Direct Yaw Moment Control for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicle Handling Performance Improvement

For a distributed drive electric vehicle（DDEV） driven by four in-wheel motors, advanced vehicle dynamic control methods can be realized easily because motors can be controlled independently, quickly and precisely. And direct yaw-moment control（DYC） has been widely studied and applied to vehicle stability control. Good vehicle handling performance： quick yaw rate transient response, small overshoot, high steady yaw rate gain, etc, is required by drivers under normal conditions, which is less concerned, however. Based on the hierarchical control methodology, a novel control system using direct yaw moment control for improving handling performance of a distributed drive electric vehicle especially under normal driving conditions has been proposed. The upper-loop control system consists of two parts： a state feedback controller, which aims to realize the ideal transient response of yaw rate, with a vehicle sideslip angle observer; and a steering wheel angle feedforward controller designed to achieve a desired yaw rate steady gain. Under the restriction of the effect of poles and zeros in the closed-loop transfer function on the system response and the capacity of in-wheel motors, the integrated time and absolute error（ITAE） function is utilized as the cost function in the optimal control to calculate the ideal eigen frequency and damper coefficient of the system and obtain optimal feedback matrix and feedforward matrix. Simulations and experiments with a DDEV under multiple maneuvers are carried out and show the effectiveness of the proposed method： yaw rate rising time is reduced, steady yaw rate gain is increased, vehicle steering characteristic is close to neutral steer and drivers burdens are also reduced. The control system improves vehicle handling performance under normal conditions in both transient and steady response. State feedback control instead of model following control is introduced in the control system so that the sense of control intervention to drivers is relieved.

Dual-steering mode based on direct yaw moment control for multi-wheel hub motor driven vehicles:Theoretical design and experimental assessment

One of the main challenges for multi-wheel hub motor driven vehicles is the coordination of individual drivetrains to improve mobility and stability in the steering process.This paper proposes a dual-steering mode based on direct yaw moment control for enhancing vehicle steering ability in complex environ ments.The control system is designed as a hierarchical structure,with a yaw moment decision layer and a driving force distribution layer.In the higher-level layer,the objective optimization function is con-structed to obtain the slip steering ratio,which represents the degree of vehicle slip steering in the dual-steering mode.Ayaw moment controller using active disturbance rejection control theory is designed for continuous yaw rate control.When the actual yaw rate of the vehicle deviates from the reference yaw rate obtained by the vehicle reference model and the slip steering ratio,the yaw moment controller isactuated to determine the yaw moment demand for vehicle steering.In the lower-level layer,there is a torque distribution controller based on distribution rules,which meets the requirement of yaw moment demand without affecting the total longitudinal driving force of the vehicle.For verifying the validity and feasibility of the dual-steering mode,simulations were conducted on the hardware-in-loop real-time simulation platfomm.Additionally,corresponding real vehicle tests were carried out on an eight-wheel prototype vehicle.Test results were generally consistent with the simulation results,thereby demon-strating that the proposed dual-steering mode reduces steering radius and enhances the steering per-formance of the vehicle.

Research on Direct Yaw Moment Control Strategy of Distributed-Drive Electric Vehicle Based on Joint Observer

Combined with the characteristics of the distributed-drive electric vehicle and direct yaw moment control,a double-layer structure direct yaw moment controller is designed.The upper additional yaw moment controller is constructed based on model predictive control.Aiming at minimizing the utilization rate of tire adhesion and constrained by the working characteristics of motor system and brake system,a quadratic programming active set was designed to optimize the distribution of additional yaw moments.The road surface adhesion coefficient has a great impact on the reliability of direct yaw moment control,for which joint observer of vehicle state parameters and road surface parameters is designed by using unscented Kalman filter algorithm,which correlates vehicle state observer and road surface parameter observer to form closed-loop feedback correction.The results show that compared to the“feedforward+feedback”control,the vehicle’s error of yaw rate and sideslip angle by the model predictive control is smaller,which can improve the vehicle stability effectively.In addition,according to the results of the docking road simulation test,the joint observer of vehicle state and road surface parameters can improve the adaptability of the vehicle stability controller to the road conditions with variable adhesion coefficients.

