A new method to constrain shallow crustal S-wave velocities based on direct P-wave amplitudes in receiver functions and its application in northeastern Tibet

A new method is developed to constrain S-wave velocity structures of the shallow crust based on frequencydependent amplitudes of direct P-waves in P-wave receiver functions(P-RFs). This method involves the following two steps:first, the high-frequency approximate amplitude formula of direct P-waves in P-RFs of individual stations is used to fit the observed amplitude distribution against the ray parameters at different frequencies, and second, the S-wave velocity depth profile beneath each station is constrained according to an empirical correlation between frequency and depth. Unlike traditional inversion techniques, the newly developed method is not dependent on initial velocity models, and the lateral and vertical resolutions of the results are controlled by the interstation distance and the data frequency, respectively. The effectiveness of the method is verified by synthetic tests on various models. The method is then applied to teleseismic P-RF data from a NW-SEtrending linear seismic array extending from the northeastern Tibetan Plateau to the central Sichuan Basin to construct an S-wave velocity image of the shallow crust along the array. The imaged velocity structure is further analysed and compared with the regional geology. In particular, the structural differences of sedimentary basins in the cratonic area of the stable Sichuan Basin and tectonically active belts in northeastern Tibet are investigated. By combining our results with previous observations, the relationship between the surficial geology and deep processes in the study region is also discussed.

EXACT ANALYSIS OF SPURIOUS SIGNALS IN DIRECT DIGITAL FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS DUE TO AMPLITUDE QUANTIZATION

Amplitude quantization is one of the main sources of spurious noise frequencies in Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizers (DDFSs), which affect their application to many wireless telecommu- nication systems. In this paper, two different kinds of spurious signals due to amplitude quantization in DDFSs are exactly formulated in the time domain and detailedly compared in the frequency do- main, and the effects of the DDFS parameter variations on the spurious performance are thoroughly studied. Then the spectral properties and power levels of the amplitude-quantization spurs in the absence of phase-accumulator truncation are emphatically analyzed by waveform estimation and computer simulation, and several important conclusions are derived which can provide theoretical support for parameter choice and spurious performance evaluation in the application of DDFSs.

Amplitude modulation measurement of symmetrical microwave power sensor

In order to reduce the mismatch error, a direct current （DC） calibration method is introduced when the modulated microwave signal is measured. The microwave power is input to the left section of the power sensor, and the DC power is input to the right of the power sensor. Due to the existence of parasitic loss and electromagnetic coupling, the microwave power results in a mismatch error. However, the DC power does not have the mismatch error. So the DC power applied in the right section can calibrate the mismatch error of the microwave power in the left section. The calibration factor is measured at different modulation rates and modulation depths.The measurement results show that the carrier frequency is the major factor influencing the measurement results. After calibration, the carrier frequency and the modulation rate have little effect on the output voltage. The frequency response becomes relatively flat in the frequency range up to 20 GHz, and the sensitivity on average is enhanced by about 0.12 mV/dBm. Therefore, the DC calibration method has a certain reference value for the terminal-type microwave power sensor.

Frictional behavior of planar and rough granite fractures subjected to normal load oscillations of different amplitudes

The dynamic frictional behaviors of natural discontinuities(joints,fractures,faults)play an important role in geohazards assessment;however,the mechanisms of the dynamic fault weakening/strengthening are still unclear.In this paper,a dynamic shear box was used to perform direct shear tests on saw-cut(planar)and natural(rough)granite fractures,with different normal load oscillation amplitudes.Based on the recorded shear forces and normal displacements,the shear forces,apparent friction coefficients and normal displacements are found to change periodically with oscillated normal loads and are characterized by a series of time shifts.The observed changing patterns are similar for the rough and planar fractures.Compared with the test data under constant normal load(CNL),small/large normal load oscillation amplitude enhances/reduces the peak shear strength,with a critical point.The magnitude of critical normal load oscillation for the rough fractures is smaller than the planer fractures.The results imply that dynamic fault weakening/strengthening can be achieved by both normal load oscillation amplitudes and slip surface topography.The rough fractures with larger normal oscillation amplitude can easily cause frictional weakening under stress disturbance.

