DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1RAs:cardiovascular safety and benefits

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1RAs)and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors are commonly used treatments for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Both anti-diabetic treatments function by playing key modulatory roles in the incretin system.Though these drugs have been deemed effective in treating T2DM,the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)and some members of the scientific community have questioned the safety of these therapeutics relative to important cardiovascular endpoints.As a result,since 2008,the FDA has required all new drugs for glycemic control in T2DM patients to demonstrate cardiovascular safety.The present review article strives to assess the safety and benefits of incretin-based therapy,a new class of antidiabetic drug,on the health of patient cardiovascular systems.In the process,this review will also provide a physiological overview of the incretin system and how key components function in T2DM.

基于FAERS数据库的周期蛋白依赖性激酶4/6抑制剂血液毒性真实世界研究

目的 基于美国美国食品药品管理局(FDA)的不良事件报告系统(FAERS)分析3种周期蛋白依赖性激酶4/6(CDK4/6)抑制剂上市后的不良事件(AEs)信号,为临床用药安全提供参考。方法 提取FAERS数据库2015年第一季度至2022年第一季度共29个季度AEs,利用报告比值比法(ROR)和比例报告比值法(PRR)对CDK4/6抑制剂AEs进行数据挖掘。结果 CDK4/6抑制剂相关性血液毒性报告共有7 872份,各抑制剂血液毒性AEs占总AEs比例依次为哌柏西利(80.31%)>瑞博西利(15.36%)>阿贝西利(4.33%)。血液毒性常见中性粒细胞减少和贫血。哌柏西利(2 982/6 322,47.17%)和瑞博西利(613/1 209,50.70%)致中性粒细胞减少的报告占比较阿贝西利(117/341,34.31%)更高,血液毒性主要发生在药物开始使用后60 d内(1 630,61.86%),哌柏西利中位时间最长,且用药90 d后仍有32.9%的患者存在血液毒性,不同CDK4/6抑制剂血液毒性临床表现及发生强度存在差异。结论 哌柏西利、阿贝西利、瑞博西利均会导致明显的血液毒性,其中阿贝西利致血液毒性报告最少,但要警惕阿贝西利致贫血后导致死亡的风险。用药后的2个月内密切监测全血细胞计数,关注中性粒细胞、血红蛋白等水平,警惕CDK4/6抑制剂相关血液AEs的发生。

基于医院卫生技术评估的5种二肽基肽酶4抑制剂的临床应用情况

目的通过医院卫生技术评估(HB-HTA)对5种二肽基肽酶4抑制剂(DPP-4i)(西格列汀、维格列汀、沙格列汀、利格列汀和阿格列汀)进行评估,为医疗机构药品的遴选、临床的合理安全使用提供依据。方法通过HB-HTA,依照百分制评分体系,参考药品说明书、临床指南和文献,从安全性、有效性、经济型、创新性、适宜性和可及性等方面分别对5种DPP-4i进行评估。结果西格列汀、维格列汀、沙格列汀、利格列汀和阿格列汀得分分别为85.0、75.0、77.0、80.0、78.5分。评分差异主要在安全性、经济性、适宜性和可及性方面。西格列汀综合得分最高。结论HB-HTA评估DPP-4i结果比较合理,为医院药品遴选、安全合理使用提供依据。

