Remote sensing of air pollution incorporating integrated-path differential-absorption and coherent-Doppler lidar

An innovative complex lidar system deployed on an airborne rotorcraft platform for remote sensing of atmospheric pollution is proposed and demonstrated.The system incorporates integrated-path differential absorption lidar(DIAL) and coherent-doppler lidar(CDL) techniques using a dual tunable TEA CO_(2)laser in the 9—11 μm band and a 1.55 μm fiber laser.By combining the principles of differential absorption detection and pulsed coherent detection,the system enables agile and remote sensing of atmospheric pollution.Extensive static tests validate the system’s real-time detection capabilities,including the measurement of concentration-path-length product(CL),front distance,and path wind speed of air pollution plumes over long distances exceeding 4 km.Flight experiments is conducted with the helicopter.Scanning of the pollutant concentration and the wind field is carried out in an approximately 1 km slant range over scanning angle ranges from 45°to 65°,with a radial resolution of 30 m and10 s.The test results demonstrate the system’s ability to spatially map atmospheric pollution plumes and predict their motion and dispersion patterns,thereby ensuring the protection of public safety.

Observation of Low-Level Jets in the Eastern Tropical Indian Ocean Based on Shipborne Coherent Doppler Lidar

In contrast to the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans,the Indian Ocean has lacked in-situ observations of wind profiles over open sea areas for decades.In 2021,a shipborne coherent Doppler lidar(CDL)was used to observe in-situ wind profiles in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean.This equipment successfully captured low-level jets(LLJs)in the region,and their characteristics were thoroughly analyzed.Results reveal that the observed wind speed of LLJs in the eastern Indian Ocean ranges from 6 m s^(-1) to 10 m s^(-1) during the boreal winter and spring seasons,showing a height range of 0.6 to 1 km and two peak times at 0800 and 2000 UTC.This wind shear is weaker than that in land or offshore areas,ranging from 0 s^(-1) to 0.006 s^(-1).Moreover,the accuracy of the CDL data is compared to that of ERA5 data in the study area.The results indicate that the zonal wind from ERA5 data significantly deviated from the CDL measurement data,and the overall ERA5 data are substantially weaker than the in-situ observations.Notably,ERA5 underestimates northwestward LLJs.

Decoupling of temporal/spatial broadening effects in Doppler wind LiDAR by 2D spectral analysis

Pulse echo accumulation is commonly employed in coherent Doppler wind LiDAR(light detection and ranging)under the assumption of steady wind.Here,the measured spectral data are analyzed in the time dimension and frequency dimension to cope with the temporal wind shear and achieve the optimal accumulation time.A hardware-efficient algorithm combining the interpolation and cross-correlation is used to enhance the wind retrieval accuracy by reducing the frequency sampling interval and then reduce the spectral width calculation error.Moreover,the temporal broadening effect and spatial broadening effect are decoupled according to the strategy we developed.

Comparison and Verification of Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar and Radiosonde Data in the Beijing Urban Area

As a new type of wind field detection equipment, coherent Doppler wind lidar(CDWL) still needs more relevant observation experiments to compare and verify whether it can achieve the accuracy and precision of traditional observation equipment in urban areas. In this experiment, a self-developed CDWL provided four months of observations in the southern Beijing area. After the data acquisition time and height match, the wind profile data obtained based on a Doppler beam swinging(DBS) five-beam inversion algorithm were compared with radiosonde data released from the same location. The standard deviation(SD) of wind speed is 0.8 m s^(–1), and the coefficient of determination R~2 is 0.95. The SD of the wind direction is 17.7° with an R~2 of 0.96. Below the height of the roughness sublayer(about 400 m), the error in wind speed and wind direction is significantly greater than the error above the height of the boundary layer(about 1500 m). For the case of wind speeds less than 4 m s^(–1), the error of wind direction is more significant and is affected by the distribution of surrounding buildings. Averaging at different height levels using suitable time windows can effectively reduce the effects of turbulence and thus reduce the error caused by the different measurement methods of the two devices.