Intrinsic and attenuative dispersion characteristics of direct P-waves in and near the source area of the 1999 MW7.6 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earth-quake before and after the mainshock

Based on the measurement of the arrival time of maxima magnitude from band-pass filtering signals which were determined using a new Morlet wavelet multiple-filter method, we develop a method for measuring intrinsic and attenuative dispersion of the first cycle direct P-wave. We determine relative group delays of spectral components of direct P-waves for 984 ray paths from SML and ALS stations of the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau Seismic Network （CWBSN）. Using continuous relaxation model, we deduce a new transfer function that relates intrinsic dispersion to attenuation. Based on the genetic algorithm （GA）, we put forward a new inversion procedure for determining which is defined the flat part of quality factor Q（ω） spectrum, τ1 and τ2 parameters. The results indicate that ① The distribution of Om values versus epicentral distance and depth show that Qm values linearly increase with increasing of epicentral distance and depth, and Qm values is clearly independent of earthquakes magnitude; ② In the different depth ranges, Qm residual show no correlation with variations in epicentral distance. Some significant changes of Qm residual with time is likely caused by pre-seismic stress accumulation, and associated with fluid-filled higher density fractures rock volume in the source area of 1999 Chi-Chi Taiwan earthquake. We confirm that Qm residual with time anomaly appears about 2.5 years before the Chi-Chi earthquake; ③ A comparison of Qm residual for different depth range between SML and ALS stations show that the level of stress has vertical and lateral difference; ④ The area near observation station with both anomalously increasing and decreasing averaged Qm residual is likely an unstable environment for future strong earthquake occurrence. This study demonstrates the capability of direct P-waves dispersion for monitoring attenuation characteristics and its state changes of anelastic medium of the Earth at short propagation distance using seismograms recorded from very small events.

DDFS spurious signals due to amplitude quantization in absence of phase-accumulator truncation

Spurious signals in direct digital frequency synthesizers （DDFSs） are partly caused by amplitude quantization and phase truncation, which affect their application to many wireless telecommunication systems. These signals are deterministic and periodic in the time domain, so they appear as line spectra in the frequency domain. Two types of spurious signals due to amplitude quantization are exactly formulated and compared in the time and frequency domains respectively. Then the frequency spectra and power levels of the spurious signals due to amplitude quantization in the absence of phase-accumulator truncation are emphatically analyzed, and the effects of the DDFS parameter variations on the spurious signals are thoroughly studied by computer simulation. And several important conclusions are derived which can provide theoretical support for parameter choice and spurious performance evaluation in the application of DDFSs.

Amplitude variation characteristics of active source airgun signals at Qilian Mountain

In this study,Qilian Mountain active source airgun signals recorded at 79 stations were obtained after stacking waveforms from July 2015 to December 2016.Based on analysis of the amplitude variation characteristics of the airgun signals,the following conclusions were drawn:along the NW-SE fault distribution direction of the Qilian Mountain area,the decrease in amplitude of airgun signals was relatively slow in relation to the epicentral distance,while the decrease in amplitude in the direction perpendicular to the fault was relatively fast.This difference may be related to the energy loss of seismic waves reflecting and scattering by the regional faults mainly distributed along the NW-SE direction,which are caused by tectonic compression of the QinghaiTibet and Alxa blocks.

Semi-blind Adaptive Beamforming for High-throughput Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Systems

A semi-blind adaptive beamforming scheme is proposed for wireless systems that employ high-throughput quadrature amplitude modulation signalling. A minimum number of training symbols, equal to the number of receiver antenna arrayts elements, are first utilised to provide a rough initial least squares estimate of the beamformer＇s weight vector. A concurrent constant modulus algorithm and soft decision-directed scheme is then applied to adapt the beamformer. This semi-blind adaptive beamforming scheme is capable of converging fast to the minimum mean-square-error beamforming solution, as demonstrated in our simulation study.

张北柔性直流工程电压单环控制策略应用分析

在张北柔性直流工程调试和投运初期,送端孤岛换流站出现了多次600~3900 Hz频段的高频振荡现象。文中简述了采用双环控制策略的柔性直流换流站振荡机理,确定了高频振荡负阻尼来源于控制链路延时和电流控制环节。将电压单环控制策略应用于孤岛换流站,取消了电流控制环节,建立了考虑一次主电路动态过程和电压单环控制策略的柔性直流换流器阻抗数学模型,基于简化模型推导了电压单环控制的高频特征。采用直接限幅策略以实现快速准确暂态故障电流抑制,给出了控制切换判据以及暂态电流演变规律。所提出的控制策略在张北柔性直流工程得到了试验验证并实现长期稳定运行,解决了工程现场全工况高频振荡问题。

Effect of source parameters on forward-directivity velocity pulse for vertical strike slip fault in half space

It has been found that the large velocity pulse is one of the most important characteristics of near-fault strong ground motions. Some statistical relationships between pulse period and the moment magnitude for near-fault strong ground motions have been established by Somerville （1998）; Alavi and Krawinkler （2000）; and Mavroeidis and Papageorgiou （2003）, where no variety of rupture velocity, fault depth, and fault distance, etc. were considered. Since near-fault ground motions are significantly influenced by the rupture process and source parameters, the effects of some source parameters on the amplitude and the period ofa forward-directivity velocity pulse in a half space are analyzed by the finite difference method combined with the kinematic source model in this paper. The study shows that the rupture velocity, fault depth, position of the initial rupture point and distribution of asperities are the most important parameters to the velocity pulse. Generally, the pulse period decreases and the pulse amplitude increases as the rupture velocity increases for shallow crustal earthquakes. In a definite region besides the fault trace, the pulse period increases as the fault depth increases. For a uniform strike slip fault, rupture initiating from one end of a fault and propagating to the other always generates a higher pulse amplitude and longer pulse period than in other cases.