血清LncRNA FAF、ITIH4在慢性心力衰竭患者中的表达意义及对预后的预测价值

目的探讨血清长链非编码RNA(LncRNA)FAF、间α胰蛋白酶抑制因子重链4(ITIH4)在慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者中的表达意义及对预后的预测价值。方法选择2020年1月—2022年1月安徽医科大学第二附属医院急诊内科收治的CHF患者187例为CHF组,再根据NYHA心功能分级分为Ⅱ级亚组65例,Ⅲ级亚组77例,Ⅳ级亚组45例。于同期招募健康志愿者103例为健康对照组。2组受试者均检测血清LncRNA FAF表达和ITIH4水平,CHF患者出院后随访12个月,统计随访期间主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生率;多因素Logistic回归分析影响CHF患者发生MACE的因素;受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析LncRNA FAF、ITIH4预测CHF患者发生MACE的价值。结果CHF组血清LncRNA FAF表达、ITIH4水平低于健康对照组(t/P=24.469/<0.001、35.196/<0.001)。血清LncRNA FAF表达、ITIH4水平Ⅳ级亚组低于Ⅲ级亚组低于Ⅱ级亚组(F/P=91.653/<0.001、102.345/<0.001)。MACE亚组血清LncRNA FAF表达,ITIH4水平低于非MACE亚组(t/P=13.556/<0.001、6.293/<0.001)。NYHAⅣ级、高水平NT-proBNP是CHF患者发生MACE的危险因素[OR(95%CI)=4.627(2.245~9.538)、2.284(1.505~3.468)],高表达LncRNA FAF、高水平ITIH4是保护因素[OR(95%CI)=0.599(0.425~0.844)、0.666(0.478~0.928)]。LncRNA FAF、ITIH4及二者联合预测CHF患者发生MACE的曲线下面积为0.796、0.801、0.896,二者联合预测曲线下面积高于单独预测(Z=2.453、2.404,均P<0.001)。结论CHF患者血清LncRNA FAF表达和ITIH4水平均降低,且与不良预后有关,联合LncRNA FAF和ITIH4可预测CHF患者预后不良风险。

CDK4/6抑制剂在HR^(+)晚期乳腺癌治疗中的耐药机制及进展后治疗策略

细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4/6(CDK4/6)抑制剂联合内分泌治疗已成为激素受体阳性(HR^(+))、人类表皮生长因子受体-2阴性(HER2^(-))乳腺癌患者的晚期一线及二线标准治疗方案。尽管CDK4/6抑制剂可实现有效的疾病控制,但对于晚期乳腺癌患者最终仍会因耐药出现疾病进展。目前CDK4/6抑制剂相关耐药机制尚不完全清楚,同时治疗失败后的最佳治疗策略仍是一个亟待解决的问题。本文就CDK4/6抑制剂的潜在耐药机制和后续治疗策略的最新研究进展做一综述。

DPP4抑制剂在2型糖尿病中的临床应用及研究进展

2型糖尿病(Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,T2DM)在我国具有较高的发病率,是中老年患者常见的一种慢性代谢疾病,可累及心脑血管等多个系统发生病变,危及生命安全,需及时治疗。二肽基肽酶-4(Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4,DPP4)可促进胰岛素生成,并分泌胰高血糖素,与T2DM有着密切关联,是目前我国T2DM治疗研究中的一个新方向。DPP4抑制剂是多项研究的结果,能够提高降糖效果,对多种降糖无效的患者均有显著作用。基于此,本文主要综述了DPP4抑制剂治疗T2DM的作用机制,分析DPP4抑制剂在T2DM中的应用及研究进展,以期为T2DM治疗提供参考。

Repositioning of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon like peptide-1 agonists as potential neuroprotective agents

