“Immediate Establishment Is Advisable":Chinese Diplomacy in the Negotiations over the Establishment of Sino-French Diplomatic Relations

From 12 December 1963 to 23 January 1964,the diplomatic representatives of China and France held talks on four occasions in the Swiss capital,Bern.The talks concluded with an agreement on the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries.In the Bern talks,the Chinese position was basically that“immediate establishment of Sino-French diplomatic relations is advisable.”For this reason,China made some compromises over matters such as the form and content of the communiquéannouncing the establishment of diplomatic relations and the timing of its publication,but remained firm,at least,over putting out an independent statement declaring China’s principled stand over the government of the People’s Republic of China being the sole legal government representing the Chinese people and Taiwan being an inalienable part of Chinese territory.China took the strategic direction of the advisability of“immediate establishment”of Sino-French diplomatic relations partly because of the necessity of developing Sino-French relations and partly because the top Chinese leadership saw this as a possibility.However,the talks in Bern did not resolve all issues and the question of relations between France and Taiwan were to become a stumbling block for the normalization of Sino-French relations.

Mexico and China:45 Years of Diplomatic Relations

The first Mexican ambassador to the People’s Republic of China,Eugenio Anguiano,was officially received by Chinese VicePresident Dong Biwu in October1972.Since then,both countries have experienced profound transforinations in their domestic situations and have assumed greater international roles.They have also established a

Reception Marks 45th Anniversary of China-Madagascar Diplomatic Relations

On March 27,the Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries and the embassy of Madagascar in Beijing jointly held a reception in celebration of the 45th Anniversary of ChinaMadagascar diplomatic relations.Qiangba Puncog,vice-chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress,and Hery Rajaonarimampianina,president of Madagascar,attended the

Reception to Celebrate 45th Anniversary of Establishment of China-Guyana Diplomatic Relations Held in Beijing

On June 27, a reception to celebrate the 45th anniversary of the establishment of China-Guyana diplomatic relations was held in Beijing. Around 200 people, including Ma Peihua, vice-chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and president of the China-Latin America and Caribbean Friendship Association (CLACFA); Hu Sishe, vice-president of

Vice-President Lin Yi Attends Concert Celebrating the 25th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations Between China and Georgia and Georgia’s Independence Day

Aconcert was held at the Beijing Concert Hall on June 14 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of China-Georgia diplomatic relations and Georgia’s Independence Day. It was jointly organized by the CPAFFC, China’s Ministry of Culture and the Georgia embassy. Li Huilai, assistant minister of Foreign Affairs; Lin Yi, vice-president

Ecuador and World War I： One Nation＇s Experience on the Periphery of the Great War and During its Aftermath, 1914-1924

In the horrific conflict of 1914-1918 known as World War I, Latin American nations were peripheral players but they were not immune from its effects. This essay reviews the conflict＇s impact on Ecuador--a Latin American nation that after declaring neutrality in 1914, broke relations with Germany on December 7, 1917 but refrained from any involvement in the actual fighting. Following a brief review of the existing historiography of this period, the study examines Ecuador＇s geographic, political, economic and social situation in 1914; its involvement in the war as a neutral between 1914 and April 6, 1917; and the developments that occurred after its decision to break relations with Germany in December 1917 until the armistice on November 11, 1918. Finally it suggests how the consequences of Ecuador＇s stance in the months after the restoration of peace contributed to the end of the Liberal Era in 1924.

Football Diplomacy

This research ＂Football Diplomacy＂ represents a political activity implemented in the Caucasian policy of Turkey in one special direction, in particular it addresses settlement of relations broken offwith the Republic of Armenia in the early 1990s. The author of the submitted political project is the President of Turkey, Abdullah Gul together with the Foreign Minister by that time-Ahmet Davutoglu. By his direct instruction, the Turkish diplomacy developed one more plan known under the name of ＂Football Diplomacy＂ by 2009. Despite the fact that high-rank officials of both countries were engaged in implementation of this plan and works necessary for consolidation of public opinion were carried out in both countries, the process was suspended anyway and principal changes have not occurred in bilateral relations until now.

Saudi-Qatar Diplomatic Rapprochement:A Perspective of Neoclassical Realism

On 5 June 2017,Saudi Arabia announced the severance of diplomatic relations with Qatar.Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed had hoped that the blockade against Qatar would make Qatar no longer hold an independent and autonomous foreign policy and away from the influence of Iran and Turkey.However,the Saudi blockade against Qatar has not only failed to bring the latter to its knees but has allowed it to stand on its own feet and gradually reduced its dependence on imports.At the same time,Qatar has strengthened its ties with Iran and Turkey,bringing the two powers directly into the Gulf region and challenging Saudi Arabia’s hegemony in the Gulf.However,on 5 January 2021,Saudi Arabia announced the restoration of diplomatic relations with Qatar.Based on neoclassical realism,this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the reasons for the resumption of diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and Qatar through both the international system and domestic factors,ultimately concluding that the reasons for the resumption of diplomatic relations between the two countries are related to Turkish and Iranian forces,the attitude of the United States,as well as GCC unity,the change in the Crown Prince’s diplomatic philosophy,the preservation of Sunnis and the promotion of economic cooperation.