水下振动台竖向动水附加质量特征与机理试验研究

工程结构与水体耦合抗震研究需求越来越大,推动了水下振动台的建设与发展,水下振动台竖向动水附加质量及特征直接影响其设计和自身性能。本文通过试验方法,共设计135个工况,台面负载20 t惯性质量块,分别考虑不同激励量级、不同频率、不同水深,研究水下振动台竖向动水附加质量特征,并试探从机理层面进行解释。试验结果表明:激励量级与动水附加质量之间相关性较为复杂,不同频率之间存在分组现象,水深比(水深/台面直径)可作为水下振动台设计重要参数,不同水下振动台动水附加质量最小值频率拐点不同。试验研究为水下振动台设计以及模型试验可靠性等提供参考。

基于单PD直接检测Twin-SSB-QPSK信号的光纤通信系统

针对孪生单边带正交相移键控(Twin-SSB-QPSK)信号在光传输过程中的高成本问题,提出了一种在接收端采用单光电探测器(PD)直接检测Twin-SSB-QPSK信号的光纤通信系统。在接收端不需要采用光带通滤波器(OBPF)对Twin-SSB-QPSK信号的两路光单边带信号进行分离,而是利用直接检测的拍频效应,通过单PD直接检测孪生的两路光单边带QPSK信号产生相干叠加的单路16阶正交幅度调制(16QAM)信号。仿真演示了两路56 Gbit/s的QPSK信号叠加为一路112 Gbit/s的16QAM信号,并与传统的单路16QAM信号传输方案进行了仿真对比。仿真结果表明,该方案在降低系统器件要求和部署成本的同时并没有带来额外的功率代价。

基于直接磁链跟踪控制的无刷双馈电机无Crowbar对称低电压穿越方法

低电压穿越(low-voltage ride through,LVRT)能力是并网型风电机组重要的性能指标之一。该文提出一种基于直接磁链跟踪控制的无刷双馈感应发电机(brushlessdoubly fed induction generator,BDFIG)无Crowbar对称低电压穿越方法。该方法基于开关表,通过直接选定电压空间矢量来控制无刷双馈电机控制绕组(control winding,CW)磁链的幅值和相位,以迅速抑制低电压穿越期间控制绕组的感应过电压和由此导致的过电流,同时快速向电网注入动态无功电流以支撑电压恢复。该方法无需坐标变换、系统结构简单、磁链动态响应迅速。样机实验结果表明,低电压穿越过程中,有功恢复及无功功率动态响应满足国标相关要求,且控制绕组电流得到有效抑制,验证了所提控制策略的有效性。

基于非均匀时间调制的单通道比幅测向方法

[目的]为了解决传统时间调制测向中由载波频率变化引入的相位模糊而限制测向工作带宽的问题,提出一种基于非均匀时间调制的单通道比幅测向方法。[方法]通过对不同天线单元的接收信号进行非均匀周期调制,各天线接收信号的幅度信息无混叠地映射到对应调制频率的谐波中,进而提取出谐波幅度比,并结合查表法以实现单通道测向。基于数值仿真,验证所提方法的可行性,同时搭建一套宽带非均匀时间调制系统。[结果]实验结果显示,其测向绝对误差均值仅为0.21°(2.4 GHz)和0.18°(5.8 GHz)。[结论]所提方法可有效提高测向系统的工作带宽,具备结构简单、成本低、信号处理复杂度低以及宽带测向等优点。

重力驱动下漏斗出口形状及振动因素对颗粒流的影响分析

为了深入了解漏斗颗粒在外部激励下的运动状态,本文基于离散元方法,探究了重力驱动下漏斗出口倾角、振动幅值、振动方向、颗粒竖向初始速度以及是否加装出口挡板对于颗粒流流量的影响。结果表明:出口倾角和振动幅值的增大都有利于颗粒流量的增加;在不考虑初始速度和挡板情况下,当振动方向由水平逐渐转向竖直这一过程中,颗粒流量随之减小,并且在水平方向振动时,颗粒流量达到最大值,而在加装出口挡板和考虑初始速度两种情况下,结果与之相反;在出口无挡板且振幅为零的条件下,赋予颗粒物质竖直方向速度有益于流量的增加,随着振幅的增大,流量稳步提高,但增长幅度均低于相同环境下无竖直方向速度的流量增长幅度;出口的挡板在低振幅下不利于颗粒物质的排出,但在提高振幅且振动方向逐步转向竖直方向后,颗粒流量大幅提高。

