Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Rate-Shaped Main Injection on Combustion and Emission in an OPOC Two-Stroke Diesel Engine

The effects of various split injection strategies on the opposed-piston opposed-cylinder(OPOC)diesel engine combustion and emission characteristics have been studied numerically using AVL-Fire CFD tools.The five rate-shaped main injections were used in split injection strategies.The results show that ignition delay from a rectangular injection rate is the shortest.Maximum pressure of the trapezoid injection rate is the largest.And the NOx emission of the rectangular injection rate is the largest.Meanwhile,the soot emission of the trapezoid injection rate is the least among the five injection rates.

Analysis of the Emissions and Performance of a Diesel Engine Using Pumpkin Seed Oil Methyl Ester with Different Injection Pressures

Biodiesel fuel is a potential alternative energy source for diesel engines due to its physiochemical characteristics relatively similar to those of traditional diesel fuel.In this study,the performance,emission,and combustion features of a mono cylinder DI diesel engine are assessed using 20%Pumpkin seed methyl ester(PSOME20)and considering varying injection pressures(200,220,240,and 260 bar).The considered Pumpkin seed oil is converted into pumpkin biodiesel by transesterification and then used as fuel.The findings demonstrate that the Brake Thermal Efficiency(BTE)of PSOME20 can be raised by 1.68%,and the carbon monoxide(CO),hydrocarbon(HC),and smoke emanations can be lowered,while oxides of nitrogen(NOx)emissions are increased at an injection pressure(IP)of 240 bar compared to the standard IP of 200 bar.The cylinder pressure and the Heat Release Rate(HRR)become higher at 240 bar,whereas the ignition delay is shortened with respect to PSOME20 at a normal IP of 200 bar.

Application of Waste Biomass Pyrolysis Oil in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine： For a Small Scale Non-Grid Electrification

The population which could not access to electricity was around 1.2 billion in 2010 and is distributed in many low developing countries. With the increase in the population and the economic growth in those countries, waste generation is growing rapid especially for the organic and the plastic, and the uncontrolled waste disposal is becoming more serious issues to manage it. The interest on waste to energy is growing by the above drivers. This research was carried out for aiming to the real world adaption at the minimum cost of the pyrolysis oil from waste biomass in a diesel engine, mainly for electricity generation. The proposal of the appropriate adaptable blend ratio was the major scope rather than the optimization of the engine parameters. For the sake of it, the pyrolysis oil of the waste biomass was produced from a gasification pilot plant in Japan and blended with biodiesel at minimum effort. A small single cylinder diesel engine （direct injection） was used for the experiment with regard to full load power-output, exhaust emissions and fuel consumption.

Combustion Characteristics and Emission of a Two-Stroke Compression Ignition Engine with Two-Stage Injection

In order to study the effect of two-stage injection on two-stroke diesel engines, a well characterized research engine equipped with electronically controlled common rail system and scavenging system was constructed. Through analysis of combustion and emissions, two-stage injection shows its advantages. Compared with the standard injection, it produces less emissions, while compared with single early injection, it expands engine operation range. Further experiments were carried out to study the influence of several injection control parameters on two-stage injection. The fuel in the first injection is used for forming homogeneous mixture. The fuel in the second injection keeps combustion, and it is the main source of smoke emissions. NO_x is formed in both combustion process caused by these two injections, and there is an optimum fuel allocation ration to produce minimum NO_x. The cylinder pressure decreases, and the combustion is depressed with the increasing of scavenging pressure. By optimizing the injection control parameters of two-stage injection, NO_x and smoke can be reduced beyond 30% simultaneously.