Repositioning of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists is a breakthrough in the field of neural regeneration research increasing glucagon like peptide-1 bioavailability, hence its neuroprotective activities. In this article, the authors suggest not only crossing blood-brain barrier and neurodegenerative disease as off target for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists, but also for ophthalmic preparations for diabetic retinopathy, which may be the latest breakthrough in the field if prepared and used in an appropriate nano-formulation to target the retinal nerves. The relation of neurodegenerative diseases' different mechanisms to the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists should be further examined in preclinical and clinical settings. The repositioning of already marketed antidiabetic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases should save the high cost of the time-consuming normal drug development process. Drug repositioning is a hot topic as an alternative to molecular target based drug discovery or therapeutic switching. It is a relatively inexpensive pathway due to availability of previous pharmacological and safety data. The glucagon like peptide-1 produced in brain has been linked to enhanced learning and memory functions as a physiologic regulator in central nervous system by restoring insulin signaling. Intranasal administration of all marketed gliptins(or glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists) may show enhanced blood-brain barrier crossing and increased glucagon like peptide-1 levels in the brain after direct crossing of the drug for the olfactory region, targeting the cerebrospinal fluid. Further blood-brain barrier crossing tests may extend dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors' effects beyond the anti-hyperglycemic control to intranasal spray, intranasal powder, or drops targeting the blood-brain barrier and neurodegenerative diseases with the most suitable formula. Moreover, novel nano-formulation is encouraged either to obtain favorable pharmacokinetic parameters or to achieve promising blood-brain barrier penetration directly through the olfactory region. Many surfactants should be investigated either as a solubilizing agent for hydrophobic drugs or as penetration enhancers. Different formulae based on in vitro and in vivo characterizations, working on sister gliptins(or glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists), different routes of administration, pharmacokinetic studies, dose response relationship studies, monitoring of plasma/brain concentration ratio after single and multiple dose, and neurodegenerative disease animal models are required to prove the new method of use(utility) for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors as potential neuroprotective agents. Furthermore, investigations of glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists' neuroprotective effects on animal models will be considered carefully because they crossed the blood-brain barrier in previous studies, enabling their direct action on the central nervous system. Combination therapy of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors or glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists with already marketed drugs for neurodegenerative disease should be considered, especially regarding the novel intranasal route of administration.

Treatment of type 2 diabetes, lifestyle, GLP1 agonists and DPP4 inhibitors

In recent years the treatment focus for type 2 diabetes has shifted to prevention by lifestyle change and to more aggressive reduction of blood sugars during the early stage of treatment. Weight reduction is an important goal for many people with type 2 diabetes.Bariatric surgery is no longer considered a last resort treatment. Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists given by injection are emerging as a useful treatment since they not only lower blood sugar but are associated with a modest weight reduction. The role of the oral dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors is emerging as second line treatment ahead of sulphonylureas due to a possible beneficial effect on the beta cell and weight neutrality.Drugs which inhibit glucose re-absorption in the kidney,sodium/glucose co-transport 2 inhibitors, may have a role in the treatment of diabetes. Insulin treatment still remains the cornerstone of treatment in many patients with type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes therapies in hemodialysis patients: Dipeptidase-4 inhibitors

Although several previous studies have been published on the effects of dipeptidase-4(DPP-4) inhibitors in diabetic hemodialysis(HD) patients, the findings have yet to be reviewed comprehensively. Eyesight failure caused by diabetic retinopathy and aging-related dementia make multiple daily insulin injections difficult for HD patients. Therefore, we reviewed the effects of DPP-4 inhibitors with a focus on oral antidiabetic drugs as a new treatment strategy in HD patients with diabetes. The following 7 DPP-4 inhibitors are available worldwide: sitagliptin, vildagliptin, alogliptin, linagliptin, teneligliptin, anagliptin, and saxagliptin. All of these are administered once daily with dose adjustments in HD patients. Four types of oral antidiabetic drugs can be administered for combination oral therapy with DPP-4 inhibitors, including sulfonylureas, meglitinide, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Nine studies examined the antidiabetic effects in HD patients. Treatments decreased hemoglobin A1 c and glycated albumin levels by 0.3% to 1.3% and 1.7% to 4.9%, respectively. The efficacy of DPP-4 inhibitor treatment is high among HD patients, and no patients exhibited significant severe adverse effects such as hypoglycemia and liver dysfunction. DPP-4 inhibitors are key drugs in new treatment strategies for HD patients with diabetes and with limited choices for diabetes treatment.

