Disassemblability Modeling Technology of Configurable Product Based on Disassembly Constraint Relation Weighted Design Structure Matrix(DSM)

The current research of configurable product disassemblability focuses on disassemblability evaluation and disassembly sequence planning. Little work has been done on quantitative analysis of configurable product disassemblability. The disassemblability modeling technology for configurable product based on disassembly constraint relation weighted design structure matrix （DSM） is proposed. Major factors affecting the disassemblability of configurable product are analyzed, and the disassembling degrees between components in configurable product are obtained by calculating disassembly entropies such as joint type, joint quantity, disassembly path, disassembly accessibility and material compatibility. The disassembly constraint relation weighted DSM of configurable product is constructed and configuration modules are formed by matrix decomposition and tearing operations. The disassembly constraint relation in configuration modules is strong coupling, and the disassembly constraint relation between modules is weak coupling, and the disassemblability configuration model is constructed based on configuration module. Finally, taking a hydraulic forging press as an example, the decomposed weak coupling components are used as configuration modules alone, components with a strong coupling are aggregated into configuration modules, and the disassembly sequence of components inside configuration modules is optimized by tearing operation. A disassemblability configuration model of the hydraulic forging press is constructed. By researching the disassemblability modeling technology of product configuration design based on disassembly constraint relation weighted DSM, the disassembly property in maintenance, recycling and reuse of configurable product are optimized.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Multi-Product Parallel Disassembly Line Balancing Problem Considering Multi-Skilled Workers Using a Discrete Chemical Reaction Optimization Algorithm

This work investigates a multi-product parallel disassembly line balancing problem considering multi-skilled workers.A mathematical model for the parallel disassembly line is established to achieve maximized disassembly profit and minimized workstation cycle time.Based on a product’s AND/OR graph,matrices for task-skill,worker-skill,precedence relationships,and disassembly correlations are developed.A multi-objective discrete chemical reaction optimization algorithm is designed.To enhance solution diversity,improvements are made to four reactions:decomposition,synthesis,intermolecular ineffective collision,and wall invalid collision reaction,completing the evolution of molecular individuals.The established model and improved algorithm are applied to ball pen,flashlight,washing machine,and radio combinations,respectively.Introducing a Collaborative Resource Allocation(CRA)strategy based on a Decomposition-Based Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm,the experimental results are compared with four classical algorithms:MOEA/D,MOEAD-CRA,Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ),and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm Ⅲ(NSGA-Ⅲ).This validates the feasibility and superiority of the proposed algorithm in parallel disassembly production lines.

Experimental Study on the Reduction Effect of Pit Texture on Disassembly Damage for Interference Fit

After remanufacturing disassembly,several kinds of friction damages can be found on the mating surface of interference fit.These damages should be repaired and the cost is closely related to the severity of damages.Inspired by the excellent performance of surface texture in wear reduction,5 shapes of pit array textures are added to the specimens’surface to study their reduction effect of disassembly damage for interference fit.The results of disassembly experiments show that the order of influence of texture parameters on disassembly damage is as follows:equivalent circle diameter of single texture,texture shape and texture surface density.The influence of equivalent circle diameter of single texture and texture shape are obviously more significant than that of texture surface density.The circular texture with a surface density of 30%and a diameter of 100μm shows an excellent disassembly damage reduction effect because of its perfect ability of abrasive particle collection.And the probability of disassembly damage formation and evolution is also relatively small on this kind of textured surface.Besides,the load-carrying capacity of interference fit with the excellent texture is confirmed by load-carrying capacity experiments.The results show that the load-carrying capacity of the excellent texture surface is increased about 40%compared with that of without texture.This research provides a potential approach to reduce disassembly damage for interference fit.

Exploring the compatibility theory of traditional Chinese medicine formulae:the disassembled prescriptions study

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)has become very popular in the treatment of complex diseases worldwide in recent decades.Despite the promising performance of TCM,how herbs work synergistically in a formula and their therapeutic targets remain ambiguous.This largely limits the correct use and modernization of TCM formulas clinically.The study of disassembled prescriptions is important for investigating the compatibility theory of Chinese medicines.By dissecting the mechanisms of TCM formulae,the compatibility principles of some well-known formulae,such as Realgar-Indigo naturalis,have been elucidated to a certain extent.In this review,several common methods of disassembled prescription studies are summarized,including those of single herb or mineral,sub-prescription,active ingredients or effective parts,large formulae,and systems pharmacology studies,as well as the methods of grouping based on the properties or efficacy of Chinese medicines,in order to provide evidence for formulae study.Moreover,some challenges to be addressed in disassembled prescriptions studies have been identified in this review.

