Mixture Preparation and Combustion of CNG Low-Pressure Compound Direct Injection Spark-Ignited Engines

A set of compressed natural gas (CNG) multi-point direct injection system of spark-ignited engines and the corresponding measurement and data acquisition systems were developed in this paper. Based on different injection modes, the mixture formation and combustion of CNG low-pressure direct injection (LPDI) engines were studied under varying factors such as air/ fuel ratio, injection timing. Meanwhile, three-dimensional simulations were adopted to explain the mixture formation mechanisms of CNG low-pressure compound direct injection (LPCDI) mode. On the basis of test results and simulation of the mixture homogeneous degree, the conception of injection window was proposed, and the LPCDI mode was proved to be more beneficial to the mixture concentration stratification formation in cylinder under lean-burning conditions, which resulted in effective combustion and stability.

Performance,combustion,and emission characteristics of on a diesel engine fuelled with hydrogen compressed natural gas and Kusum seed biodiesel

Renewable fuels have many advantages over fossil fuels because they are biodegradable and sustainable,and help mitigate social and environmental problems.The objective of the present study is to evaluate the performance,combustion,and emission characteristics of a compression–ignition engine using hydrogen compressed natural gas(HCNG)-enriched Kusum seed biodiesel blend(KSOBD20).The flow rate of HCNG was set at 5 L/min,10 L/min,and 15 L/min,and the injection pressure was varied in the range of 180 bar to 240 bar.Brake thermal efficiency(BTE)and brake-specific fuel consumption(BSFC)were improved when HCNG was added to the KSOBD20.Combustion characteristics,namely,cylinder pressure(CP)and net heat release rate(NHRR),were also improved.Emissions of carbon monoxide(CO),hydrocarbons(HC),and smoke were also reduced,with the exception of nitrogen oxides(NO_(x)).The higher injection pressure(240 bar)had a positive effect on the operating characteristics.At an injection pressure of 240 bar,for KSOB20+15 L/min HCNG,the highest BTE and the lowest BSFC were found to be 32.09%and 0.227 kg/kWh,respectively.Also,the CP and NHRR were 69.34 bar and 66.04 J/°.CO,HC,and smoke levels were finally reduced to 0.013%,47×10^(-6)and 9%,respectively,with NO_(x)levels at 1623×10^(-6).For optimum results in terms of engine characteristics,the fuel combination KSOBD20+15 L/min HCNG at FIP 240 bar is recommended.

Numerical study of CNG engine combustion using CFD with detailed chemical kinetics

A three dimensional model which considers the effects of turbulence and detailed chemi cal kinetics is built to simulate the combustion process of engine fueled by compressed nature gas （CNG）. The model is accomplished by integrating CFD software KIVA3V and chemical kinetic soft- ware CHEMKINII. Meanwhile, a turbulence combustion model which is suitable for describing the reaction rate under the coupled simulation is developed to balance the effects of turbulence and de tailed chemical kinetics. To reduce the computation time, subsequent development of the simulation code is realized, which enables the simulation code to have the function of parallel computing and run on parallel computing facility based on message passing interface （MPI）. The coupled software is used to simulate the combustion process of spark ignition CNG engine. The results show that sim ulation data have a good consistency with experimental results and parallel computing has good effi ciency and accelerate ratio.

Design and feasibility analysis of a new completion monitoring technical scheme for natural gas hydrate production tests

As a prerequisite and a guarantee for safe and efficient natural gas hydrates(NGHs)exploitation,it is imperative to effectively determine the mechanical properties of NGHs reservoirs and clarify the law of the change in the mechanical properties with the dissociation of NGHs during NGHs production tests by depressurization.Based on the development of Japan’s two offshore NGHs production tests in vertical wells,this study innovatively proposed a new subsea communication technology-accurate directional connection using a wet-mate connector.This helps to overcome the technical barrier to the communication between the upper and lower completion of offshore wells.Using this new communication technology,this study explored and designed a mechanical monitoring scheme for lower completion(sand screens).This scheme can be used to monitor the tensile stress and radial compressive stress of sand screens caused by NGHs reservoirs in real time,thus promoting the technical development for the rapid assessment and real-time feedback of the in-situ mechanical response of NGHs reservoirs during offshore NGHs production tests by depressurization.