Effects of different combustion modes on the thermal efficiency and emissions of a diesel pilot-ignited natural gas engine under low-medium loads

Research on dual-fuel(DF)engines has become increasingly important as engine manufacturers seek to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.There are significant advantages of using diesel pilot-ignited natural gas engines as DF engines.However,different combustion modes exist due to variations in the formation of the mixture.This research used a simulation model and numerical simulations to explore the combustion characteristics of high-pressure direct injection(HPDI),partially premixed compression ignition(PPCI),and double pilot injection premixed compression ignition(DPPCI)combustion modes under a low-medium load.The results revealed that the DPPCI combustion mode provides higher gross indicated thermal efficiency and more acceptable total hydrocarbon(THC)emission levels than the other modes.Due to its relatively good performance,an experimental study was conducted on the DPPCI mode engine to evaluate the impact of the diesel dual-injection strategy on the combustion process.In the DPPCI mode,a delay in the second pilot ignition injection time increased THC emissions(a maximum value of 4.27g/(kW·h)),decreased the emission of nitrogen oxides(a maximum value of 7.64 g/(kW·h)),increased and then subsequently decreased the gross indicated thermal efficiency values,which reached 50.4%under low-medium loads.

EFFECTS OF INJECTION STRATEGY ON D.I. DIESEL ENGINE COMBUSTION

Experiments are conducted to develop an understanding of how split injections can affect the combustion and emission characteristics of a D.I. diesel engine with a common-rail injection system. The ratio of the amount of fuel injected between two injection pulses and the injection interval is varied keeping the injected fuel quantity constant. Results show that under the 70D90-10 injection pattern, the engine achieves the lower NOx-smoke emissions and BSFC compared with the single injection pattern. The heat release rate and the temperature show that the split injections increase the initial premixed burn and retards the diffusion burn. With the balance of these two effects, the maximum in-cylinder temperature decreases while the 50% heat release point is held at almost the same crank angle. Therefore, both NOx emission and BSFC are improved while keeping the smoke emission at the same level.

Complete Modeling for Systems of a Marine Diesel Engine

This paper presents a simulator model of a marine diesel engine based on physical, semi-physical, mathematical and thermodynamic equations, which allows fast predictive simulations The whole engine system is divided into several functional blocks： cooling, lubrication, air, injection, combustion and emissions. The sub-models and dynamic characteristics of individual blocks are established according to engine working principles equations and experimental data collected from a marine diesel engine test bench for SIMB Company under the reference 6M26SRP1. The overall engine system dynamics is expressed as a set of simultaneous algebraic and differential equations using sub-blocks and S-Functions of Matlab/Simulink. The simulation of this model, implemented on Matlab/Simulink has been validated and can be used to obtain engine performance, pressure, temperature, efficiency, heat release, crank angle, fuel rate, emissions at different sub-blocks. The simulator will be used, in future work, to study the engine performance in faulty conditions, and can be used to assist marine engineers in fault diagnosis and estimation （FDI） as well as designers to predict the behavior of the cooling system, lubrication system, injection system, combustion, emissions, in order to optimize the dimensions of different components. This program is a platform for fault simulator, to investigate the impact on sub-blocks engine＇s output of changing values for faults parameters such as： faulty fuel injector, leaky cylinder, worn fuel pump, broken piston rings, a dirty turbocharger, dirty air filter, dirty air cooler, air leakage, water leakage, oil leakage and contamination, fouling of heat exchanger, pumps wear, failure of injectors （and many others）.

Single Zone, Zero Dimensional Model of Diesel Multiple-Injection

A detailed single zone, zero dimensional model of diesel multiple-injection system was developed from first principle, for compression, combustion and expansion processes for direct injection diesel engine. Equilibrium equation of Extended Zeldolvich Mechanism (EZM) for NOx formation was incorporated to predict NOx emission. A different approach was assumed for the equilibrium temperature. An approach of using the average cycle temperature within NOx formation region was used in the EZM equilibrium equation. The model codes were implemented in MATLAB. This model is developed to investigate the effects of both single and multiple-pulse fuel injection strategies on engine performance and NOx emissions. The results obtained from the model were validated with experimental data available in the literature. Results obtained showed that the use of average cycle temperature within the NOx formation temperature region could be useful in predicting NOx formation with reasonable degree of accuracy. Injection timing, mass ratio of injected fuel, and dwell between pulses have significant effects on the NOx emission and engine performance. The results also show that as the number of pulses increases, NOx emission and engine performance decrease. For optimal balance between NOx and engine performance, mass of the pilot injection should be between 10 and 25% of the total mass of fuel used per cycle.