新能源汽车电机节能直接横摆力矩控制研究

为了降低电动汽车在行驶过程中的电机能量消耗,采用直接横摆力矩控制方法,并对车辆的车轮力矩和电机功率变化进行仿真验证。建立了车辆模型简图,根据牛顿第二定律推导出车辆转向运动方程式。针对传统两轮等力矩控制方法进行改进,提出了一种主动直接横摆力矩控制方法,推导出车辆连续行驶和转弯过程中的力矩分配律。利用转弯过程中车辆车轮的力矩变化来调节电机的功率变化,从而降低车辆电机的能量消耗。采用MATLAB软件对车辆横摆角速度、车轮力矩和电机能量消耗进行仿真,与两轮等力矩控制方法进行对比。结果显示:采用两轮等力矩控制方法,车辆横摆角速度跟踪误差较大,车轮力矩变化幅度较小,自适应调节能力较差,导致电机能量消耗较多;采用直接横摆力矩控制方法,车辆横摆角速度跟踪误差较小,车轮力矩变化幅度较大,自适应调节能力较好,使电机能量消耗较少。采用直接横摆力矩控制方法,能够自适应调整车轮力矩的变化,从而达到降低电机能量消耗目的。

轮毂电机驱动电动汽车4WS和DYC协调控制

为了提高轮毂电机驱动电动汽车的路径跟踪能力和操纵稳定性,本文针对主动四轮转向系统(4WS)和直接横摆力矩控制系统(DYC)提出一种新型的协调控制策略。首先,综合考虑车辆的路径跟踪性能和操纵稳定性,建立一种共享转向控制模型,并在此基础上提出基于非合作Nash博弈的4WS控制策略。其次,为了提高危险行驶工况下的车辆侧向稳定性,基于质心侧偏角相平面将车辆状态划分为稳定区域、过渡区域和失稳区域,并分区域建立DYC控制器。再次,为了实现后轮转向与直接横摆力矩的协同控制,建立基于模糊神经网络的ARS/DYC协调控制器。最后,利用CarSim/Simulink联合仿真平台和硬件在环平台,分别进行双移线工况下的试验验证。研究结果表明,所提出的控制策略能够有效地提高车辆在极端行驶工况下的路径跟踪精度和操纵稳定性能。

机械弹性电动轮驱动车辆横摆稳定性协调控制

针对匹配机械弹性电动轮(MEEW)车辆的横摆稳定性控制问题,提出一种基于主动前轮转向(AFS)与直接横摆力矩控制(DYC)的稳定性协调控制策略。为修正车辆行驶过程中的前轮转角输入,设计了基于微分平坦与RBF神经网络的AFS控制器,从而提高车辆的转向能力。针对AFS控制器在极限工况下易失效的缺陷,引入基于线性二次型调节器(LQR)的直接横摆力矩控制算法,并依照轴荷比分配四轮力矩。最后,依据机械弹性电动轮的质心侧偏角-质心侧偏角速度相平面图划分稳定域,实现AFS与DYC的协调控制。通过Matlab/Simulink和Carsim进行联合仿真,结果表明:所提出的AFS控制算法在高速高附着工况下有良好的稳定控制性能,但在高速、低附着极限工况下控制效果受到影响。而AFS/DYC协调控制策略效果较好,跟踪精度优于单一控制器,质心侧偏角和横摆角速度的最大跟踪误差仅为3.03°和1.82(°)/s,可保证汽车在极限工况下转向时的横摆稳定性。

AFS/DYC协调控制下汽车侧风稳定性研究

针对高速汽车在侧风环境下的气动稳定性问题,基于车辆空气动力学与车辆动力学构建了动态双向耦合模型,通过采用相平面法确定主动前轮转向(AFS)和直接横摆力矩控制(DYC)的工作时机,实现汽车AFS和DYC的协调控制,以改善汽车的操纵稳定性。研究结果表明:在侧风的作用下,有、无协调控制的车辆最大侧向位移分别为0.23 m和1.24 m,最大偏航角分别为1.92°和2.89°;最大侧向位移减小了81.5%,最大偏航角减小了33.5%,汽车的侧风稳定性得到明显改善。