Injection Strategy in Natural Gas–Diesel Dual-Fuel Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Combustion under Low Load Conditions

Dual-fuel premixed charge compression ignition (DF-PCCI) combustion has been proven to be a viable alternative to conventional diesel combustion in heavy-duty compression ignition engines due to its low nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emissions. When natural gas (NG) is applied to a DF-PCCI engine, its low reactivity reduces the maximum pressure rise rate under high loads. However, the NG–diesel DF-PCCI engine suffers from low combustion efficiency under low loads. In this study, an injection strategy of fuel supply (NG and diesel) in a DF-PCCI engine was investigated in order to reduce both the fuel consumption and hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions under low load conditions. A variation in the NG substitution and diesel start of energizing (SOE) was found to effectively control the formation of the fuel–air mixture. A double injection strategy of diesel was implemented to adjust the local reactivity of the mixture. Retardation of the diesel pilot SOE and a low fraction of the diesel pilot injection quantity were favorable for reducing the combustion loss. The introduction of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) improved the fuel economy and reduced the NOx and PM emissions below Euro VI regulations by retarding the combustion phasing. The combination of an NG substitution of 40%, the double injection strategy of diesel, and a moderate EGR rate effectively improved the combustion efficiency and indicated efficiency, and reduced the HC and CO emissions under low load conditions.

A review of engine application and fundamental study on turbulent premixed combustion of hydrogen enriched natural gas

The application and fundamental study on turbulent premixed combustion of hydrogen enriched natural gas is reviewed in this paper.Discussions include the combustion characteristics of direct injection engine fueled with hydrogen enriched natural gas,visualization study of direct injection combustion of hydrogen enriched natural gas using a constant volume vessel,and the fundamental study of turbulent premixed combustion of hydrogen enriched natural gas.The effect of additional hydrogen on the combustion process of natural gas engine is investigated from the fundamental view of the interaction between combustion reaction and turbulent flow.

SI Engine Fueled with Gasoline, CNG and CNG-HHO Blend: Comparative Evaluation of Performance, Emission and Lubrication Oil Deterioration

Hydroxy gas (HHO) is one of the potential alternative fuels for spark ignition (SI) engine,notably due to simultaneous increase in engine performance and reduction in exhaust emissions.However,impact of HHO gas on lubrication oil for longer periods of engine operation has not yet been studied.Current study focuses on investigation of the effect of gasoline,CNG and CNG-HHO blend on lubrication oil deterioration along with engine performance and emissions in SI engine.HHO unit produces HHO gas at 4.72 L/min by using 6 g/L of KOH in the aqueous solution.CNG was supplied to the test engine at a pressure of 0.11 MPa using an electronically controlled solenoid valve.Engine tests were carried out at different speeds at 80%open throttle condition and various performance parameters such as brake power (BP),brake specific fuel consumption(BSFC),brake thermal efficiency (BTE),exhaust gas temperature and exhaust emissions (HC,CO_(2),CO and NO_(x))were investigated.In addition,various lubrication oil samples were extracted over 120 h of engine running while topping for drain out volume and samples were analyzed as per ASTM standards.CNG-HHO blend exhibited better performance i.e.,15.4%increase in average BP in comparison to CNG,however,15.1%decrease was observed when compared to gasoline.CNG-HHO outperformed gasoline and CNG in the case of HC,CO_(2),CO and brake specific fuel consumption (31.1%decrease in comparison to gasoline).On the other hand,CNG-HHO produced higher average NO_(x) (12.9%) when compared to CNG only.Furthermore,lubrication oil condition(kinematic viscosity,water contents,flash point and total base number (TBN)),wear debris (Iron (Fe),Aluminum(Al),Copper (Cu),Chromium (Cr)) and additives depletion (Zinc (Zn),Calcium (Ca)) presented a significant degradation in the case of CNG-HHO blend as compared to gasoline and CNG.Lubrication oil analyses illustrated 19.6%,12.8%and 14.2%decrease in average viscosity,flash point and TBN for CNG-HHO blend respectively.However,average water contents,Fe,Al and Cu mass concentration appeared 2.7%,25×10^(-6),19×10^(-6),and 22×10^(-6) in lubrication oil for CNG-HHO respectively.

基于喷孔布置及喷射参数协调控制的双直喷发动机燃烧及碳烟排放特性研究

通过建立三维计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamic,CFD)柴油/天然气双直喷模型耦合多组分混合物简化化学动力学机理及现象学碳烟模型,模拟研究了天然气射流中心轴线与水平方向夹角α、天然气喷射持续期(natural gas injection duration,NID)的协调作用对柴油微引高压直喷天然气发动机燃烧过程及碳烟生成、氧化过程的影响。结果表明:缩短NID可提高扩散火焰的传播速度,增加燃烧区域的化学反应速率,且最高燃烧压力、峰值放热率、最大压力升高率(maximum pressure rise rate,MPRR)、指示热效率(indicated thermal efficiency,ITE)升高;随NID缩短,A_(4)、C_(2)H_(2)消耗反应速率增加,OH生成峰值增加,碳烟生成降低而氧化增强。增大α促进了大尺度涡旋结构的生成,降低了进入挤气区域的燃料比例,同时利于ITE的改善;较短的NID下,增大α后最高燃烧压力、峰值放热率提升明显;α增大至20°可显著降低A_(4)、C_(2)H_(2)生成峰值,抑制碳烟成核及表面生长反应,降低碳烟生成。综合考虑最高燃烧压力、ITE、MPRR及碳烟排放,确定两个优化方案分别为:α=15°&NID=16.5°及α=20°&NID=21.5°。

