最佳。【结论】在施用芽孢杆菌生防菌剂防治连作百合枯萎病的同时,可以增施有机肥(牛粪)来提高土壤中蚯蚓数量,有效预防百合枯萎病发生,减少连作百合产量损失。

秸秆炭协助蚯蚓堆肥条件下污泥中重金属时间性变化特征

为降低生活污泥中重金属迁移性和有效性,提高其利用率,以某市生活污水处理厂剩余污泥为研究对象,设置污泥单独堆肥为对照组,添加蚯蚓和不同比例玉米秸秆炭(0%、2%、4%、6%和8%),探究秸秆炭协助蚯蚓堆肥条件下污泥中重金属浓度及其有效态的时间变化规律。结果表明,随堆肥时间增加(0~30 d),污泥pH和总氮(TN)浓度先升高后降低,总有机碳(TOC)浓度逐渐降低,电导率(EC)先降低后升高,总磷(TP)和总钾(TK)浓度逐渐增加,堆肥结束时,pH、TOC浓度和TN浓度分别较初始值平均降低6.38%、20.24%和13.44%;重金属Cd、Zn和Pb浓度先降低后升高,Cu、Ni和Cr浓度先升高后降低;重金属Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn有效态浓度先降低后升高,Cr和Pb有效态浓度先升高后降低,堆肥10 d时,Cd、Cu、Ni和Zn有效态浓度较初始值降低最多,平均降低40.99%、30.65%、16.23%和3.17%。秸秆炭的添加能改善污泥弱酸性环境,提高TK浓度,降低EC和TOC、TN、TP浓度;污泥中重金属(除Pb外)浓度及其有效态(除Cu和Pb外)浓度均随秸秆炭添加比例的增加而降低。通过相关性和逐步回归分析得出,秸秆炭协助蚯蚓堆肥主要通过改变污泥pH及EC与TOC、TP浓度影响重金属有效态浓度,且添加8%玉米秸秆炭时污泥中重金属浓度和有效态浓度降低效果最佳。

不同时间添加蚯蚓对矸石覆土生理生态的影响

为探究不同时间添加蚯蚓对矸石覆土中香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)生理生态的影响,采用土柱试验,设置两种覆土厚度[30 cm(M)、50 cm(N)],每组覆土分别设4个处理组:单独种植香根草(CK)、接种蚯蚓20 d后添加香根草(A)、同时接种蚯蚓和添加香根草(B)、添加香根草20 d后接种蚯蚓(C)处理,分析覆土理化性质及香根草生理生态指标变化特征。结果显示:与CK相比,A、B和C处理均能使覆土pH显著降低趋向中性(P<0.05),提升覆土电导率(EC)、有机质(OM)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)含量。与CK相比,不同时间接种蚯蚓均能增加香根草发芽率、总重和叶绿素a含量,其中B处理光合色素(叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素)含量、A处理叶绿素b含量和C处理根系总长较CK均显著提高(P<0.05)。与CK相比,B处理降低香根草可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量效果较强,30和50 cm厚度覆土下B处理香根草可溶性蛋白较CK分别降低9.34%和4.69%(P<0.05),50 cm厚度覆土下脯氨酸含量较CK降低了5.55%(P<0.05),而A处理能显著提高香根草丙二醛含量。同一覆土厚度下,A处理仅在30 cm条件下显著降低香根草过氧化氢酶活性;B、C处理香根草超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性较CK相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。冗余分析和相关性分析表明:A、C处理中覆土OM、TN是影响香根草生理生态特性主要环境因子,而B处理中覆土OM、TP是影响香根草生理生态特性的主要环境因子。研究结果可为蚯蚓-香根草联合应用于复垦土壤修复提供理论依据。

地龙对糖尿病肾病大鼠肝脏和肾脏保护作用的研究

探讨中药地龙水煎剂对高糖高脂联合链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠肝脏和肾脏的保护作用及其机制。将健康60只SD大鼠随机分为6组:正常组、模型组和地龙水煎液高、中、低剂量组及阳性对照组,每组10只。每日观察各组动物的一般情况;药物干预4周后,腹主动脉取血,测定各组动物全血RBC、PLT、WBC、Hb计数,血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、空腹血糖(FBG)、血肌酐(SCr)、尿素氮(BUN)、血尿酸(UA)等指标;取各组动物右肾,测定肾重/体质量。取各组动物肝左叶和左肾,HE染色后行肝组织、肾组织病理学观察。WBC、RBC、PLT、LDL-C、HDL-C、TC、TG、BUN、UA、SCr、FBG计数,模型组高于正常组,地龙各药物组低于模型组(P<0.05);地龙药物组与贝那普利组相比,无显著差异。Hb模型组低于正常组;地龙各药物组高于模型组;组织切片结果显示,中、高剂量地龙水煎剂、贝那普利组可以改善糖尿病肾病大鼠肝纤维化程度;肾脏系膜基质、管型、颗粒变性等程度。地龙水煎剂能够改善DN大鼠的肝脏和肾脏病变,降低DN大鼠的TG、TC、HDL-C、ALT、AST等指标,降低DN大鼠尿蛋白水平,其机制与地龙有效成分改善动物血糖血脂紊乱状态,抑制炎症反应,保护肝脏肾脏组织有关。