Drug repurposing of histone deacetylase inhibitors that alleviate neutrophilic inflammation in acute lung injury and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting leukotriene a4 hydrolase and blocking LTB4 biosynthesis

OBJECTIVE Leukotriene B4(LTB4)biosynthesis and subsequently neutrophilic inflammation may provide a potential strategy for the treatment of acute lung injury(ALI)or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF).To provide a potential strategy for the treatment of ALI or IPF,we identified potent inhibitors of Leukotriene A4 hydrolase(LTA4H),a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of LTB4.METHODS In this study,we identified two known histone deacetylase(HDAC)inhibitors,suberanilohydroxamic acid(SAHA)and its analogue 4-(dimethylamino)-N-[7-(hydroxyamino)-7-oxoheptyl]benzamide(M344),as effective inhibitors of LTA4H using enzymatic assay,thermofluor assay,and X-ray crystallographic investigation.We next tested the effect of SAHA and M344 on endogenous LTB4 biosynthesis in neutrophils by ELISA and neutrophil migration by transwell migration assay.A murine experimental model of ALI was induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)inhalation.Histopathological analysis of lung tissue using H&E staining revealed the serious pulmonary damage caused by LPS treatment and the effect of the SAHA.We next examined m RNA and protein levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid using q RT-PCR and ELISA to further investigate the underlying mechanisms of anti-inflammatory activities by SAHA.We also investigated the effects of SAHA and M344 on a murine experimental model of bleomycin(BLM)-induced IPF model.RESULTS The results of enzymatic assay and X-ray crystallography showed that both SAHA and M344 bind to LTA4H,significantly decrease LTB4 levels in neutrophil,and markedly diminish early neutrophilic inflammation in mouse models of ALI and IPF under a clinical safety dose.CONCLUSION Collectively,SAHA and M344 would provide promising agents with well-known clinical safety for potential treatment in patients with ALI and IPF via pharmacologically inhibiting LAT4H and blocking LTB4 biosynthesis.

Synthesis of 5-substituted benzyl-2,4-diamino pyrimidine derivatives as c-Fms kinase inhibitors

A serials of novel 5-substituted benzyl-2,4-diamino pyrimidine derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of c-Fms kinase by the standard MTT method.The results showed that compound 15,5-[3-methoxy-4-（pyridine-3-yl）benzyl]-2,4-diamino pyrimidine,had an IC50 of 1.45μmol/L in inhibiting the proliferation of M-CSF-dependent myeloid leukemia cells in mice （NFS-60）,which was similar with GW2580,a selective inhibitor of c-Fms kinase.

Role of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors in the new era of antidiabetic treatment

The last few years important changes have occurred in the field of diabetes treatment.The priority in the therapy of patients with diabetes is not glycemic control per se rather an overall management of risk factors,while individualization of glycemic target is suggested.Furthermore,regulatory authorities now require evidence of cardiovascular(CV)safety in order to approve new antidiabetic agents.The most novel drug classes,i.e.,sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors(SGLT2-i)and some glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists(GLP-1 RA),have been demonstrated to reduce major adverse CV events and,thus,have a prominent position in the therapeutic algorithm of hyperglycemia.In this context,the role of previously used hypoglycemic agents,including dipeptidyl peptidase 4(DPP-4)inhibitors,has been modified.DPP-4 inhibitors have a favorable safety profile,do not cause hypoglycemia or weight gain and do not require dose uptitration.Furthermore,they can be administered in patients with chronic kidney disease after dose modification and elderly patients with diabetes.Still,though,they have been undermined to a third line therapeutic choice as they have not been shown to reduce CV events as is the case with SGLT2-i and GLP-1 RA.Overall,DPP-4 inhibitors appear to have a place in the management of patients with diabetes as a safe class of oral glucose lowering agents with great experience in their use.

Design and Synthesis of Pyrido[1,2-e]purin-4(3H)-one Derivatives as Potential PDE 5 Inhibitors

A novel series of pyrido[ 1,2-e]purin-4（3H）-one derivatives containing polar substituents on 5＇-position were designed and prepared as potential PDE5 inhibitors. This paper reports the synthetic routes, 1H-NMR data, and the PDE5 inhibitory activities of the target compounds. The polar piperazinyl group contained （on 5＇-position） compound, 3B2, showed the highest activity among the tested derivatives but less potency than sildenafil 1.