基于后轮转向与制动协同的车辆操控性可调控制方法研究

为解决后轮转向与制动协同的车辆操控性控制面临的转向不足、控制效果难以标定、控制器设计复杂难于工程应用等问题,提出一种后轮转向和制动的作用强度均可自由调节的控制方法,应用非线性模型设计与前馈/反馈结构,根据设计参数调节控制强度,达到按照期望程度降低车辆质心侧偏角、加快横摆响应速度的效果,并兼顾不足转向度、燃油经济性等指标。此外,该方法提供了基于可调参数进行车辆操控性调校的方法,具有精度高、运算量小、无需质心侧偏角估计及便于标定等优点。

四驱电动汽车变附着路面行驶操稳性控制研究

针对四轮驱动电动汽车行驶时路面峰值附着系数和附着利用率变化的问题,提出利用直接横摆力矩控制提高操纵稳定性的控制策略。该策略采用分层控制,上层控制器负责目标车速的追踪、滑移率调整力矩的计算、以及根据行驶危险程度实现对质心侧偏角和横摆角速度的协调控制,下层控制器包括以轮胎利用率最优为目标的分配算法及集成滑移率控制的分配算法,根据滑移率大小实时切换。Carsim-Simulink联合仿真结果表明,在对开路面行驶时,相比于转矩平均分配控制策略,该控制策略能够使车辆具有良好操稳性的同时保持各车轮处于最佳滑移率区间内,有效改善了车辆性能。

基于硬件在环的双挂汽车列车高速横向稳定性控制研究

针对双挂汽车列车在高速超车工况的横向失稳、挂车折叠和甩尾等危险情况,提出了一种基于模糊比例、积分、微分(Proportion、Integral、Differential,PID)控制的直接横摆力矩差动制动控制策略,分别以双挂汽车列车TruckSim非线性模型与四自由度线性模型的质心侧偏角、横摆角速度的偏差及其偏差变化率为目标,设计了2种差动制动的横向稳定性控制策略,分别为仅牵引车控制的单控模式和牵引车加挂车都控制的多控模式,通过MATLAB/Simulink软件和TruckSim软件联合仿真以及硬件在环(Hardware-in-the-Loop,HIL)平台对控制策略的有效性进行仿真验证。结果表明:在高速超车工况下,相较于无控制车辆和单控模式车辆,多控模式车辆的横向稳定性控制系统更能降低车辆的质心侧偏角、横摆角速度、铰接角和车辆后部放大(Rearward Amplification,RWA)系数,在改善双挂汽车列车横向稳定性方面优势明显。

高速汽车侧风稳定性控制

针对汽车在侧风环境中容易失稳的问题,基于模型预测控制(model predictive control,MPC)理论提出了一种分层式直接横摆力矩控制(direct yaw moment control,DYC)策略,以使得汽车突遇侧风干扰时能够较好地维持稳定性。上层控制器依据MPC理论精确计算并输出必要的横摆力矩,以确保车辆稳定行驶并将其传递给下层控制器;下层控制器接收到横摆力矩后,将横摆力矩精确地分配到每个车轮上。为验证所设计的MPC直接横摆力矩控制器的性能,采用Carsim与Simulink联合仿真平台进行仿真,并与基于滑模控制理论的控制器进行对比分析。结果表明:本研究提出的基于MPC的控制器,控制效果优于滑模控制器,有效提高了汽车的侧风稳定性。

低附着路面条件下四轮独立驱动转向电动车稳定性控制研究

针对四轮独立驱动转向车辆在低附着路面的稳定性问题,提出了一种协调稳定性控制器。首先,基于模糊理论设计了主动后轮转向(active rear wheel steering,ARS)控制器,实现减小质心侧偏角的效果;然后,基于等效滑模变结构设计了直接横摆力矩控制(direct yaw moment control,DYC)控制器,以控制横摆角速度为目标;最后,基于Carsim/Simulink仿真平台搭建稳定性算法模型,进行了低附着系数双移线工况仿真对比。结果表明,所提出ARS和DYC协调控制算法能有效改善车辆在低附着路面上的行驶稳定性。