甲醇直喷及高压缩比对点燃式发动机性能的影响

将一台增压直喷米勒循环汽油机改制成高压缩比(13.8)甲醇直喷(MDI)点燃式发动机,在转速为2 750 r/min下研究了甲醇直喷和高压缩比对发动机燃烧、排放及有效热效率(BTE)的影响.结果表明:相同边界条件下,甲醇直喷在中大负荷(平均有效压力(BMEP)≥0.8 MPa)能够提高燃烧速度、缩短燃烧持续期,甲醇直喷由于低压缩温度和高燃料辛烷值,高压缩比下各负荷燃烧均不受爆震限制;甲醇直喷在各负荷下均有利于降低NO_(x)、CO及HC,相同边界条件下甲醇直喷在不同负荷的未燃损失均降低1%以上;甲醇直喷结合高压缩比的最高有效热效率工况点BMEP从原机的1.1 MPa提升到1.5 MPa,当量比燃烧有效热效率从37.4%提升到42.6%,有效热效率提升主要是因为排气损失、传热损失及未燃损失均降低,而进一步提升有效热效率主要受发动机爆发压力极限限制.

压缩比对直喷天然气发动机燃烧与排放特性的影响

在缸内直喷火花点火天然气发动机上开展了压缩比为8、10、12和14的燃烧和排放特性研究。研究结果表明,压缩比对发动机性能、燃烧和排放有较大影响。压缩比增加,发动机充量系数增加,燃烧速率加快,热效率提高。缸内最高燃烧压力、最高燃气平均温度和最大压力升高率等燃烧参数随压缩比的增加而增加;HC和CO排放随压缩比的增加而降低,NOx随压缩比的增加而增加。压缩比过高会导致HC排放的增加,当压缩比大于12时,发动机在中高负荷出现轻微爆燃现象,NOx排放明显增加。综合考虑直喷式天然气发动机的动力性、经济性和排放性能,认为发动机的最佳压缩比设置在12比较合理。

不同喷射时刻下缸内直喷天然气发动机的燃烧特性

开展了天然气高压缸内直喷发动机不同喷射时刻时的燃烧特性研究。研究结果表明:燃料喷射时刻对发动机性能及排放有较大影响,喷射太迟会导致天然气和空气混合时间短,混合效果差,燃烧持续期长,放热速率慢。喷射过早会导致充量系数下降,燃料容易进入燃烧室狭缝间隙处,造成较高的HC排放。对于给定转速,发动机存在一个最佳燃料喷射提前角,此时缸内最高压力值最大,最大压力升高率和最大放热率最大,放热速率快,燃烧过程等容度好,火焰发展期、快速燃烧期和燃烧持续期短,发动机热效率高,HC、CO排放也维持较低水平。

直喷式天然气发动机不同压缩比下燃烧循环变动规律

开展了不同压缩比下天然气直喷发动机燃烧循环变动特性研究.结果表明,低压缩比(ε=8),会出现部分燃烧循环,平均指示压力小,循环变动系数大.随着压缩比的增加,平均指示压力循环变动减小.压缩比大于12后,大负荷工况时发动机出现轻微爆燃,燃烧循环变动增加.平均指示压力反映出的燃烧循环变动比缸内最大压力反映出的循环变动效果更明显.火焰发展期、主燃烧期和燃烧持续期随压缩比增加而缩短是燃烧循环变动降低的一个重要原因.平均指示压力与火焰发展期、主燃烧期及燃烧持续期有好的相关性.火焰发展期的循环变动是天然气直喷发动机燃烧循环变动的主要原因之一.与均质混合气燃烧循环变动主要是由火焰发展期循环变动决定有所不同,缸内直喷燃烧的循环变动是由火焰发展期和燃烧后期循环变动共同作用的结果.

