Analysis of nonlinearities and effects in direct drive electro-hydraulic position servo system

The direct drive electro-hydraulic servo system is a new approach hydraulic system. It is much smaller and easier controlled than traditional systems and is a perfect energy saver. This paper will briefly introduce the popular nonlinearities in the electro-hydraulic system and analyse the effect of nonlinearities in direct drive electro-hydraulic position servo system by means of simulation research. Some valuable conclusions are given.

Modeling and Analysis of A Rotary Direct Drive Servovalve

Direct drive servovalves are mostly restricted to low flow rate and low bandwidth applications due to the considerable flow forces.Current studies mainly focus on enhancing the driving force,which in turn is limited to the development of the magnetic material.Aiming at reducing the flow forces,a novel rotary direct drive servovalve（RDDV）is introduced in this paper.This RDDV servovalve is designed in a rotating structure and its axially symmetric spool rotates within a certain angle range in the valve chamber.The servovalve orifices are formed by the matching between the square wave shaped land on the spool and the rectangular ports on the sleeve.In order to study the RDDV servovalve performance,flow rate model and mechanical model are established,wherein flow rates and flow induced torques at different spool rotation angles or spool radiuses are obtained.The model analysis shows that the driving torque can be alleviated due to the proposed valve structure.Computational fluid dynamics（CFD）analysis using ANSYS/FLUENT is applied to evaluate and validate the theoretical analysis.In addition,experiments on the flow rate and the mechanical characteristic of the RDDV servovalve are carried out.Both simulation and experimental results conform to the results of the theoretical model analysis,which proves that this novel and innovative structure for direct drive servovalves can reduce the flow force on the spool and improve valve frequency response characteristics.This research proposes a novel rotary direct drive servovalve,which can reduce the flow forces effectively.

Laser-direct-drive program: Promise, challenge, and path forward

Along with laser-indirect(X-ray)-drive and magnetic-drive target concepts,laser direct drive is a viable approach to achieving ignition and gain with inertial confinement fusion.In the United States,a national program has been established to demonstrate and understand the physics of laser direct drive.The program utilizes the Omega Laser Facility to conduct implosion and coupling physics at the nominally 30-kJ scale and lasereplasma interaction and coupling physics at the MJ scale at the National Ignition Facility.This article will discuss the motivation and challenges for laser direct drive and the broad-based program presently underway in the United States.

Optimization of laser illumination configuration for directly driven inertial confinement fusion

Optimum laser configurations are presented to achieve high illumination uniformity with directly driven inertial confinement fusion targets.Assuming axisymmetric absorption pattern of individual laser beams,theoretical models are reviewed in terms of the number of laser beams,system imperfection,and laser beam patterns.Utilizing a self-organizing system of charged particles on a sphere,a simple numerical model is provided to give an optimal configuration for an arbitrary number of laser beams.As a result,such new configurations as“M48”and“M60”are found to show substantially higher illumination uniformity than any other existing direct drive systems.A new polar direct-drive scheme is proposed with the laser axes keeping off the target center,which can be applied to laser configurations designed for indirectly driven inertial fusion.

Direct Yaw Moment Control for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicle Handling Performance Improvement

For a distributed drive electric vehicle（DDEV） driven by four in-wheel motors, advanced vehicle dynamic control methods can be realized easily because motors can be controlled independently, quickly and precisely. And direct yaw-moment control（DYC） has been widely studied and applied to vehicle stability control. Good vehicle handling performance： quick yaw rate transient response, small overshoot, high steady yaw rate gain, etc, is required by drivers under normal conditions, which is less concerned, however. Based on the hierarchical control methodology, a novel control system using direct yaw moment control for improving handling performance of a distributed drive electric vehicle especially under normal driving conditions has been proposed. The upper-loop control system consists of two parts： a state feedback controller, which aims to realize the ideal transient response of yaw rate, with a vehicle sideslip angle observer; and a steering wheel angle feedforward controller designed to achieve a desired yaw rate steady gain. Under the restriction of the effect of poles and zeros in the closed-loop transfer function on the system response and the capacity of in-wheel motors, the integrated time and absolute error（ITAE） function is utilized as the cost function in the optimal control to calculate the ideal eigen frequency and damper coefficient of the system and obtain optimal feedback matrix and feedforward matrix. Simulations and experiments with a DDEV under multiple maneuvers are carried out and show the effectiveness of the proposed method： yaw rate rising time is reduced, steady yaw rate gain is increased, vehicle steering characteristic is close to neutral steer and drivers burdens are also reduced. The control system improves vehicle handling performance under normal conditions in both transient and steady response. State feedback control instead of model following control is introduced in the control system so that the sense of control intervention to drivers is relieved.