Test and Analysis for Spraying Ammonia in Diesel Engine

A certain amount of ammonia reducer were directly injected into the 4102BZLQ Diesel engine's combustion chamber when the combustion temperature decreases to 1573-1073K, NOx generated could be reduced to 1.11g/(kW·h). Based on PRF combustion mechanism, NO was tested by using the heavy-duty diesel engine test cycle of ESC thirteen conditions[1], the ammonia spray angle and amount were tested and optimized in different conditions. The test results show that the thermal efficiency of Diesel engine does not decrease while NO exhaust decreases.

临界温度下循环喷油量对柴油机冷起动和排放特性的影响

为探明循环喷油量对小型农用柴油机冷起动特性和排放性能的影响规律,同时寻求其临界温度下的最佳循环喷油量,该研究以一款直列双缸高压共轨柴油发动机为研究对象,利用环境模拟舱整机试验平台,通过多次预试验测得海拔2000 m下,该机不开启预热装置能够成功起动的临界温度为-5℃。在此工况下,采用3次喷射方式,通过改变主喷油量研究循环喷油量对该机冷起动特性和排放性能的影响。结果表明:较大或较小的循环喷油量均会导致柴油机冷起动时间增加,甚至起动失败;随着循环喷油量增大,冷起动时间先减小后增加,循环喷油量为20 mg时冷起动时间最短,且HC、CO排放峰值均最低,分别为12984和3008 mg/L;增大或减少循环喷油量均会导致HC和CO排放峰值增加。循环喷油量较大时,CO排放峰值显著增加,并且峰值出现时刻提前。改变循环喷油量对NOx排放峰值有较大影响,循环喷油量为30 mg时NOx排放峰值最小,为368 mg/L。综合考虑,海拔高度2000 m,环境温度-5℃工况下该柴油机起动的最佳循环喷油量为20 mg。研究结果可为柴油机冷起动特性和排放优化提供支撑。

稀燃模式下直喷氢气发动机性能试验

为研究氢气直喷发动机在稀薄燃烧下的燃油经济性、环保性和动力性,进行不同混合气浓度和不同负荷下的氢气直喷发动机燃烧特性研究。结果显示稀薄燃烧可以降低燃烧率和缸内压力升高率,并通过提高工质多变系数降低传热损失,从而显著提高热效率。混合气变稀对火焰传播的影响较大,负荷对燃烧持续期的影响较小。过量空气系数λ在1.1~1.6范围时,NO_(X)排放最高,但加浓和稀释混合气均可降低排放。负荷增加也会显著增加NO_(X)排放。在小负荷下(平均有效制动压力BMEP=0.2 MPa),当λ>1.8时,NO_(X)排放低于10-5;而在负荷较大(BMEP=1.2 MPa)时,即使λ=2.0,NO_(X)排放仍超过0.002。

预喷比例对正丁醇、PODE掺混柴油燃料燃烧和排放的影响

以柴油(B0)为基础燃料,分别配制掺混体积比为20%的正丁醇(B20)及掺混体积比为20%的正丁醇+20%聚甲氧基二甲醚(PODE)的混合燃料(B20P20).通过一台轻型柴油机研究了预喷比例对B0、B20和B20P20燃烧和排放的影响,在转速为1600r/min、负荷为35%且预喷比例为总油量20%~50%下进行试验.结果表明:相较于单次喷油,预喷射能显著提高热效率,降低NO_(x)排放.随预喷比例增加,有效热效率先升高后降低,NO_(x)排放减少,HC排放显著增加.在柴油中加入正丁醇后,燃烧效率和有效热效率降低,NO_(x)排放和颗粒物质量减少,但HC、CO排放和颗粒物数量显著增加,颗粒物粒径分布向核模态颗粒物转移.在B20中加入PODE后,热效率明显改善.综合排放指标和热效率指标,B20P20最佳的预喷比例为40%,且PODE的加入可以降低排放对预喷比例的敏感性.