HPLC法测定五种产地地龙中次黄嘌呤和肌苷的含量

目的:建立地龙中次黄嘌呤与肌苷含量的测定方法,测定五种产地地龙成分,为地龙成分的提取工艺研究、质量分析探索新型高效的研究方法。方法:建立HPLC高效液相色谱法测定分析方法。色谱柱Agilent extend C18色谱柱,4.6 mm×250 mm,粒径:5μm。流动相为甲醇-0.2%磷酸,波长选择254 nm,进样量选择20μL,柱温为30℃,使用梯度洗脱法,建立次黄嘌呤和肌苷的标准曲线,进行精密度试验,稳定性试验,重复性试验,加样回收试验等方法学考察。结果:次黄嘌呤标准曲线:y=78.819x+245.92,R2=0.9999,在10.08~161.28μg·mL^(-1)范围内呈良好线性关系;肌苷标准曲线:y=56.566x+68.333,R2=0.9995,在20.08~321.28μg·mL^(-1)范围内呈良好线性关系。实验精密度、稳定性、重复性良好,计算得到次黄嘌呤的平均回收率为95.43%,RSD值为1.52%(n=6);肌苷的平均回收率为99.86%,RSD值为2.36%(n=6),广东、河南、海南、上海、广西五种产地地龙的次黄嘌呤含量分别为:0.5335、0.3468、0.6874、0.5694、0.7945 mg·g^(-1);肌苷含量为:1.5625、0.5674、1.1267、0.8436、1.2849 mg·g^(-1)。结论:建立的HPLC高效液相色谱法,梯度洗脱效果较好,实验准确度良好,精密度良好,稳定性良好,重复性高,是一种高效的分析测定方法。

蚯蚓粪对日光温室袋培甜瓜生长及营养吸收的影响

为探明蚯蚓粪对日光温室基质袋培甜瓜生长及营养吸收的影响,本试验以薄皮甜瓜(Cucumis melo var.makuwa Makino)玉美人为试材,采用日光温室基质袋栽培方式,将蚯蚓(Pheretima)粪按不同比例与草炭和蛭石复配成8种栽培基质,通过对甜瓜生长指标、光合指标、植株营养含量、果实产量及品质的分析,筛选出甜瓜基质袋栽培适宜的蚯蚓粪有机肥配施比例。结果表明,在草炭蛭石复配基质中配施蚯蚓粪均可促进甜瓜的生长及营养吸收,以T5处理(蚯蚓粪∶草炭∶蛭石=4∶1∶5)促进效果最显著。T5处理植株株高、茎粗、根系活力、生物量和光合参数均优于其他处理。甜瓜生长期内,T5处理植株氮、磷、钾含量均较T1处理(蚯蚓粪∶草炭∶蛭石=0∶1∶1)显著提高,其中根中氮、磷和钾含量分别在定植后42、56和28 d差异最大,分别较T1处理显著增加63.9%、77.9%和74.4%;茎中氮、磷和钾含量分别在定植后56、28和14 d差异最大,分别较T1处理显著增加65.5%、81.8%和44.4%;叶中氮和钾含量在定植后42 d差异最大,分别较T1处理显著增加67.3%和29.9%,磷含量在定植后56 d差异最大,较T1处理显著增加70.3%。适宜蚯蚓粪配施量显著提高了甜瓜产量和品质。综上,蚯蚓粪有机肥在日光温室袋培甜瓜生产中适宜的应用比例为蚯蚓粪∶草炭∶蛭石=4∶1∶5。本研究结果为蚯蚓粪有机肥应用于设施甜瓜生产提供了理论依据。

蚯蚓堆肥过程中重金属的迁移转化及影响因素

为了研究蚯蚓堆肥过程中重金属的迁移转化特征,利用不同质量的牛粪(350~400g)、秸秆(150~200g)和过磷酸钙(25~75g)混合配比成6组基质,探索分析添加蚯蚓(50~150g)堆肥过程中基质重金属(Cu、V、Mn、As、Zn和Cr)总量和形态的变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明:与添加蚯蚓质量为50g与100g相比,添加蚯蚓质量为150g时,Cu(总量27.00mg/kg,可氧化态22.03mg/kg)､Zn(总量288.89mg/kg,可还原态22.03mg/kg)､V(总量15.22mg/kg,残渣态8.87mg/kg)和Cr(总量26.79mg/kg)是显著较低的(P<0.05);4周的蚯蚓堆肥降低了Mn、As的总量和Cu、V的生物有效性,但增加了Cu、V、Zn的总量和Mn、Zn的生物有效性;基质pH值和有机质含量是影响堆肥过程中重金属总量及其形态明显变化的关键因素;基于潜在风险指数和风险评价编码法发现基质还田对土壤重金属污染的潜在风险较小.

重构本草——地龙

通过古籍文献调研、中药现代研究进展及其研究成果的梳理,结合中医临床专家的应用经验及中药学等学科领域内学者的认识,归纳出地龙功效主要为:清热定惊、通络、平喘、利尿。症靶为咳喘。标靶为血压升高及脑血栓形成。现代药理发现地龙及其有效成分具有抗癫痫、平喘等作用。本品咸寒,孕妇、脾胃虚弱或无实热者忌用。本品含有异体蛋白,过敏体质者慎用。本品临床使用剂量为3~60 g,具体应用时应根据疾病、证型、症状选择最佳用量。