Some Dynamical Properties in Set-valued Discrete Systems

1 Introduction A discrete dynamical system can be expressed as xn+1 ?f(xn), n = 0,1,2,... where X is a metric space and f : X →X is a continuous map. The study of it tells us how the points in the base space X moved. Nevertheless, this is not enough for the researches of biological species, demography, numerical simulation and attractors (see [1], [2]). It is necessary to know how the subsets of X moved. In this direction, we consider the set-valued discrete system associated to f, An+1 = (f|-)(An), n = 0,1,2,... where (f|-) is the natural extension of f to K(X) (the class of all compact subsets of X).

A Family of Integrable Rational Semi-Discrete Systems and Its Reduction

Within framework of zero curvature representation theory, a family of integrable rational semi-discrete systems is derived from a matrix spectral problem. The Hamiltonian forms of obtained semi-discrete systems are constructed by means of the discrete trace identity. The Liouville integrability for the obtained family is demonstrated. In the end, a reduced family of obtained semi-discrete systems and its Hamiltonian form are worked out.

DIFFERENCE DISCRETE SYSTEM OF EULER-BEAM WITH ARBITRARY SUPPORTS AND SIGN-OSCILLATORY PROPERTY OF STIFFNESS MATRICES

The difference discrete system of Euler-beam with arbitrary supports was constructed by using the two order central difference formulas. This system is equivalent to the spring-mass-rigidrod model. By using the theory of oscillatory matrix, the signoscillatory property of stiffness matrices of this system was proved, and the necessary and sufficient condition for the system to be positive was obtained completely.

Generalized synchronization of discrete systems

Generalized synchronization of two discrete systems was discussed. By constructing appropriately nonlinear coupling terms, some sufficient conditions for determining the generalized synchronization between the drive and response systems were derived. In a positive invariant and bounded set, many chaotic maps satisfy the sufficient conditions. The effectiveness of the sufficient conditions is illustrated by three examples.

Distance-Stability of Nonlinear Discrete Systems

In this paper,the distance-sability of nonlinear discrete system is investigated by means of the Gauss-Seidel iteration method.Some algebric criteria of the distance-stability are ob-tained.Construction of Lyapunov function is avoided.

Constructing exact solutions to discrete systems with the trial function method

Based on the homogenous balance method and the trial function method, several trial function methods composed of exponential functions are proposed and applied to nonlinear discrete systems. With the.help of symbolic computation system, the new exact solitary wave solutions to discrete nonlinear mKdV lattice equation, discrete nonlinear （2 ＋ 1） dimensional Toda lattice equation, Ablowitz-Ladik-lattice system are constructed.The method is of significance to seek exact solitary wave solutions to other nonlinear discrete systems.

LINEAR ACTIVE STRUCTURES AND MODES (Ⅱ) —DISCRETE SYSTEMS AND BEAMS

The basic concepts about the active structures and some attributes of the modes were presented in paper “Liner Active Structures and Modes]( I) ". The characteristics of the active discrete systems and active beams were discussed, especially, the stability of the active structures and the orthogonality of the eigenvectors. The notes about modes were portrayed by a model of a seven-storeyed building with sensors and actuators. The concept of the adjoint active structure was extended from the discrete systems to the beams that were the representations of the continuous structures. Two types of beams with different placements of the measuring and actuating systems were discussed in detail. One is the beam with the discrete sensors and actuators, and the other is the beam with distributed sensor and actuator function. The orthogonality conditions were derived with the modal shapes of the active beam and its adjoint active beam. An example shows that the variation of eigenvalues with feedback amplitude for the homo-configuration and non-homo-configuration active structures.

A Modified Stability Analysis of Two-Dimensional Linear Time Invariant Discrete Systems within the Unity-Shifted Unit Circle

This paper proposes a method to ascertain the stability of two dimensional linear time invariant discrete system within the shifted unit circle which is represented by the form of characteristic equation. Further an equivalent single dimensional characteristic equation is formed from the two dimensional characteristic equation then the stability formulation in the left half of Z-plane, where the roots of characteristic equation f(Z) = 0 should lie within the shifted unit circle. The coefficient of the unit shifted characteristic equation is suitably arranged in the form of matrix and the inner determinants are evaluated using proposed Jury’s concept. The proposed stability technique is simple and direct. It reduces the computational cost. An illustrative example shows the applicability of the proposed scheme.

Certain Algebraic Test for Analyzing Aperiodic Stability of Two-Dimensional Linear Discrete Systems

This paper addresses the new algebraic test to check the aperiodic stability of two dimensional linear time invariant discrete systems. Initially, the two dimensional characteristics equations are converted into equivalent one-dimensional equation. Further Fuller’s idea is applied on the equivalent one-dimensional characteristics equation. Then using the co-efficient of the characteristics equation, the routh table is formed to ascertain the aperiodic stability of the given two-dimensional linear discrete system. The illustrations were presented to show the applicability of the proposed technique.