The Application of Sea-Surface Wind Detection with Doppler Lidar in Olympic Sailing

The mobile incoherent Doppler lidar （MIDL）, which was jointly developed by State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather （LaSW） of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences （CAMS） and Ocean University of China, provided meteorological services during the Olympic sailing events in Qingdao in 2008. In this study, two experiments were performed based on these measurements. First, the capabilities of MIDL detection of sea-surface winds were investigated by comparing its radial velocities with those from a sea buoy. MIDL radial velocity was almost consistent with sea-buoy data; both reflected the changes in wind with time. However, the MIDL data was 0.5 m s-1 lower on average than the sea-buoy data due to differences in detection principle, sample volume, sample interval, spatial and temporal resolution. Second, the wind fields during the Olympic sailing events were calculated using a four-dimensional variation data assimilation （4DVAR） algorithm and were evaluated by comparing them with data from a sea buoy. The results show that the calculations made with the 4DVAR wind retrieval method are able to simulate the fine retrieval of sea-surface wind data--the retrieved wind fields were consistent with those of sea-buoy data. Overall, the correlation coefficient of wind direction was 0.93, and the correlation coefficient of wind speed was 0.70. The distribution of retrieval wind fields was consistent with that of MIDL radial velocity; the root-mean-square error between them had an average of only 1.52 m s-1^.

Comprehensive wind correction for a Rayleigh Doppler lidar from atmospheric temperature and pressure influences and Mie contamination

A correction considering the effects of atmospheric temperature, pressure, and Mie contamination must be performed for wind retrieval from a Rayleigh Doppler lidar（RDL）, since the so-called Rayleigh response is directly related to the convolution of the optical transmission of the frequency discriminator and the Rayleigh–Brillouin spectrum of the molecular backscattering. Thus, real-time and on-site profiles of atmospheric pressure, temperature, and aerosols should be provided as inputs to the wind retrieval. Firstly, temperature profiles under 35 km and above the altitude are retrieved, respectively,from a high spectral resolution lidar（HSRL） and a Rayleigh integration lidar（RIL） incorporating to the RDL. Secondly,the pressure profile is taken from the European Center for Medium range Weather Forecast（ECMWF） analysis, while radiosonde data are not available. Thirdly, the Klett–Fernald algorithms are adopted to estimate the Mie and Rayleigh components in the atmospheric backscattering. After that, the backscattering ratio is finally determined in a nonlinear fitting of the transmission of the atmospheric backscattering through the Fabry–Perot interferometer（FPI） to a proposed model.In the validation experiments, wind profiles from the lidar show good agreement with the radiosonde in the overlapping altitude. Finally, a continuous wind observation shows the stability of the correction scheme.

Theoretical description of improving measurement accuracy for incoherence Mie Doppler wind lidar

For the nonlinearity of Fabry-Perot interferometer（FPI） transmission spectrum,the measurement uncertainty of incoherent Mie Doppler wind lidar based on it increases evidently with the increase of backscattering signal Doppler shift.A method of repeating the use of the approximate linear part of FPI transmission spectra for reducing the high uncertainty of a big Doppler shift is proposed.One of the ways of realizing this method is discussed in detail,in which the characteristics of FPI transmission spectrum changing with thickness and incident angle are utilized simultaneously.Under different atmosphere conditions,it has been proved theoretically that the range of measurement uncertainty drops to one-sixth while its minimum has no serious change.This method can be used not only to guide the new system design,but also as a new working way for the fabricated system.

Correction of temperature influence on the wind retrieval from a mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar

A mobile Rayleigh Doppler lidar based on double-edge technique is implemented for simultaneously observing wind and temperature at heights of 15 km-60 km away from ground.Before the inversion of the Doppler shift due to wind,the Rayleigh response function should be calculated,which is a convolution of the laser spectrum,Rayleigh backscattering function,and the transmission function of the Fabry-Perot interferometer used as the frequency discriminator in the lidar.An analysis of the influence of the temperature on the accuracy of the Une-of-sight winds shows that real-time temperature profiles are needed because the bandwidth of the Rayleigh backscattering function is temperature-dependent.An integration method is employed in the inversion of the temperature,where the convergence of this method and the high signal-to-noise ratio below 60 km ensure the accuracy and precision of the temperature profiles inverted.Then,real-time and on-site temperature profiles are applied to correct the wind instead of using temperature profiles from a numerical prediction system or atmosphere model.The corrected wind profiles show satisfactory agreement with the wind profiles acquired from radiosondes,proving the reliability of the method.

