From Cooperation to Confrontation:The Collapse of the Reform Concept Led by Austria-Hungary and Russia in Macedonia(1903-1908)

As two major Great Powers in the geopolitics of the Balkans,the relationship between Austria-Hungary and Russia directly affected the stability of the political situation in Europe and the Balkans.At the beginning of the 20th century,the Austro-Russian cooperation dominated the Macedonian reforms,but with the deepening of the reforms,the structural contradictions between the two countries were fully exposed,and the original cooperative relationship went to a rupture.This drastically changed relationship became an important factor in the restructuring of relations between the Great Powers and the Balkan states before the First World War.

Personification in Chinese Diplomatic Discourse and the Construction of National Identity Based on Corpus:A Case Study of the Regular Press Conference of Ministry of Foreign Affairs

With the development of the major country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics,diplomatic discourse,as an important part of building China’s international discourse power,has attracted much attention.Personification is a common means in diplomatic discourse.By giving anthropomorphic expressions to countries,regions,institutions and policies,the purpose of building national identity and establishing national image can be achieved.Based on conceptual metaphor theory and national identity theory,this paper focuses on personification in diplomatic discourse with a case study of the regular press conference of Ministry of Foreign Affairs.It is found that the spokesperson skillfully constructed China’s positive national identity,such as peace-loving,openness and inclusiveness by using a large number of body metaphor,kinship metaphor and role metaphor.

Improvisation of Node Mobility Using Cluster Routing-based Group Adaptive in MANET

In today's Internet routing infrastructure,designers have addressed scal-ing concerns in routing constrained multiobjective optimization problems examining latency and mobility concerns as a secondary constrain.In tactical Mobile Ad-hoc Network(MANET),hubs can function based on the work plan in various social affairs and the internally connected hubs are almost having the related moving standards where the topology between one and the other are tightly coupled in steady support by considering the touchstone of hubs such as a self-sorted out,self-mending and self-administration.Clustering in the routing process is one of the key aspects to increase MANET performance by coordinat-ing the pathways using multiple criteria and analytics.We present a Group Adaptive Hybrid Routing Algorithm(GAHRA)for gathering portability,which pursues table-driven directing methodology in stable accumulations and on-request steering strategy for versatile situations.Based on this aspect,the research demonstrates an adjustable framework for commuting between the table-driven approach and the on-request approach,with the objectives of enhancing the out-put of MANET routing computation in each hub.Simulation analysis and replication results reveal that the proposed method is promising than a single well-known existing routing approach and is well-suited for sensitive MANET applications.

乌克兰危机下俄罗斯加速“转向东方”及其前景

Following the beginning of the Ukraine crisis in 2022,Russia accelerated its so-called pivot to East,using diplomacy,trade,energy,infrastructure logistics,and identity,due to the rapid decoupling from Russia by the United States and the West across all directions.The timing,depth,and significance of this pivot to East are unparalleled,but its implementation continues to face much uncertainty.At present,this turn to East does not entail a permanent turn away from the West on the part of Russia,nor does it mean that Russia will only rely on the East,and still less does it imply any transformation of Russia’s national identity.On the contrary,as a center of sovereignty in the world and with its unique national civilization,Russia will continue to rely more on its own strength and shoulder its unique historical mission in the current period of change in the international order.

CIIS Organizes International Symposium to Commemorate China’s Principle in Neighborhood Diplomacy

On October 24,the International Symposium to Commemorate the10th Anniversary of China's Principle of Amity,Sincerity,Mutual Benefit and Inclusiveness in Neighborhood Diplomacy was held in Beijing.Co-hosted by the Office of the Central Commission for Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,and organized by China Institute of International Studies(CIIS),the Symposium was attended by more than200 representatives including political figures from neighboring countries,heads of international and regional organizations,diplomatic envoys of neighboring countries to China and renowned experts and scholars.

乘势而上:中国斡旋沙特伊朗复交及其影响

On March 10,2023,China,Saudi Arabia and Iran issued a trilateral joint statement in Beijing,in which Saudi Arabia and Iran agreed to resume their diplomatic relations and reopen their embassies and missions within a period not exceeding two months.The Saudi-Iran confrontation has been one of the most intractable regional conflicts in the Middle East.The announcement of the two countries to restore their diplomatic ties resulted from the interplay of several favorable factors and is expected to set off a series of positive developments that might de-escalate many regional hotspot issues in Yemen,Syria,Iraq,and Lebanon.