极限工况下AFS与DYC可拓协调控制

主动前轮转向系统(AFS)和直接横摆力矩控制(DYC)集成控制可提高商用货车的操纵稳定性。由于主动前轮转向在轮胎非线性区作用效果有限,与直接横摆力矩控制简单叠加的控制效果不一定能达到预期,为此这里设计了可拓协调控制系统。该系统分为上、中、下三层,上层为AFS与DYC协调切换控制层。采用试验法得到前轮临界转角,根据线性二自由度车辆模型反推临界转角下的稳态质心侧偏角,结合车辆实际质心侧偏角及其速度的相平面稳定域将相平面图分区,设计了3种不同协调控制策略;中层是基于指数趋近律设计的AFS与DYC滑模控制器,可得到前轮附加转角和附加横摆力矩;附加横摆力矩由下层控制器根据车辆实时状态进行制动力分配。采用TruckSim、Matlab/Simulink建立联合仿真平台,在极限工况下进行仿真验证可拓协调控制系统。仿真结果得到最优可拓协调策略,该协调控制弥补了AFS/DYC单一控制的缺陷,可保证车辆的操纵稳定性和行驶安全性。

基于直接横摆力矩控制的车辆横向稳定性研究

为提高车辆行驶时的操作稳定性和安全性,可通过搭建直接横摆力矩控制器来实现。首先,根据质心侧偏角和横摆角速度为输入参量,采用变结构滑模控制理论设计直接横摆力矩控制器。再基于横向稳定性系数设计汽车横向稳定性边界,判断直接横摆力矩控制器介入时机,并根据制定的车轮受控制规则得到四个车轮对应的调节力矩。最后通过联合仿真验证,表明所选控制策略能够很好地提高车辆横摆角速度和质心侧偏角的响应界值,极大地提升了车辆在低附着路面上高速行驶时的横向稳定性。

Trajectory Tracking of Autonomous Vehicle with the Fusion of DYC and Longitudinal–Lateral Control

The current research of autonomous vehicle motion control mainly focuses on trajectory tracking and velocity tracking. However, numerous studies deal with trajectory tracking and velocity tracking separately, and the yaw stability is seldom considered during trajectory tracking. In this research, a combination of the longitudinal–lateral control method with the yaw stability in the trajectory tracking for autonomous vehicles is studied. Based on the vehicle dynamics, considering the longitudinal and lateral motion of the vehicle, the velocity tracking and trajectory tracking problems can be attributed to the longitudinal and lateral control. A sliding mode variable structure control method is used in the longitudinal control. The total driving force is obtained from the velocity error in order to carry out velocity tracking. A linear time-varying model predictive control method is used in the lateral control to predict the required front wheel angle for trajectory tracking. Furthermore, a combined control framework is established to control the longitudinal and lateral motions and improve the reliability of the longitudinal and lateral direction control. On this basis, the driving force of a tire is allocated reasonably by using the direct yaw moment control, which ensures good yaw stability of the vehicle when tracking the trajectory. Simulation results indicate that the proposed control strategy is good in tracking the reference velocity and trajectory and improves the performance of the stability of the vehicle.

A Novel Pre-control Method of Vehicle Dynamics Stability Based on Critical Stable Velocity during Transient Steering Maneuvering

The current research of direct yaw moment control（DYC） system focus on the design of target yaw moment and the distribution of wheel brake force. The differential braking intervention can effectively improve the lateral stability of the vehicle, however, the effect of DYC can be improved a step further by applying the control of vehicle longitudinal velocity. In this paper, the relationship between the vehicle longitudinal velocity and lateral stability is studied, and the simulation results show that a decrease of 5 km/h of longitudinal velocity at a particular situation can bring 100° increasing of stable steering upper limit. A critical stable velocity considering the effect of steering and yaw rate measurement is defined to evaluate the risk of losing steer-ability or stability. A novel velocity pre-control method is proposed by using a hierarchical pre-control logic and is integrated with the traditional DYC system. The control algorithm is verified through a hardware in-the-loop simulation system. Double lane change（DLC） test results on both high friction coefficient（μ） and low μ roads show that by using the pre-control method, the steering effort in DLC test can be reduced by 38% and 51% and the peak value of brake pressure control can be reduced by 20% and 12% respectively on high μ and low μ roads, the lateral stability is also improved. This research proposes a novel DYC system with lighter control effort and better control effect.