Robust Solution for Boundary Layer Height Detections with Coherent Doppler Wind Lidar

Although coherent Doppler wind lidar(CDWL)is promising in detecting boundary layer height(BLH),differences between BLH results are observed when different CDWL measurements are used as tracers.Here,a robust solution for BLH detections with CDWL is proposed and demonstrated:mixed layer height(MLH)is retrieved best from turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate(TKEDR),while stable boundary layer height(SBLH)and residual layer height(RLH)can be retrieved from carrier-to-noise ratio(CNR).To study the cause of the BLH differences,an intercomparison experiment is designed with two identical CDWLs,where only one is equipped with a stability control subsystem.During the experiment,it is found that the CNR could be distorted by instrument instability because the coupling efficiency from free-space to the polarization-maintaining fiber of the telescope is sensitive to the surrounding environment.In the ML,a bias up to 2.13 km of the MLH from CNR is found,which is caused by the CNR deviation.In contrast,the MLH from TKEDR is robust as long as the accuracy of wind is guaranteed.In the SBL(RL),the CNR is found capable to retrieve SBLH and RLH simultaneously and robustly.This solution is tested during an observation period over one month.Statistical analysis shows that the root-mean-square errors(RMSE)in the MLH,SBLH,and RLH are 0.28 km,0.23 km,and 0.24 km,respectively.

Rayleigh Doppler Lidar for Higher Tropospheric and Stratospheric Wind Observation

A mobile molecular Doppler wind lidar (DWL) based on the double-edge technique is described for wind measurement from 10 km to 40 km altitude.Two edge filters located in the wings of the thermally broadened molecular backscattered signal spectrum at 355 nm are employed as a frequency discriminator to determine the Doppler shift proportional to the wind velocity.The lidar operates at 355 nm with a 45 cm aperture telescope and a matching azimuth-over-elevation scanner that can provide full hemispherical pointing.Intercomparison experiments of the lidar wind profile measurement are performed with collocated pilot balloon.The results show that the standard deviation of wind speed and direction are less than 10m/s and 30° in the 5-40 km altitude range,respectively.The small mean difference and normal distribution between DWL and pilot balloon data and the transient eddy of the west-wind jet observed demonstrate that the DWL consistently measures the wind with acceptable random errors.

Observation of Stable Marine Boundary Layer by Shipborne Coherent Doppler Lidar and Radiosonde over Yellow Sea

Shipborne observations obtained with the coherent Doppler lidar(CDL)and radiosonde during 2014 campaign were used to study the structure of marine boundary layer in the Yellow Sea.Vertical wind profiles corrected for ship motion was used to derive higher-order statistics,showing that motion correction is required and significant for turbulence analysis.During a day with weak mesoscale activity,a complexed three-layer structure system was observed.The lowest layer showed a typical stable boundary layer structure feature.An aerosol layer with abrupt variation in wind speed and relative humidity always appeared at the middle layer,the formation of which may be due to Kelvin-Helmholz instability.The top layer encountered a dramatic change in wind direction,which may result from the warm advection from the Eurasian continent on the basis of backward trajectory analysis.Furthermore,the MABL height in stable regime was derived from potential temperature,CDL signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)and CDL vertical velocity variance,respectively.The stable boundary layer(SBL)height in SBL can be derived from the inversion layer of potential temperature profile,and the mixing height in SBL can be retrieved from the vertical velocity variance gradient method.Neither the SBL height nor the mixing height is in agreement with the height retrieved from CDL SNR gradient method because of different definition and criterion.One of the limitations of SNR gradient method for MABL retrieval is that it is easier to be affected by the lofted decoupled aerosol layer,where the retrieved result is less suitable.Finally,the higher-order vertical velocity statistics within the marine stable boundary layer were investigated and compared with the previous studies,and different turbulence mechanisms have an important effect on the statistics deviation.

便携式相干激光测风雷达系统研制及风场探测

研制了一种便携式相干激光雷达系统,该系统具有结构紧凑、体积小、重量轻、自动化程度高等优点,系统整体重量不超过15 kg,可蓄电池工作。该系统采用了一种快速频率处理算法,提高了多普勒频移处理速度,相比传统的处理方法单个径向风速处理时间缩短了3倍。系统经过外场实验验证,探测高度达到1.5 km,风速探测范围为0~50 m/s。