Cardiovascular efficacy and safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors:A meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials

BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase-4(DPP-4)inhibitors are a generally safe and well tolerated antidiabetic drug class with proven efficacy in type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Recently,a series of large,randomized controlled trials(RCTs)addressing cardiovascular outcomes with DPP-4 inhibitors have been published.AIM To pool data from the aforementioned trials concerning the impact of DPP-4 inhibitors on surrogate cardiovascular efficacy outcomes and on major cardiac arrhythmias.METHODS We searched PubMed and grey literature sources for all published RCTs assessing cardiovascular outcomes with DPP-4 inhibitors compared to placebo until October 2020.We extracted data concerning the following“hard”efficacy outcomes:fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction,fatal and non-fatal stroke,hospitalization for heart failure,hospitalization for unstable angina,hospitalization for coronary revascularization and cardiovascular death.We also extracted data regarding the risk for major cardiac arrhythmias,such as atrial fibrillation,atrial flutter,ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia.RESULTS We pooled data from 6 trials in a total of 52520 patients with T2DM assigned either to DPP-4 inhibitor or placebo.DPP-4 inhibitors compared to placebo led to a non-significant increase in the risk for fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction[risk ratio(RR)=1.02,95%CI:0.94-1.11,I2=0%],hospitalization for heart failure(RR=1.09,95%CI:0.92-1.29,I2=65%)and cardiovascular death(RR=1.02,95%CI:0.93-1.11,I2=0%).DPP-4 inhibitors resulted in a non-significant decrease in the risk for fatal and non-fatal stroke(RR=0.96,95%CI:0.85-1.08,I2=0%)and coronary revascularization(RR=0.99,95%CI:0.90-1.09,I2=0%),Finally,DPP-4 inhibitors demonstrated a neutral effect on the risk for hospitalization due to unstable angina(RR=1.00,95%CI:0.85-1.18,I2=0%).As far as cardiac arrhythmias are concerned,DPP-4 inhibitors did not significantly affect the risk for atrial fibrillation(RR=0.95,95%CI:0.78-1.17,I2=0%),while they were associated with a significant increase in the risk for atrial flutter,equal to 52%(RR=1.52,95%CI:1.03-2.24,I2=0%).DPP-4 inhibitors did not have a significant impact on the risk for any of the rest assessed cardiac arrhythmias.CONCLUSION DPP-4 inhibitors do not seem to confer any significant cardiovascular benefit for patients with T2DM,while they do not seem to be associated with a significant risk for any major cardiac arrhythmias,except for atrial flutter.Therefore,this drug class should not be the treatment of choice for patients with established cardiovascular disease or multiple risk factors,except for those cases when newer antidiabetics(glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors)are not tolerated,contraindicated or not affordable for the patient.

含溴结构域蛋白4在心血管疾病发病机制中的研究进展

心血管疾病(cardiovascular diseases)一直以来都是我国乃至全球疾病负担的主要原因,其生存率低,发病率一直呈现上升趋势[1]。据推测,我国目前心血管疾病患者高达3亿,导致的死亡人数约占全国死亡人数的40%,有数据显示,我国每年因心血管疾病产生的费用高达1700亿元,给医疗卫生保健资源带来了极大的负担[2-3]。心血管疾病涉及冠心病、心律失常、高血压、心肌病和心力衰竭等,虽然临床表现存在差异,但在发病机制中仍有许多相似之处。溴结构域和额外终端域(bromodomain and extra-terminal domain,BET)家族蛋白是一种表观遗传调控蛋白,由含溴结构域蛋白2(bromodomain-containing protein 2,BRD2)、BRD3、BRD4和睾丸特异性含溴结构域蛋白(testis-specific bromodomain-containing protein,BRDT)组成[4]。