基于模糊滑模直接横摆力矩的车辆横摆稳定性控制

为了避免车辆发生横向失稳的风险,根据四轮独立驱动电动汽车四轮驱动/制动力矩独立可控的特点,提出了一种具有上层控制器和下层控制器两层结构的模糊滑模直接横摆力矩控制策略。上层控制器采用模糊滑模控制器计算车辆总的需求横摆力矩,并对4个车轮纵向力进行分配。下层控制器将轮胎纵向力转化为对轮胎滑动率的控制,并通过控制4个车轮的力矩使轮胎纵向力得到实现。仿真结果表明,该模糊滑模直接横摆力矩控制策略在不同的附着路面条件下都能保证车辆的横向稳定性,并能削弱传统滑模控制器造成的系统抖振。

四轮独立驱动电动汽车路径跟踪鲁棒控制

针对四轮独立驱动电动汽车具有结构参数、外部干扰不确定性与非线性和过驱动等特征,提出了一种分层控制框架,以实现前轮转向与直接横摆力矩控制系统协同的车辆路径跟踪控制。首先,基于路径跟踪运动学模型,将车辆的路径跟踪问题转化为约束跟随问题;其次,设计了基于约束跟随的自适应鲁棒上层控制算法,该方法可以有效处理由模型不确定性和外部干扰引起的失配问题,并保证闭环系统的一致有界性和一致最终有界性;最后,设计了一种基于二次规划的下层分配算法满足所需的直接横摆力矩,并在Simulink-Carsim平台进行联合仿真。通过不同工况的仿真结果表明,所设计的自适应鲁棒控制算法具有良好的路径跟踪精度和鲁棒性。

AFS与DYC协调控制的智能汽车路径跟踪方法

为提高智能车辆在复杂道路条件下的路径跟踪能力与行驶稳定性,提出了一种基于AFS(主动前轮转向)与DYC(直接横摆力矩控制)协调控制的智能汽车路径跟踪控制方法。为保证车辆在复杂道路条件下的路径跟踪精度,在车辆2自由度模型及单点预瞄模型的基础上,控制预瞄时间使其自适应跟踪目标路径;在DYC设计时,考虑到横摆角速度和质心侧偏角量纲不同,采用无量纲方法设计横摆力矩滑模控制器,并采用单轮制动的方式实现附加横摆力矩的分配;同时,为了使AFS和DYC的工作效果得到充分发挥,基于车辆失稳侧滑时的前轮临界转角,采用加权分配函数的方式保证协调控制的平顺性。基于Carsim-Simulink联合进行鱼钩工况及双移线工况下的试验仿真,并与独立控制对比。试验结果表明:协调控制在满足对复杂道路条件跟踪准确性的同时可有效改善智能车辆行驶时的操纵稳定性,具有更好的鲁棒性。

汽车直接横摆力矩控制系统综述

汽车直接横摆力矩控制(direct yaw moment control,DYC)系统用于有效避免车辆遇到非预计危险时的侧向运动,以保证汽车运行的稳定性和驾驶的安全性。目前,DYC系统大多采用分层结构。文章首先从车辆状态估计与环境感知、直接横摆力矩控制器设计和力矩分配法这3个角度分析了汽车DYC系统架构,接着重点阐述了其对车速、车间距离、路面信息、横摆角速率以及车辆质心侧偏角等状态信息的获取与处理方法;然后介绍了上层控制器中车辆动力学参考模型、控制结构及不同变量控制的设计方法以及下层控制器中车辆横摆力矩的分配方式;最后总结了汽车直接横摆力矩控制系统现存的问题以及将来发展的方向。