Quantum secure direct communication over the collective amplitude damping channel

An efficient quantum secure direct communication protocol is presented over the amplitude damping channel.The protocol encodes logical bits in two-qubit noiseless states,and so it can function over a quantum channel subjected to collective amplitude damping.The feature of this protocol is that the sender encodes the secret directly on the quantum states,the receiver decodes the secret by performing determinate measurements,and there is no basis mismatch.The transmission's safety is ensured by the nonorthogonality of the noiseless states traveling forward and backward on the quantum channel.Moreover,we construct the efficient quantum circuits to implement channel encoding and information encoding by means of primitive operations in quantum computation.

基于天线方向性参数辨识的航空器测向研究

雷达测向是航空器必不可少的合作型监视手段,其中测向天线的方向性参数决定了测向的精度。基于传统相邻比幅测向原理及比幅测向误差,提出修正比幅测向模型。基于修正比幅测向模型,确定需要辨识的天线方向性参数,提出一种误差修正遗传模拟退火(error correction genetic simulated annealing,COR-GSA)算法对未知定向天线方向性参数进行辨识。利用自主设计的测向双通路接收机开展辨识实验,并用1000组航空器真实方位数据进行验证,结果表明采用COR-GSA算法辨识天线方向性参数的测向精度最高。最后,利用辨识后的天线方向性参数对航空器进行方位跟踪,跟踪误差较未进行方位修正的跟踪误差降低了18.3%。

Acoustic characterization of hydrate formation and decomposition in clay-bearing sediments

Understanding the acoustic characteristics of hydrates in various sediments is crucial for hydrate resource detection and safe and efficient exploitation,as hydrate occurrence patterns vary greatly in different sediments.In this work,sediments with different bentonite contents,water saturations,and types were prepared to investigate the characteristics of P-wave velocity(reflecting the magnitude of hydrate saturation in the sediment)and amplitude(reflecting the degree of hydrate-sediment cementation)during hydrate formation and depressurization.During hydrate formation,the P-wave velocity and amplitude have similar trends.As clay content increases,the P-wave velocity increase rates quickened.On the other hand,the increased rate of P-wave velocity slows down with the increase of water saturation in the clay-bearing sediments.Comparing various types of sediment shows that the water absorption and swelling of bentonite reduce the pore space,speeding up the cementation of the hydrate with the sediment and increasing P-wave velocity at a faster rate.Correspondence between P-wave velocity and hydrate saturation is strongly related to sediment type,clay content,and water saturation.The rapidly decreasing amplitude in the early stage of hydrate depressurization indicates that hydrate in clay-bearing sediments is weakly cemented to the sediments,which is prone to stratigraphic instability.The findings of this study offer guidance for hydrate resource assessments in clay-bearing sediments as well as geologic risk estimations during hydrate mining.

计及新能源幅相特性的新型多馈入短路比指标

为了合理评估高比例新能源并网的多馈入高压直流输电(multi-infeed HVDC,MIDC)系统电压支撑能力,该文首先分析MIDC系统结构特点,随后基于多馈入短路比(multi-infeed short circuit ratio,MISCR)指标,并结合新能源短路电流幅值和相位随机端电压变化的特性(以下简称“幅相特性”),提出多馈入暂态短路比(multi-infeed transient short circuit ratio,MITSCR)指标;其次,根据国家标准的要求分析以双馈风机(doubly-fed induction generator,DFIG)为代表的新能源在不同控制模式下的幅相特性,并通过MITSCR指标分析DFIG接入对MIDC系统节点电压支撑能力影响;最后,利用PSACD/EMTDC软件进行时域仿真分析,结果表明,MITSCR指标能有效表征节点的电压支撑能力,验证了该指标的有效性与优越性。

强干扰与通道误差条件下弱信号DOA估计的实验研究

在实际测向系统中,当弱信号和强干扰空间临近时,空间谱测向系统仅能对强干扰进行波达方向(Direction of Arrival,DOA)估计,弱信号DOA估计性能下降甚至失效。针对这一问题,研究了空间谱扩展噪声子空间算法结合通道幅相误差校正,在强干扰抑制条件下对弱信号进行DOA估计的方法。该方法对采样信号的噪声协方差进行去加权处理,并对空间谱扩展噪声子空间算法的空间谱导向矢量进行修正。基于通用软件无线电外设(Universal SoftwareRadioPeripheral,USRP)和印刷偶极子线形天线阵构建实验平台,实验结果证明空间谱扩展噪声子空间算法结合改进的通道幅相误差校正方法,能对临近干扰源进行空间谱抑制的同时,实现对弱信号的DOA估计。