No significant association between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and adverse outcomes of COVID-19

BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase-4(DPP4)is commonly targeted to achieve glycemic control and has potent anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects.Recent structural analyses indicated a potential tight interaction between DPP4 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),raising a promising hypothesis that DPP4 inhibitor(DPP4i)drugs might be an optimal strategy for treating coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)among patients with diabetes.However,there has been no direct clinical evidence illuminating the associations between DPP4i use and COVID-19 outcomes.AIM To illuminate the associations between DPP4i usage and the adverse outcomes of COVID-19.METHODS We conducted a multicenter,retrospective analysis including 2563 patients with type 2 diabetes who were hospitalized due to COVID-19 at 16 hospitals in Hubei Province,China.After excluding ineligible individuals,142 patients who received DPP4i drugs and 1115 patients who received non-DPP4i oral anti-diabetic drugs were included in the subsequent analysis.We performed a strict propensity score matching(PSM)analysis where age,sex,comorbidities,number of oral hypoglycemic agents,heart rate,blood pressure,pulse oxygen saturation(SpO2)<95%,CT diagnosed bilateral lung lesions,laboratory indicators,and proportion of insulin usage were matched.Finally,111 participants treated with DPP4i drugs were successfully matched to 333 non-DPP4i users.Then,a linear logistic model and mixed-effect Cox model were applied to analyze the associations between inhospital DPP4i use and adverse outcomes of COVID-19.RESULTS After rigorous matching and further adjustments for imbalanced variables in the linear logistic model and Cox adjusted model,we found that there was no significant association between in-hospital DPP4i use(DPP4i group)and 28-d allcause mortality(adjusted hazard ratio=0.44,95%CI:0.09-2.11,P=0.31).Likewise,the incidences and risks of secondary outcomes,including septic shock,acute respiratory distress syndrome,or acute organ(kidney,liver,and cardiac)injuries,were also comparable between the DPP4i and non-DPP4i groups.The performance of DPP4i agents in achieving glucose control(e.g.,the median level of fasting blood glucose and random blood glucose)and inflammatory regulation was approximately equivalent in the DPP4i and non-DPP4i groups.Furthermore,we did not observe substantial side effects such as uncontrolled glycemia or acidosis due to DPP4i application relative to the use of non-DPP4i agents in the study cohort.CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated that DPP4i use is not significantly associated with poor outcomes of COVID-19 or other adverse effects of anti-diabetic treatment.The data support the continuation of DPP4i agents for diabetes management in the setting of COVID-19.

声带癌前病变组织中基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1、果蝇母亲DDP同源物4表达水平与术后复发和恶变的相关性研究

目的探讨声带癌前病变组织中基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-1(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1,TIMP-1)、果蝇母亲DDP同源物4(drosophila mothers against DDP homolog 4,Smad4)表达水平与术后复发和恶变的相关性。方法回顾性分析2018年8月~2021年8月郑州大学第一附属医院收治的162例声带癌前病变患者的临床和病理资料,收集手术切除癌前病变组织(癌前病变组)及病变旁正常黏膜组织(对照组),采用免疫组织化学法检测组织中TIMP-1、Smad4表达情况。分析TIMP-1、Smad4阳性率与临床病理特征的关系,并采用Kaplan-Meier法和Cox回归分析法分析其对术后复发和恶变的影响。结果与对照组正常黏膜组织比较,癌前病变组的TIMP-1阳性率较高,Smad4阳性率较低(P<0.05)。不同病变范围、是否累及前连合、不同程度上皮异常增生患者的TIMP-1、Smad4阳性率存在差异(P<0.05)。术后随访时间24~60个月,中位随访时间36个月,随访期间失访患者6例,随访率96.30%(156/162),随访期间术后复发35例(21.60%),术后恶变16例(9.88%);Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示,TIMP-1阳性患者术后复发率和恶变率高于TIMP-1阴性患者(P<0.05);Smad4阴性患者术后复发率和恶变率高于Smad4阳性患者(P<0.05)。多因素Cox回归分析显示,喉咽反流、病变范围>1/2、中/重度异型增生、TIMP-1阳性、Smad4阴性是复发的独立危险因素(P<0.05),年龄>60岁、累及前连合、TIMP-1阳性、Smad4阴性是恶变的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论声带癌前病变组织中TIMP-1高表达、Smad4低表达,且TIMP-1阳性、Smad4阴性表达者术后复发和恶变风险较高。