A simple analytical model of laser direct-drive thin shell target implosion

A high-neutron yield platform imploded by a thin shell target is generally built to probe nuclear science problems,and it has the advantages of high neutron yield,ultrashort fusion time,micro fusion zone,isotropic and monoenergetic neutron.Some analytical models have been proposed to interpret exploding-pusher target implosion driven by a long wavelength laser,whereas they are imperfect for a 0.35 μm laser implosion experiment.When using the 0.35 μm laser,the shell is ablated and accelerated to high implosion velocity governed by Newton’s law,ablation acceleration and quasi-adiabatic compression models are suitable to explain the implosion of a laser direct-drive thin shell target.The new analytical model scales bang time,ion temperature and neutron yield for large variations in laser power,target radius,shell thickness,and fuel pressure.The predicted results of the analytical model are in agreement with experimental data on the ShenguangIII prototype laser facility,100 kJ laser facility,Omega,and NIF,it demonstrates that the analytical model benefits the understanding of experiment performance and optimizing the target design of high neutron yield implosion.

DIRECT DIGITAL DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MESHING IN WORM-GEAR DRIVE

A direct digital design method （DDDM） of worm-gear drive is proposed. It is directly based on the simulation of manufacturing process and completely different from the conventional modeling method. The loaded tooth contact analysis （LTCA） method is analyzed, in which the advanced surface to surface searching technique is included. The influence of misalignment errors and contact deformations on contact zone and transmission error （TE） is discussed. Combined modification approach on worm tooth surface is presented. By means of DDDM and LTCA, it is very conven- ient to verify the effect of worm-gear drive＇s modification approach. The analysis results show that, the modification in profile direction reduces the sensitivity of worm-gear drive to misalignment errors and the modification in longitudinal direction decreases the TE. Thus the optimization design of worm-gear drive can be achieved prior to the actual manufacturing process.

基于自抗扰的直驱风电机组强迫振荡抑制研究

风剪切和塔影效应会导致直驱式风电机组产生强迫功率振荡,影响系统的安全稳定运行。因此,提出了一种基于自抗扰控制的虚拟惯量控制方法,该方法通过扩张状态观测器观测估计系统扰动量,同时利用跟踪微分器调整系统频率的参考值,优化风电机组控制功率。仿真结果表明,相比传统的虚拟惯量控制,所提方法具有更好的抗干扰性,能更有效地对扰动进行观测估计并补偿,达到抑制直驱式风电并网系统强迫振荡的目的。

考虑频率耦合特性的D-PMSG复数域阻抗建模及其特征分析

阻抗分析法因其简单有效被广泛用于含电力电子变换器的互联系统稳定性研究。然而,采用传统方法对频域序阻抗建模时,需通过非线性变换(Park变换及其反变换)进行坐标系转换,这会导致不同周期分量的卷积运算及相应的频移,其过程较为烦琐。针对上述问题,基于复向量时域微分算子,提出了永磁直驱同步发电机(D-PMSG)等效阻抗建模方法。该方法在时域周期系统稳定运行轨迹的邻域内直接进行小信号线性化,并采用指数旋转因子灵活反映系统受扰后的时变特性,结合时域微分算子等效表征互联系统控制环节的动态特性,避免了频域阻抗建模时坐标系的反复变换,大幅降低了解析建模的复杂度。此外,所提方法能够更加清晰地阐释互联系统受到扰动时D-PMSG并网逆变器产生频率耦合现象的物理意义;同时,能够说明基频电压初始相位对耦合分量相频特性的影响。最后,利用仿真验证了所提算法的有效性。