重型柴油机匹配双喷SCR系统实现超低排放的研究

以一款满足国六b排放标准的重型柴油机为研究对象,探索匹配双喷铜基SCR系统实现超低排放的潜力。研究表明:匹配双喷SCR系统的柴油机通过排气热管理优化、氨存储和当量喷射策略的协同优化,具有满足欧七排放草案限值的能力。同时发现,尿素喷射会大幅度增加PN排放,对PN_(10)的影响远大于对PN_(23)的影响,其中ufSCR的尿素喷射对PN_(10)排放影响较大,可通过优化SCR混合器降低PN_(10)排放。发动机本体的N_(2)O排放较低,N_(2)O主要在催化器产生,特别是SCR和ASC单元;在不同温度区间NO_(2)的生成机理和速率有较大区别,与尿素喷射量有较大关联性。

侧卷流和复合卷流燃烧系统混合燃烧特性

为研究侧卷流燃烧系统(LSCS)和复合卷流燃烧系统(MSCS)对直喷式柴油机性能的影响,通过单缸柴油机台架开展了LSCS和MSCS的燃烧性能试验,结合仿真分析,揭示了LSCS和MSCS的缸内油、气混合特性.结果表明:在小负荷和高过量空气系数φ_(a)下,MSCS体现出较好的燃烧性能,相比于LSCS,其燃油消耗率最大降幅为3.6 g/(kW·h),碳烟排放最大降幅为0.13 g/(kW·h),燃烧持续期最大降幅为2.6°CA;但在大负荷和低φ_(a)下,LSCS体现出更好的燃烧性能,相比于MSCS,其燃油消耗率最大降幅为2.6 g/(kW·h),碳烟排放最大降幅为0.56 g/(kW·h),燃烧持续期最大降幅为2.8°CA.仿真结果表明:随负荷减小或φ_(a)增大,燃油射流贯穿能力减弱,复合卷流燃烧室的弧脊能更有效地提升油、气混合质量;随负荷增大或φ_(a)减小,燃油射流贯穿能力增强,复合卷流燃烧室的弧脊阻碍了燃油射流扩散,侧卷流燃烧室的分流造型能更显著地改善油、气混合过程.

无人机用点燃式二冲程柴油机燃烧特性研究

针对柴油燃料雾化蒸发困难导致的发动机燃烧效果差、易爆震的问题,本文采用空气辅助缸内直喷方案,对一台点燃式二冲程柴油发动机开展燃烧特性研究。建立了点燃式二冲程柴油发动机的三维仿真模型,对混合气特性和燃烧特性进行仿真研究,并通过台架试验进行了验证。研究结果表明:点燃式二冲程柴油发动机在热机工况下,点火时刻有58%的燃油蒸发,缸内平均当量比由冷起动工况下的0.2提升至0.8,混合气品质较高,缸内燃烧情况良好。通过燃用汽油、柴油两种燃料进行发动机整机性能对比试验发现,在高转速大负荷工况下,两种燃料的燃烧特性曲线十分接近,柴油燃烧的指示平均有效压力(IMEP)的分布均值仅比汽油低1.2%。总体而言,柴油燃料应用于点燃式二冲程发动机的燃烧性能与汽油燃料相似,且使用柴油燃料时缸内压力最大震荡幅值仅为0.02 MPa,远小于爆震阈值,不会出现爆震现象。