天然气缸内直喷发动机燃烧循环变动特性研究

开展了天然气高压缸内直喷发动机的燃烧循环变动特性研究。研究结果表明,小当量比工况下(<0.4),会出现失火循环和部分燃烧循环,平均指示压力pmi值低,pmi的循环变动系数大,大当量比工况下pmi的循环变动系数小。最高气缸压力高的循环燃烧速率快、燃烧过程的等容度好。最高气缸压力与其对应的曲轴转角之间、最高气缸压力升高率与其对应的曲轴转角之间、最高气缸压力和pmi之间都存在着一定关系。最高气缸压力与火焰发展期、快速燃烧期也存在很好的对应关系。高的最高气缸压力对应着短的火焰发展期和短的快速燃烧期。循环的累积放热量越大则pmi越大,pmi的大小与累积放热量的大小存在对应关系。

直喷发动机燃用天然气掺氢混合燃料的性能与排放

对缸内直喷火花点火发动机燃用天然气氢气混合燃料时的性能与排放进行了试验研究．研究结果表明：在喷射脉宽一定的条件下，当天然气掺氢比例小时，平均有效压力和热效率有所下降，当掺氢比例达到一定值（即氢的体积分数为5％～10％）后，平均有效压力和热效率增加，此现象在稀混合气条件下更加明显，表明天然气掺氢对稀混合气燃烧过程的改善有显著作用；发动机HC和CO2的排放浓度随天然气中掺氢比例的增加而下降，原因是掺氢增加了混合燃料中氢碳的量的比值和混合气过量空气系数；在稀混合气条件下，发动机的NQ的排放浓度随掺氢比的增加而有所降低，CO的排放浓度基本上不随掺氢量的改变而改变。

利用快速压缩装置进行直喷天然气发动机燃烧特性的研究(英文)

利用快速压缩装置开展了直喷天然气发动机燃烧特性的研究 ,分析了 3种不同喷射方式下的燃烧特性并与均相混合气燃烧进行了对比。研究结果表明 :直喷天然气燃烧比均相混合气燃烧的最大压力高 ,在宽广的当量比范围内具有短的火焰发展期和快速燃烧期 ,其燃烧放热率和压力升高率基本上与喷射方式无关。喷射方式与均相混合气相比 ,燃烧放热率快 ,压力升高率大。缩短喷油和点火间的时间间隔将缩短火焰发展期和快速燃烧期 ,其时间间隔的优化对直喷天然气发动机极为重要。直喷天然气发动机的燃烧方式为预混控制充量分层燃烧 ,此燃烧方式燃烧速率快 ,排放低。

冷EGR对DME PCCI-DI发动机燃烧和排放特性影响的试验研究

PCCI-DI是一种部分预混充量压缩着火和燃料直接喷射燃烧的组合工作方式,可有效降低发动机的NOx排放,但其在高负荷工作时易受到爆震影响,导致发动机功率下降,排放恶化。为此,开展了冷EGR对DME PCCI-DI发动机燃烧和排放特性影响的试验研究。结果表明:随着EGR率的增加,缸内最高燃烧压力下降,主燃烧期推迟并略有延长,NOx排放下降,但较大的EGR率会导致PCCI-DI发动机HC和CO排放迅速升高。采用冷EGR在一定程度上可以改善PCCI-DI发动机的燃烧过程,拓宽发动机的工作范围。

单燃料天然气发动机控制系统设计与试验研究

以单缸汽油机为对象,研制了天然气发动机单燃料电控喷射系统,进行了发动机供气系统设计、点火系统改进、空燃比优化、电控系统研制及发动机控制参数匹配试验等研究工作.试验结果表明,采用天然气电控缸内直喷技术可有效提高发动机的充气效率,使天然气发动机的功率基本恢复到原汽油机的水平.

缸内直喷汽油机HCCI燃烧对压缩比和辛烷值的适应性研究

在缸内直喷汽油机(GDI)上采用多次燃油喷射和可变配气技术来控制缸内混合气形成和燃烧,实现了SI/HCCI复合燃烧方式。研究了不同压缩比和辛烷值对均质混合气压燃(HCCI)燃烧排放特性的影响。结果表明,汽油HCCI燃烧呈现单阶段燃烧燃料特性,HCCI着火发生在上止点附近时油耗低。低压缩比下,HCCI燃烧可以在较浓空燃比下工作,NOx排放较高。高辛烷值燃料HCCI燃烧可运行的负荷范围窄。汽油HCCI发动机在偏高压缩比条件下燃用偏低辛烷值汽油可以获得较好的经济性和排放性能。

压缩天然气缸内直喷发动机喷射方式对混合气形成及燃烧特性影响的模拟

利用FIRE软件仿真分析了将压缩天然气(CNG)燃料按不同喷射方式直接喷入气缸时对微观物理场及火焰传播机理和NO生成规律的影响。结果表明:CNG燃料的混合气形成机理取决于其喷入气缸后相对缸内空气的分离速度,喷射时刻通过控制喷射过程中向气缸喷入的动能来抑制天然气相对空气的分离速度,从而决定浓度场的分布;当早期喷射时缸内易形成上浓下稀的浓度分布,晚喷射时则易形成下浓上稀的混合气;NO的生成速率取决于当时当地的一定的混合气浓度和温度,当当量比或温度偏离某一范围时NO生成速率几乎为零;而NO的最终生成量取决于NO的生成速率、生成区域面积的大小以及生成反应持续时间。