一种基于多普勒原理的相干测风激光雷达及其外场应用

精确观测大气风场在气象、军事、航空航天等领域具有十分重要的意义。相干测风激光雷达能够实时有效地进行大气矢量风场探测。为此研制出一款基于多普勒原理的相干测风激光雷达,并进行外场观测验证了其性能。该系统可探测垂直上空45~3000m的水平风场以及垂直气流,最大可探测风速为60m/s。分析比对了该雷达于2021年10月16日08:00―20日00:00在广州市黄埔区气象局观测的数据与同时段同地点微波风廓线雷达的观测数据,结果表明二者具有良好的一致性。重点分析了2021年10月18日10:00―20日00:00的典型观测数据,进一步验证了该相干测风激光雷达所测数据的准确性。该雷达在风场探测上的应用将为气象参数监测和预报精度的提高以及极端灾害性天气的预警提供实时数据支撑。

基于KNN和形态学的飞机尾涡区检测方法

为了提升空中交通管理系统的智能化水平,解决晴空条件下飞机尾流检测问题,提出了一种结合多普勒激光雷达技术的飞机尾流检测方法。基于K-最近邻算法(KNN)和图像形态学处理技术,旨在提高尾流检测的精度和可靠性。使用多普勒激光雷达对机场空域进行扫描,获取风场数据;通过动态滑动窗口生成可能包含尾流的候选区域;采用顶帽和黑帽形态学运算提取尾流特征,并将其输入KNN算法进行检测。实验结果表明,所提出的方法在精度、召回率和F1 Score方面,相较于基于尾流速度极差特征法的检测方法,分别提高了22.58%、9.29%和14.22%,有效提升了尾流检测性能,为管制员提供了更为可靠的辅助决策支持。

测风激光雷达与风廓线雷达的探测性能评估及数据融合

测风激光雷达和风廓线雷达作为L波段探空测风的有效补充,均可以提供高时空分辨率的大气风场信息,然而由于工作原理和适用条件存在明显差异,在探测性能上各有优缺点,单一设备的探测数据已不能满足精细化预报的要求。本研究使用2020年1—5月北京南郊观象台的L波段探空资料对同址观测的测风激光雷达和风廓线雷达进行了数据质量评估,结果表明测风激光雷达与探空的一致性较高,U、V分量的相关系数分别为0.97和0.98,均方根误差分别为1.1和0.95 m·s^(-1),然而在2 km以上数据获取率较低且偏差较大;风廓线雷达与探空相比,U、V分量的相关系数分别为0.94和0.93,均方根误差分别为2.94和2.91 m·s^(-1),风廓线雷达的探测距离虽然更远,但在0.5 km以下和6 km以上的测量偏差较大。考虑到两种测风雷达在不同探测高度上的性能优缺点,提出分段曲面拟合法对两者的水平风资料进行融合处理,并选取个例对融合效果进行验证,结果表明,融合后的风廓线与融合前相比,风向和风速的一致性均得到明显提升。

Coherent Doppler lidar wind retrieval for a typhoon based on the genetic simulated annealing algorithm

A method of spectrum estimation based on the genetic simulated annealing(GSA)algorithm is proposed,which is applied to retrieve the three-dimensional wind field of typhoon Nangka observed by our research group.Compared to the genetic algorithm(GA),the GSA algorithm not only extends the detection range and guarantees the accuracy of retrieval results but also demonstrates a faster retrieval speed.Experimental results indicate that both the GA and GSA algorithms can enhance the detection range by 35%more than the least squares method.However,the convergence speed of the GSA algorithm is 17 times faster than that of the GA,which is more beneficial for real-time data processing.

基于激光雷达观测的呼伦贝尔一次沙尘过程分析

基于测风激光雷达和地面常规观测资料,借助机器学习算法以及HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single-Particle LagrangianIntegrated Trajectory)模型分析了发生在呼伦贝尔的一次典型的沙尘天气过程。研究表明,本次沙尘起始时南风突增,风向转西南偏南风后风速降低,传输减弱,当风向转西风时,沙尘传输增强,在西风降低后沙尘传输结束。沙尘传输期间,湍流运动偏弱,混合层高度抬升受限。借助机器学习分粒径计算发现,沙尘前期传输以粗颗粒为主,后期粗、细颗粒物均有明显增长。不同传输时期粒径的不同,暗示沙尘的源可能发生变化,后向轨迹揭示沙尘传输前期来自蒙古国西北部,经过我国锡林郭勒后北上到达呼伦贝尔;而后期沙尘是从俄罗斯南部直接进入呼伦贝尔。最后研究发现,沙尘前至起始时刻,总传输通量对沙尘的响应早于地面颗粒物浓度变化,且沙尘期间总传输通量值显著高于沙尘前和沙尘后。因此,总传输通量变化以及阈值设定可为沙尘预警的新参考指标。