Deliberate Metaphor in Political Discourse——Based on Xi Jinping’s Diplomatic Discourse

Since Steen proposed the theory of deliberate metaphor, many scholars have studied this linguistic phenomenon from different perspectives. Deliberate metaphor, based on language and cognition, introduces communication into metaphor research and can be seen as an extension of conceptual metaphor. Deliberate metaphor is essentially a discourse strategy, which uses metaphorical expressions to make listeners consciously compare the target domain with the source domain and establish an online cross-domain mapping. In view of this, the author takes Xi Jinping’s diplomatic speeches published in FMA as research corpora, and systematically analyzes how deliberate metaphors play their persuasive and communicative functions in political discourse, and finally delves into whether deliberate nature in political metaphors affects people’s attitudes and beliefs, thus conducting cross fusion research on cognitive rhetoric and political discourse.

Manipulation in the Translation of Diplomatic Discourse

Manipulation in translation is generally seen as the linguistic manifestation of intervening strategies meant to hide or change the true intentions.It is broadly defined as“all that appears as new with respect to the original,or fails to appear where it might have been expected.”Aspects of the manipulative lineament of translation,particularly of political and diplomatic discourse,have been held forth by a host of scholars,many of whom advise that translation should be studied within a broader political and cultural context,with regard to institutional and ideological components.

A Burgeoning Strategic Partnership:China and Eritrea celebrate 30 years of diplomatic relations

This year marks the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and Eritrea.In an interview with ChinAfrica,Cai Ge,Chinese ambassador to Eritrea,shares his views and vision on the development of bilateral relations.An edited excerpt of his views follows.

CISG与PICC——互为补充的两个法律文件(英文)

Ⅰ.Introduction Without a doubt,both the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(hereinafter:CISG) and the Unidroit Principles represent landmarks in the process of international unification of law.The CISG,unanimously adopted in 1980 by a diplomatic Conference with the participation of representatives

Political Words in Diplomatic Translation

The translation of political words in diplomacy is the central topic in this thesis.The thesis analyses the translation of political words with specific examples with discussing the main features of diplomatic language.The method of the thesis is taxonomic study.Politi cal words are with unique features of formalness,tactfulness and sensitiveness.Choosing different strategies according to the type of political words is the key in political translation.The thesis focuses on discussing how to translate fix expressions,formal word,terms and four-char acter phrases.

An Analysis of Diplomatic Escort Interpreting from the Perspective of Contextual Adaptation

Verschueren's Theory of Adaptation argues that the process of using language is the result of the language users consciously make continuous linguistic choices and adapt to the contexts, consciously or unconsciously, for language-internal and/or language-external reasons. The contextual adaptation well explains the characteristics of dynamic contextual development in diplomatic escort interpreting. It is helpful for interpreters to understand that the choice-making was constrained by different contexts in diplomatic interpreting. In addition, interpreters should adapt to the various factors of the context thus can make flexible and appropriate choices in delivering target language in order to promote the quality of interpretation and achieve the satisfactory communicative effect.

Narrative Framing on C- E Translation of President Xi's Diplomatic Speeches

Narratives are"the everyday stories we live by"(Baker, 2006:3), they are featured by inter-media, inter-disciplines and inter-genres and play key role in cross-cultural communication. Narratives not only represent reality, but constitute reality by"accentuating, undermining or modifying aspects of the narrative(s) encoded in the source text or utterance"(Baker, 2006:5) in a way to intensify or weaken international political conflict, and in doing so participate in shaping social reality. The narrative account on translation raised up by Mona Baker"may constitute yet another turning point in translation studies"(Fan, 2009: 57), because she reveals that translation not only closely connects politics, but also creates politics(Baker, 2011:6). This provides a theoretical basis for us to discuss how translation shapes political speeches from the perspective of narration.Framing is what makes narratives takes into effective. The thesis will interpret translation of President Xi's diplomatic speeches from Baker's narrative account by the following framing means: labeling and repositioning of participants. It analyzes how President Xi's diplomatic speeches serves for enhancing consensus and reducing conflicts. It is hoped that the thesis will offer some suggestions on building a narrative system with Chinese characteristics and establishing more effective and skilled strategies for international communication.