Using genetic/simulated annealing algorithm to solve disassembly sequence planning

Disassembly sequence planning （DSP） plays a significant role in maintenance planning of the aircraft. It is used during the design stage for the analysis of maintainability of the aircraft. To solve product disassembly sequence planning problems efficiently, a product disassembly hybrid graph model, which describes the connection, non-connection and precedence relationships between the product parts, is established based on the characteristic of disassembly. Farther, the optimization model is provided to optimize disassembly sequence. And the solution methodology based on the genetic/simulated annealing algorithm with binaxy-tree algorithm is given. Finally, an example is analyzed in detail, and the result shows that the model is correct and efficient.

Changes in microtubule-associated protein tau during peripheral nerve injury and regeneration

Tau, a primary component of microtubule-associated protein, promotes microtubule assembly and/or disassembly and maintains the stability of the microtubule structure. Although the importance of tau in neurodegenerative diseases has been well demonstrated, wheth- er tau is involved in peripheral nerve regeneration remains unknown. In the current study, we obtained sciatic nerve tissue from adult rats 0, 1, 4, 7, and 14 days after sciatic nerve crush and examined tau mRNA and protein expression levels and the location of tau in the sciatic nerve following peripheral nerve injury. The results from our quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that compared with the uninjured control sciatic nerve, mRNA expression levels for both tau and tau tubulin kinase 1, a serine/ threonine kinase that regulates tau phosphorylation, were decreased following peripheral nerve injury. Our western blot assay results suggested that the protein expression levels of tau and phosphorylated tau initially decreased 1 day post nerve injury but then gradually increased. The results of our immunohistochemical labeling showed that the location of tau protein was not altered by nerve injury. Thus, these results showed that the expression of tau was changed following sciatic nerve crush, suggesting that tau may be involved in periph- eral nerve repair and regeneration.

Research on the adaptive hybrid search tree anti-collision algorithm in RFID system

Due to more tag-collisions result in failed transmissions,tag anti-collision is a very vital issue in the radio frequency identification(RFID) system.However,so far decreases in communication time and increases in throughput are very limited.In order to solve these problems,this paper presents a novel tag anti-collision scheme,namely adaptive hybrid search tree(AHST),by combining two algorithms of the adaptive binary-tree disassembly(ABD) and the combination query tree(CQT),in which ABD has superior tag identification velocity and CQT has optimum performance in system throughput and search timeslots.From the theoretical analysis and numerical simulations,the proposed algorithm can colligate the advantages of above algorithms,improve the system throughput and reduce the searching timeslots dramatically.

Disassembly Sequence Planning:A Survey

It is well-recognized that obsolete or discarded products can cause serious environmental pollution if they are poorly be handled.They contain reusable resource that can be recycled and used to generate desired economic benefits.Therefore,performing their efficient disassembly is highly important in green manufacturing and sustainable economic development.Their typical examples are electronic appliances and electromechanical/mechanical products.This paper presents a survey on the state of the art of disassembly sequence planning.It can help new researchers or decision makers to search for the right solution for optimal disassembly planning.It reviews the disassembly theory and methods that are applied for the processing,repair,and maintenance of obsolete/discarded products.This paper discusses the recent progress of disassembly sequencing planning in four major aspects:product disassembly modeling methods,mathematical programming methods,artificial intelligence methods,and uncertainty handling.This survey should stimulate readers to be engaged in the research,development and applications of disassembly and remanufacturing methodologies in the Industry 4.0 era.

TYPHOON ACTIVITY IN NORTHWEST PACIFIC IN RELATION WITH EL NINO AND LA NINA EVENTS

Statistic and typical-year composition methods are used to study the northwest Pacific typhoon activities in relation with the El Nino and La Nifia events. The result indicates that the typhoon tends to be inactive in the El Nifio years and active in the La Nina years and it is also dependent on the onset and ending time and intensity of the events and areas of genesis of typhoons. With statistic features of the frequency of typhoon activity in the El Nifio and La Nina years and the time-lag correlation between the frequency and sea surface temperature (SST). useful information is provided for the prediction of typhoon occurrence. In addition, the singular values disassemble (SVD) method is applied to study the correlation between the geopotential field and SST field. The result shows that the air-sea coupling in the El Nino years is unfavorable for the typhoon to develop, which take place with a smaller number. Opposite situations are found with the La Nina years.

Stiffness identification of four-point-elastic-support rigid plate

As the stiffness of the elastic support varies with the physical-chemical erosion and mechanical friction, model catastrophe of a single degree-of-freedom(DOF) isolation system may occur. A 3-DOF four-point-elastic-support rigid plate(FERP) structure is presented to describe the catastrophic isolation system. Based on the newly-established structure, theoretical derivation for stiffness matrix calculation by free response(SMCby FR) and the method of stiffness identification by stiffness matrix disassembly(SIby SMD)are proposed. By integrating the SMCby FR and the SIby SMD and defining the stiffness assurance criterion(SAC), the procedures for stiffness identification of a FERP structure(SIFERP) are summarized. Then, a numerical example is adopted for the SIFERP validation, in which the simulated tested free response data are generated by the numerical methods, and operation for filtering noise is conducted to imitate the practical application. Results in the numerical example demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the developed SIFERP for stiffness identification.