基于探空数据的测风激光雷达在黄海西部海岸带的适用性分析

利用2021年4月至2022年12月期间位于黄海西部海岸带青岛国家基本气象站观测场内的多普勒测风激光雷达和L波段气球探空系统(以下简称L波段探空,Lradar),经过观测数据时间和空间相互匹配,以L波段探空测风数据为参照标准,对测风激光雷达探测高度、水平风速和水平风向的探测能力进行对比分析,结果表明:最大探测高度日变化特征与边界层高度日变化较为吻合,每日09:00探测高度最低约1 000 m,17:00则达到探测高度的峰值约1 300 m。在筛选出的共计1 768次二者共同观测时刻中,超过90%测风激光雷达最大观测高度低于2 000 m,不足500 m的时刻约占16%。二者水平风速和水平风向的线性拟合效果较好,相关系数分别高达0.97和0.98,其探测能力在海风和陆风时刻存在微小差异。测风激光雷达水平风速误差随高度和风速大小的变化存在差异,在500 m以下测风激光雷达平均风速明显大于L波段探空测得的平均风速,在500 m至1 500 m误差较小。在4级风及以下,风速误差分布较为集中;5到7级风,风速误差离散程度最大,离散值最多;8级风以上,离散误差明显减少。二者水平风向变化趋势具有较好的一致性,测风激光雷达风向误差以正值为主,即相较于L波段探空顺时针偏转。在低层以偏北和偏南风向为主,在西北(NW)、北西北(NNW)、正南(S)和南东南(SSE)方向上其频率小于L波段探空,在正北(N)、北东北(NNE)、南西南(SSW)和西南(SW)方向上大于L波段探空,高层开始转为偏西风向,在正西(W)方向频率明显大于L波段探空。以上结果表明,测风激光雷达可以较好地刻画出黄海西部海岸带边界层内的风场信息,为后续测风激光雷达在海岸带和海上观测的业务应用提供有效参考。

基于地基与星载激光雷达技术的武夷山山谷风环流研究分析

山谷风是一种热力驱动产生的局地环流,武夷山市三面环山,中部为丘陵地带,使得该地常年盛行山谷风。基于地面气象观测站、边界层测风激光雷达及激光雷达卫星Aeolus数据研究了武夷山山谷风环流特征。结果表明,夏季出现山谷风日天数最多,山谷风日出现时大气日变化特征显著,表现为山风出现的时间段,以偏北风为主,风速较小,低空激光雷达回波信号较强,气流运动以下沉为主,垂直方向上形成环流圈;谷风阶段,以偏南风为主,较山风阶段风速有所增强,低空激光雷达回波信号减弱,以上升气流为主;激光雷达数据融合的风廓线可见,武夷山非山谷风日常出现在对流层中低层盛行偏南风的天气形势下,偏南风将水汽输送至当地,使得当地低空被较厚云层覆盖或出现降水过程,从而削弱了山地与谷地的热力差异,局地环流被打破,山谷风环流无法形成。

Aeolus星载测风激光雷达进展综述

大气风场是气象中十分关键的要素之一,星载多普勒测风激光雷达能够实现大范围、高精度、不间断的风场测量,对于数值天气预报精度提升、气候研究和环境保护都有重要的意义。星载测风激光雷达的研究自20世纪至今已经有近30余年,在这个过程中,Aeolus是目前唯一成功发射的星载测风卫星。文中从Aeolus计划的提出开始,回顾了Aeolus的有效载荷ALADIN原理样机的地面试验,机载原型研发和机载试验的过程;对卫星发射至今的主要数据验证活动以及结果进行了总结,阐述了Aeolus产品出现误差的原因;针对Aeolus数据产品的实际应用,总结了星载测风数据对于气象研究的重要性和必要性;结合Aeolus的方案进行优化和模拟仿真,展示了仿真的结果。最后分析了Aeolus的数据特点,结合我国星载测风研究进程和气象领域的测风需求,提出了几点可以参考的内容和需要提高的技术,同时分析了三种不同的星载测风体制,其中混合体制的星载测风激光雷达具有优势,可作为我国未来研制星载测风卫星的主要方向。