复杂工况条件下刮板输送机永磁半直驱系统机电耦合特性研究

提出一种由永磁同步电机和行星减速器组成的刮板输送机永磁半直驱系统。基于Adams和Matlab/Simulink搭建刮板输送机机械系统多体动力学模型和永磁半直驱控制系统模型,完成机电耦合系统的联合仿真。对刮板输送机空载、轻载和重载等多种工况进行仿真分析,得到各工况下永磁电机的输出特性和刮板输送机的动力学特性。研究结果表明:永磁半直驱系统能够实现低速大扭矩的快速输出,转速输出波动小,转矩输出具有良好的跟随性;永磁半直驱系统具有良好的启动性能和传动平稳性。刮板输送机机头转速、链环速度、链条张力在链轮多边形效应影响下呈周期性波动,受多边形效应影响链环在啮合过程中发生滑移,使得接触力呈波动变化,负载转矩和链条张力的波动随负载增大而加剧,随链轮转速增大而增大。

基于数字孪生控制的工业机器人电驱加持系统同步控制

为了提高工业机器人电驱加持系统控制精度,引入数字孪生实现了直驱部件在惯性摄动下高精密随动。该方法结合实物实体的状态信息,并根据性能指数的限制对转速参数调节,以达到最优的动态特性。研究结果表明:数字孪生控制同步精度分析,当负荷扰动时,该方法能够精确地探测到负荷扰动时的载荷惯性增大,证明双模的参数同步算法是行之有效的。速度阶跃指令响应特性分析,负载下SAKF可以有效地抑制惯性扰动对DTPI的干扰,并保持了系统的设计特性。该研究有助于提高力矩电机控制精度,也可拓展到其他的机械传动领域。

基于ADRC和模型预测控制的直驱伺服阀振荡抑制研究

直驱伺服阀因构造简单、抗污染能力强、输出功率大等突出优势,逐渐扩展其应用场景。作为飞控系统的关键部件之一,电液伺服阀的特性与可靠性直接关乎飞行性能与安全。本文针对某型航空用双系统直驱伺服阀存在的阀芯振荡问题,探究基于方法的伺服阀振荡抑制策略。建立了该直驱伺服阀系统的部件级数学模型,并与突变液流力模型联合运算;设计了自抗扰控制器(ADRC)和模型预测的复合控制方法,并与传统比例积分微分(PID)控制方法进行仿真对比。结果表明,ADRC和模型预测的复合控制方法对直线电机电流的高频小范围调节可有效抵消突变液流力对阀芯运动的影响,从而为直驱伺服阀在复杂受力环境下的控制器设计提供理论参考。

基于模糊滑模控制的直驱式波浪发电装置最大功率控制方法

海洋波浪能是一种新型清洁能源,为提高直驱式波浪发电系统的发电功率和波浪能转换效率,针对目前普遍使用的比例-积分-微分(PID)控制方法存在输出纹波较大、系统稳定性较差的问题,提出基于模糊滑模控制的最大功率控制方法,根据运行状态实时调整趋近律参数,在实现最大功率跟踪的同时削弱输出纹波,减小跟踪误差,提高系统控制品质。文中以永磁直线发电机(PMLG)作为发电装置,建立系统动力学模型,并通过快速傅里叶变换方法预估不规则波浪主频,设计满足最大功率策略的期望电流跟踪曲线;在此基础上,将常规PID、滑模控制方法与所提出的模糊滑模最大功率控制方法进行仿真对比,结果表明:模糊滑模控制方法在功率上有所提升且具有更好的准确性和稳定性。

风储一体化系统无功响应技术研究

针对永磁直驱风机与分散式混合储能系统提出了联合无功控制策略。首先对永磁直驱风机以及储能系统的无功调节能力进行分析,确定永磁直驱风机与储能系统通过变流器控制均可参与无功调节;其次提出无功控制策略,从信号接收、初次分配、内部分配等方面进行分析,在初次分配中采用了等裕度分配方法,在内部分配中考虑了以储能优先出力进行比例分配;最后通过仿真验证了该策略的有效性,该策略可充分利用永磁直驱风机与储能系统的无功容量能力对电网的电压提供有效支撑。