合作原则视角下的外交模糊语言分析（英文）

Cooperative Principle calls for people to speak in such a way that is informative, truthful, relevant, clear and brief.However, in diplomatic circle,sometimes politicians do not obey the Cooperative Principle, frequently conveying indirectly their meanings by using vague expressions for various political purposes.This essay analyzes the vagueness in diplomatic language from the perspective Cooperative Principle, investigating how the use of vagueness violates the Cooperative Principle and how diplomats manage to achieve various pragmatic purposes.

An Analysis of Diplomatic Vagueness and Its Translation

Diplomatic language is of vital importance in current affairs and international relationship. Many studies have been made worldwide, and exciting breakthroughs, especially those in the field of social intercourse, foreign affairs negotiation, artificial intelligence and answering to sensitive questions, have been achieved through its application. They are, however, limited to oral and written practice in speeches, addresses, negotiations and treaties between diplomats and government leaders in dealing with the political foreign affairs. This paper makes an analysis of Chinese diplomatic language, especially focuses on the pragmatic goals of the diplomatic vagueness, and then proposes some translation strategies. Firstly, it notes the definition of"vagueness", which gives the premise of diplomatic vagueness. Secondly, the pragmatic goals are analyzed and several communicative affect of this certain kind of language phenomenon. Then, the author notes the famous"functional equivalence"rule by Nida, which settle solid theoretical foundation for the research. Some cases are researched and translation strategies are proposed. It attempts to give some enlightenment to the study of communicative and translation skills in foreign affairs, also, how to be a better translator and interpreter in this aspect.

A Pragmatic Approach to Vagueness in Diplomatic Language

Fuzzy words are abundant in all human languages,and widely used in diplomatic language without exception.As one of the tactics and speech skills,appropriate vagueness can meet the special requirements of social contact and accomplish the communicative task.Vagueness has become an indispensable artistic skill for diplomatic personnel.If we analyze diplomatic vagueness from the pragmatic perspective,we can find the grounds for its existence.This thesis first discusses three different definitions of vagueness,the characteristics of diplomatic language,and the basic pragmatic theories:the Cooperative Principle,the Politeness Principle,which will be used to analyze vagueness.Then,through diplomatic examples,the author explores,in detail,the positive effects of diplomatic vagueness.From the perspective of Cooperative Principle,diplomatic vagueness violates quality maxim and quantity maxim,so as to reach certain communicative effects.From the perspective of Politeness Principle,diplomatic vagueness may obey tact maxim,agreement maxim,approbation maxim and sympathy maxim.

The Vague Language in Diplomatic Field from the Perspective of Pragmatics

Vague language phenomena are common in communication.With its wide application,it is not only a phenomenon in language usage,moreover,it has become a communicative strategy.The employment of vague language is an essential skill in diplomatic occasion.This paper analyzes the vague languages in diplomatic field in the perspective of pragmatics,especially from the angle of Politeness Principle and Cooperative Principle,and explains the unique functions of vague language in diplomatic field.

Study on Pragmatic Vagueness in Diplomatic Language

Vagueness in natural language is one of the most common social phenomenon, however, it was not until the development of fuzzy set theory which was put forward by L.A. Zadeh that scholars began to realize the importance of vagueness in language. Up to now, many researchers have made substantial progress in describing and explaining this complex phenomenon. In this thesis, the writer aims at studying the linguistic devices of vagueness and their pragmatic functions to help the general readers to have a better understanding of vagueness in diplomatic language.

On the Metafunctions in Diplomatic Discourse:An Analysis on the Answer of Foreign Ministry Spokesman

Taking the answer of Foreign Ministry Spokesman as material,the essay intends to study the metafunctions in diplomatic discourse from the perspective of Systematic-Functional Grammar. According to the study of transitivity,mood,modality and thematic progression patterns in the material,it is found that the metafunctions are achieved in diplomatic discourse appropriately,and help to strengthen the preciseness, reliability and systematicness of spokesman's words.