Combined immune checkpoint inhibitors of CTLA4 and PD-1 for hepatic melanoma of unknown primary origin: A case report

BACKGROUND Melanoma is uncommonly found in lymph nodes,subcutaneous tissue,or visceral organs without a primary lesion,where it is identified as metastatic melanoma with unknown primary(MUP).Hepatic MUP is extremely rare and has a poor prognosis.There is limited information on its pathogenesis,clinical and imaging features,and pathological findings.There are no guidelines for the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)in hepatic MUP,and the treatment outcome has rarely been reported.CASE SUMMARY A 42-year-old woman presented to our hospital with hepatic tumors found incidentally during a routine check-up.Contrast-enhanced abdominal computerized tomography showed multiple mass lesions in the liver.Pathological results revealed melanoma,which was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for HMB-45(+),Melan-A(+),S-100(+),and SOX10(+).There was no evidence of primary cutaneous,ocular,gastrointestinal,or anal lesion on a comprehensive examination.The patient was diagnosed with hepatic MUP.She received combined antibodies against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4(CTLA-4,ipilimumab)and programmed death protein-1(PD-1,nivolumab).She died of hepatic failure 9 mo after hepatic MUP was diagnosed.This the first case of hepatic MUP treated with combined ipilimumab and nivolumab,who showed better outcome than previous cases.CONCLUSIONCombined ICIs of PD-1 and CTLA-4 may be considered as the first-line therapyfor patients with hepatic MUP.

Studies on the Compounds of d4T Combined with Nitric Oxide Donors and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors and their Anti-HIV and AIDS Activity

Stavudine, a potent anti HIV and AIDS related complex, is one of the Nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NARTIs). It is phosphorylated intracellularly and then inhibits the viral reverse transcriptase by acting as a false substrate. Modifications made on the hydrogen labile at the 5' position on the sugar is an interesting template for the elaboration of new potent anti HIV and AIDS drugs. The expected advantages of the modified stavudine prodrugs can be multiple: synergistic drug activities, enhancement of stavudine intracellular uptake, increase of stavudine brain delivery, and bypass of the first stavudine phosphorylation step into the cells. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors of stavudine and nitric oxide donors of stavudine may hold significant promise for the treatment of HIV and AIDS.

DPP-4抑制剂治疗2型糖尿病合并非酒精性脂肪肝的作用研究进展

二肽基肽酶4(DPP-4)抑制剂是一种较新类型的糖尿病治疗药物,其主要的降糖机制是通过减少肠促胰素降低,来提高内源性胰高血糖素样肽1,进而促进胰岛素分泌与抑制胰高血糖素分泌,降低机体血糖水平。2型糖尿病(T2DM)与非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)是临床常见的疾病类型,发病率居高不下。T2DM和NAFLD能够相互影响,相互促进,T2DM合并NAFLD不仅容易提高心血管疾病的患病风险与加重内分泌代谢紊乱,而且容易推动NAFLD病情进展,导致出现肝硬化、肝癌等恶性病变。目前大量研究显示,DPP-4抑制剂能够有效降低T2DM患者血糖水平和改善胰岛素抵抗,且对NAFLD具有较好的预防作用。本文从DPP-4抑制剂对治疗T2DM合并NAFLD的疗效与安全性方面进行综述。