STUDY ON HUMAN-COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR STABLE VIRTUAL DISASSEMBLY

The cooperative work between human being and computer based on virtual reality (VR) is investigated to plan the disassembly sequences more efficiently. A three-layer model of human-computer cooperative virtual disassembly is built, and the corresponding human-computer system for stable virtual disassembly is developed. In this system, an immersive and interactive virtual disassembly environment has been created to provide planners with a more visual working scene. For cooperative disassembly, an intelligent module of stability analysis of disassembly operations is embedded into the human-computer system to assist planners to implement disassembly tasks better. The supporting matrix for stability analysis of disassembly operations is defined and the method of stability analysis is detailed. Based on the approach, the stability of any disassembly operation can be analyzed to instruct the manual virtual disassembly. At last, a disassembly case in the virtual environment is given to prove the validity of above ideas.

Economical Analysis and Optimization of Recovery Processing Policies about Discarded Product

On the foundation of analyzing the closed loop logistics chain of product with multi-lifecycle, the connotation of environmental value is set forth, recurring to such conceptions as supply chain and value chain. The plotting rules about disassembly tree are discussed in detail. The reachable matrix R of components’ disas- sembly is introduced into distinguishing if disassembly is needed, in combination with disassembly-deciding vector X. Furthermore, the arithmetic of disassembly cost is put forward. And the cost-benefits of components’ reusing, materials’ recycling, safety disposing are dissertated based on the activity-based costing. Then the 0-1 goal-programming model on product recovery processing is established, with components’ demotion calculated. In addition, taking the PC’s recovery processing for example, we put it into application.

Maintainability Analysis Visualization System and Its Development in AutoCAD Environment

Maintainability is an important design characterist ic , and also is a design parameter. The essence of maintainability design is to ex pect and solve possible maintenance problems at early stage during product devel opment, maintainability must be designed into product simultaneously. But curren t maintainability methods do not support concurrent engineering. This paper anal yzes the deficiencies of existing maintainability technologies, and introduces t he concept of maintainability analysis visualization. The two major deficiencies are that maintainability analysis time lags behind product design, and the main tainability techniques do not accommodate modern product design concepts. After this, the infrastructure of maintainability analysis visualization system is dis cussed. The system are composed of four subsystems, they are product modeling, d isassembly process modeling, simulation and analysis, and user interface. Produc t modeling is accomplished with the capability of CAD system, disassembly proces s modeling is mainly a reason process based on assembly information. The system is integrated into AutoCAD so that designer can timely analyze their product des ign from the viewpoint of easy maintenance. Human model generation function, hum an task analysis function, tool analysis function, visibility analysis function is implemented, disassembly process planning function is still under developing.

End-of-life vehicle recycling based on disassembly

The end-of-life vehicle recycling was studied based on the disassembly. The end-of-life recycling and the disassembly were reviewed and discussed. A disassembly experiment of an end-of-life engine was carried out, which strictly recorded the process of dismantling. Based on the results, a model of the end-of-life recycling was presented. In this model, the end-of-life parts were classified by three ways which included to recycle directly, to recycle after remanufacturing and to discard. By using this model, the dismantling efficiency and the recycling rate can be improved. Also, it obtains a good result after used in a dismantling factory.

Automated Disassembly Sequence Prediction for Industry 4.0 Using Enhanced Genetic Algorithm

The evolution of Industry 4.0 made it essential to adopt the Internet of Things(IoT)and Cloud Computing(CC)technologies to perform activities in the new age of manufacturing.These technologies enable collecting,storing,and retrieving essential information from the manufacturing stage.Data collected at sites are shared with others where execution automatedly occurs.The obtained information must be validated at manufacturing to avoid undesirable data losses during the de-manufacturing process.However,information sharing from the assembly level at the manufacturing stage to disassembly at the product end-of-life state is a major concern.The current research validates the information optimally to offer a minimum set of activities to complete the disassembly process.An optimal disassembly sequence plan(DSP)can possess valid information to organize the necessary actions in manufacturing.However,finding an optimal DSP is complex because of its combinatorial nature.The genetic algorithm(GA)is a widely preferred artificial intelligence(AI)algorithm to obtain a near-optimal solution for the DSP problem.The converging nature at local optima is a limitation in the traditional GA.This study improvised the GA workability by integrating with the proposed priori crossover operator.An optimality function is defined to reduce disassembly effort by considering directional changes as parameters.The enhanced GA method is tested on a real-time product to evaluate the performance.The obtained results reveal that diversity control depends on the operators employed in the disassembly attributes.The proposed method’s solution can be stored in the cloud and shared through IoT devices for effective resource allocation and disassembly for maximum recovery of the product.The effectiveness of the proposed enhanced GA method is determined by making a comparative assessment with traditional GA and other AI methods at different population sizes.