米勒循环汽油机燃用氢气燃烧及排放特性分析

基于一台高压直喷米勒循环汽油机加装氢气喷射系统,试验研究了发动机燃用汽油与氢气时燃烧与排放的差异。结合电子增压器,通过增大过量空气系数,探索氢气发动机超稀薄燃烧模式热效率潜力,分析了汽油机三效催化转化器对氮氧化物转化效率和NH3的影响规律。结果表明:大负荷工况下氢气发动机对爆震较为敏感,采用稀薄燃烧方式可进一步提升氢气发动机有效热效率水平。2500 r/min转速条件下,缸内平均有效压力(Brake mean effective pressure,BMEP,记为PBME)=0.8 MPa时,过量空气系数由1.0增大至3.0时,热效率值增幅可达30%,NO_(x) 排放降幅可达约98%,且当负荷进一步提升至PBME=1.1 MPa时,热效率突破43.0%。传统汽油机TWC对氢发动机NO_(x) 转化效率在偏浓工况下相对较高,且在偏浓工况下,TWC后会产生大量氨气,当混合气进一步稀释后NH3生成量显著降低。

预喷与外部EGR对车用柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

以某四缸水冷车用柴油机为样机,应用GT-Power软件搭建车用柴油机仿真模型,通过改变预主喷间隔、预喷油量和废气再循环(EGR)开度,研究中等负荷及转速工况下,不同的预喷策略以及引入外部EGR后两者共同作用对车用柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响。试验结果表明:随着预喷正时从-17°CA提前到-37°CA,预喷油量从3.3 mg增加到9.9 mg,燃烧特性、碳氢化合物(HC)和一氧化碳(CO)排放均得到有效改善,但燃油消耗率和NOx排放总体呈上升趋势。在预喷策略的基础上引入外部EGR后,随着EGR率从5%增加到25%,NOx排放保持在较低水平,但缸内燃烧变差,HC和CO排放增多。在1 800 r/min、50%负荷的试验工况下,较小的预喷油量、中等的预喷间隔以及中等的EGR开度更有利于车用柴油机的燃烧和排放。

基于PISO算法的汽车喷油器优化仿真研究

通过三维数值模拟软件Converge结合PISO算法,针对重型直喷柴油机,研究喷油器的不同孔径、孔深和喷油倾角对发动机燃烧和排放性能的影响,得到柴油发动机最佳热效率的喷油器参数设置方案。结果表明:相较于喷孔深度和喷孔倾角,喷孔直径的改变对发动机热效率的影响更大,且可有效改善发动机的NO_(x)和碳烟排放。当喷孔直径为0.179 mm、0.219 mm及0.259 mm时,分别能实现1.4%、3.4%、和2.8%的增幅,热效率提升较为显著。

燃烧室形状及喷油策略对柴油机排放的综合影响

通过数值模拟的方法研究了活塞凹坑几何形状及喷油策略对柴油机排放的综合影响。活塞凹坑几何形状及不同喷油策略是影响直喷式柴油发动机油气混合、燃烧以及排放的重要因素。在保证活塞凹坑容积、发动机压缩比、总喷油量、总喷油持续时间不变的前提下,本文对三种不同的喷油策略及四种不同的活塞几何形状相结合的方案进行了研究,结果表明多次喷油及改变燃烧室形状对柴油机排放有着显著的影响。

改变喷油压力对柴油机掺烧水/生物柴油性能的影响

基于某常规增压柴油机,研究了掺烧代用燃料生物柴油对柴油机性能的影响。但是,相比柴油,生物柴油黏性较大,含氧量高,对柴油机影响较大。因此对掺烧水/生物柴油做进一步研究,通过提高喷油压力进行优化。在柴油机75%中高负荷下,选择以下工况进行研究:生物柴油掺混比为40%,掺水率为2%~8%,喷油压力为31 MPa~61 MPa。结果表明:随着掺水率增加,缸内爆压下降幅度较小,NO排放降幅较大,能有效缓解生物柴油富氧性带来的NO废气增加问题;随着喷油压力升高,燃油雾化效果变好,最高爆发压力也有所提高,CO与碳烟排放得到优化,这改善了掺烧生物柴油带来的燃油雾化效果变差的不利影响。最终选择生物柴油掺混比为40%,掺水率为8%,组合喷油压力为41 MPa为最佳组合,该组合下的NO排放及缸内爆压与原机相当,CO和碳烟的排放优于原机。仿真结果可为生物柴油的实际应用提供解决措施。