刮板输送机永磁直驱系统动态特性及链传动系统张力实验研究

刮板输送机运行环境复杂,且故障率高主要是由于刮板链异常所致,基于此搭建了永磁直驱负载突变模拟实验平台,进行模拟实验,在此基础上进行链传动系统张力实验验证,以期探寻永磁直驱传动系统的动态特性,为工业性试验提供参考,以提高试验水平,保证试验结果的可靠性。

永磁直驱风电系统MPPT无模型固定时间滑模控制

针对永磁直驱风力发电系统在最大功率跟踪过程中因内部参数变化和外部扰动导致跟踪性能下降的问题,提出一种无模型固定时间积分滑模控制(model free fixed-time integral sliding mode control,MFFTISMC)方法。首先,构建了永磁同步电机转速环的新型超局部模型。基于该模型,结合固定时间理论设计了无模型固定时间积分滑模控制器,确保系统状态固定时间内收敛,利用Lyapunov函数证明了该控制器的收敛性。同时,为提高系统的抗干扰能力和跟踪性能,设计扩张扰动观测器(extended disturbance observer,EDO)对新型超局部模型中的未知扰动在线估计并以前馈补偿的方式补偿给控制器。最后,通过仿真对比,验证了该方法具有响应速度快、抗扰能力强的特点,能够在风速突变情况下快速实现最大功率跟踪。

Fusion: It’s Time to Color outside the Lines

There has been some good news, and some bad news in the controlled fusion community recently. The good news is that the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has recently produced a burning plasma. It succeeded on several of its shots where ~1.5 - 2 megajoules from its laser (National Ignition Facility, or NIF) has generated ~1.3 - 3 megajoules of fusion products. The highest ratio of fusion energy to laser energy it achieved, defined as its Q, was 1.5 at the time of this writing. While LLNL is sponsored by nuclear stockpile stewardship, this author sees a likely path from their result to fusion for energy for the world, a path using a very different laser and a very different target configuration. The bad news is that the International Tokamak Experimental Reactor (ITER) has continued to stumble on more and more delays and cost overruns, as its capital cost has mushroomed from ~$5 billion to ~ $25 B. This paper argues that the American fusion effort, for energy for the civilian economy, should switch its emphasis not only from magnetic fusion to inertial fusion but should also take much more seriously fusion breeding. Over the next few decades, the world might well be setting up more and more thermal nuclear reactors, and these might need fuel which only fusion breeders can supply. In other words, fusion should begin to color outside the lines.

面向海上风电仿真的永磁同步发电机电磁暂态等效建模方法

海上风电的建模与仿真是构建新能源为主体的新型电力系统的关键支撑技术。永磁同步发电机(PMSG)作为直驱或半直驱机型的核心元件,现有模型存在一定的局限性:商业软件提供的灰箱模型无法得知建模原理,开放程度不够,限制了风电机组应用高效电磁暂态建模算法与并行加速算法;目前常用的PMSG建模方法无法生成接口与外电路连接;PMSG是同步发电机的一种,而同步发电机有不同阶数的数学模型,现有模型不便更改。针对上述问题,该文提出阶数可选的PMSG电磁暂态等效建模方法。首先对发电机电压、磁链方程进行离散化;然后通过单步长延时消除代数环,重构PMSG模型,推导得到其诺顿等效电路并构建模型整体仿真框架;最后,在RTDS仿真平台中进行仿真分析。结果表明四阶、二阶模型在场站级仿真具有适用性,而六阶模型实现了对基准模型的多工况高度拟合,平均相对误差小于4%,能够同时满足场站级与机组内部各仿真需求。

智能永磁直驱系统在带式输送机中的应用

针对带式输送机驱动系统传动效率低、转矩不足、电量耗费大的特点,以挖金湾矿研究试点,将智能永磁直驱系统应用于带式输送机中,论文详细介绍了该系统的基础构造与运行原理;实践表明,该系统能够有效提高带式输送机运行效率与稳定性,经济效益显著,相较于原驱动系统,传动效率提高了约8%,系统能耗降低了10%以上,有效降低了吨煤产出成本,实现了带式输送机系统安全高效运行的目标。