Neighborhood Modularization‑based Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Disassembly Planning with Operation Attributes

The recycling and remanufacturing of end-of-life products are significant for environmental protection and resource conservation.Disassembly is an essential process of remanufacturing end-of-life products.Effective disassembly plans help improve disassembly efficiency and reduce disassembly costs.This paper studies a disassembly planning problem with operation attributes,in which an integrated decision of the disassembly sequence,disassembly directions,and disassembly tools are made.Besides,a mathematical model is formulated with the objective of minimizing the penalty cost caused by the changing of operation attributes.Then,a neighborhood modularization-based artificial bee colony algorithm is developed,which contains a modular optimized design.Finally,two case studies with different scales and complexities are used to verify the performance of the proposed approach,and experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the two existing methods within an acceptable computational time.

Assembly and disassembly of mammalian chromosome pellicle

By means of indirect double immunofluorescent staining, the coordination of PI antigen and perichromonucleolin (PCN), the constituent of nuclear periphery and nucleolus respectively, in the assembly and disassembly of chromosome pellicle during mitosis was studied. It was found that in 3T3 cells, during mitosis PI antigen began to coat the condensing chromosome .surface earlier.than PCN did. However, both of them completed their coating on chromosome at approximately the same stage of mitosis, prometaphase metaphase. The dissociation of PI antigen from chromosome pellicle to participate the formation of nuclear periphery took, place also ahead of that of PCN. At early telophase PI antigen had been extensively involved in the formation of nuclear periphery, while PCN remained in association with the surface of decondensing chromosomes. At late telophase, when PI antigen was localized in an fairly well formed nuclear periphery, PCN was in a stage of forming prenucleolar bodies.

Crystal Structure of Sar1[H79G]-GDP Which Provides Insight into the Coat-controlled GTP Hydrolysis in the Disassembly of COP Ⅱ

Sarl is a small GTPase involved in COPⅡ vesicle transport. Previous studies showed that H79G mutation of Sarl can lock Sarl in its GTP-bound active conformation, stabilize coat assembly, and prevent the disassembly of COP Ⅱ vesicle coats by reducing Sec23/24 GAP- stimulated hydrolysis. We show here that the replacement of His79 by glycine induces a large conformation change in switch Ⅱ and results in the lost of hydrogen bond between His79 and its associated nucleophilic water molecule that was hypothesized to reduce the GAP-stimulated hydrolysis during the COP Ⅱ assembly and disassembly. These results confirm that the switch Ⅱ conformation is important for COP Ⅱ disassembly through coat-controlled GTP hydrolysis.

Liangxue Xiaoban decoction and its disassembled prescriptions ameliorate psoriasis-like skin lesions induced by imiquimod in mice via T cell regulation

Objective:To explore the therapeutic capacity of the Liangxue Xiaoban(LXXB)decoction and its disassembled prescriptions in the modulation of T cell subsets and recurrence-related indexes of psoriasis using a psoriasis-like mouse model.Methods:The psoriasis model was generated by the treatment of BALB/c mice(n=48)with imiquimod.Mice were divided into six groups:control,psoriasis model,tripterygium glycosides,LXXB decoction,Liangxue decoction,and Qingqi decoction.After the intervention period,the interleukin(IL)-17A,IL-22,and interferon-γ levels in mice were examined and hematoxylin and eosin staining was conducted to determine pathological changes in the skin tissues.T cell subset changes in the skin-draining lymph nodes were analyzed using flow cytometry,and the expression levels of the associated transcription factors and recurrence-related indexes in the skin tissues were determined using a polymerase chain reaction.Results:LXXB decoction attenuated the levels of CD8^(+)T,Th17,and Th1 cells and induced an increase in the Th2 and Treg cell levels.The disassembled prescriptions promoted or inhibited specific subsets of T cells to improve the symptoms of psoriasis.Notably,the LXXB and Liangxue decoctions suppressed the expression of IL-22 at both the gene and protein levels and restored the CD103 and IL-15 expressions in the skin tissue to the normal range.Conclusion:LXXB decoction exerted significant immunoregulatory effects on T cell subsets and improved the recurrence-related indexes.Interestingly,the Liangxue prescription appeared to have a therapeutic advantage in terms of Th17 modulation and psoriasis recurrence,while the Qingqi prescription performed better in Treg immunoregulation.

p38 MAP kinase is necessary for melanoma-mediated regulation of VE-cadherin disassembly

Introduction Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin is localized to the endothelial borders and the adherens junctions,which are regulated by changes in mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK),GTPases,and intracellular calcium. We previously