Hidden attractors in a new fractional-order discrete system: Chaos, complexity, entropy, and control

This paper studies the dynamics of a new fractional-order discrete system based on the Caputo-like difference operator.This is the first study to explore a three-dimensional fractional-order discrete chaotic system without equilibrium.Through phase portrait,bifurcation diagrams,and largest Lyapunov exponents,it is shown that the proposed fractional-order discrete system exhibits a range of different dynamical behaviors.Also,different tests are used to confirm the existence of chaos,such as 0-1 test and C0 complexity.In addition,the quantification of the level of chaos in the new fractional-order discrete system is measured by the approximate entropy technique.Furthermore,based on the fractional linearization method,a one-dimensional controller to stabilize the new system is proposed.Numerical results are presented to validate the findings of the paper.

H_∞ State Feedback Delay-dependent Control for Discrete Systems with Multi-time-delay

In this paper, H ∞ state feedback control with delay information for discrete systems with multi-time-delay is discussed. Making use of linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach, a time-delay-dependent criterion for a discrete system with multi-time-delay to satisfy H ∞ performance indices is induced, and then a strategy for H ∞ state feedback control with delay values for plant with multi-time-delay is obtained. By solving corresponding LMI, a delay-dependent state feedback controller satisfying H ∞ performance indices is designed. Finally, a simulation example demonstrates the validity of the proposed approach. Keywords Multi-time-delay - discrete time system - LMI - delay-dependent - H ∞ control Bai-Da Qu received B. S. degree in electrical automation from Fuxin Mining Institute, China in 1982, M. Eng. degree from Hefei University of Polytechnology in 1990, and Ph.D from Northerneastern University in 1999. He was an electro-mechanical engineer at Erdaohezi Mine, Heilongjiang, China from 1982 to 1990, a Lecturer, Senior Engineer, Associate Professor and Professor in Shenyang Institue of Technology from 1990 to 2002. He is currently a professor in Communication and Control Engineering School, Southern Yangtze University. His research interests include control theory and applications (robust control, H ∞ control, time-delay systems, complex systems), system engineering (modeling, analysis and simulation, MIS,CMIS), power-electronics and electrical driving, signal detecting and process, industrial automation.

Lyapunov Inequalities of Nonlinear Discrete Systems

In this paper, we study the nonlinear discrete systems and obtain several lyapunov inequalities for them. Then we give the application for lyapunov inequality.

A Survey on the Stability of 2-D Discrete Systems Described by Fornasini-Marchesini Second Model

A key issue of practical importance in the two-dimensional (2-D) discrete system is stability analysis. Linear state-space models describing 2-D discrete systems have been proposed by several researchers. A popular model, called Forna- sini-Marchesini (FM) second model was proposed by Fornasini and Marchesini in 1978. The aim of this paper is to present a survey of the existing literature on the stability of FM second model.

Robust Suboptimal Guaranteed Cost Control for 2-D Discrete Systems Described by Fornasini-Marchesini First Model

This paper considers the guaranteed cost control problem for a class of two-dimensional (2-D) uncertain discrete systems described by the Fornasini-Marchesini (FM) first model with norm-bounded uncertainties. New linear matrix inequality (LMI) based characterizations are presented for the existence of static-state feedback guaranteed cost controller which guarantees not only the asymptotic stability of closed loop systems, but also an adequate performance bound over all the admissible parameter uncertainties. Moreover, a convex optimization problem is formulated to select the suboptimal guaranteed cost controller which minimizes the upper bound of the closed-loop cost function.

Dissipative Discrete System with Nearest-Neighbor Interaction for the Nonlinear Electrical Lattice

A generalized dissipative discrete complex Ginzburg-Landau equation that governs the wave propagation in dissipative discrete nonlinear electrical transmission line with negative nonlinear resistance is derived. This equation presents arbitrarily nearest-neighbor nonlinearities. We analyze the properties of such model both in connection to their modulational stability, as well as in regard to the generation of intrinsic localized modes. We present a generalized discrete Lange-Newell criterion. Numerical simulations are performed and we show that discrete breathers are generated through modulational instability.

Noise-Tolerant ZNN-Based Data-Driven Iterative Learning Control for Discrete Nonaffine Nonlinear MIMO Repetitive Systems

Aiming at the tracking problem of a class of discrete nonaffine nonlinear multi-input multi-output(MIMO) repetitive systems subjected to separable and nonseparable disturbances, a novel data-driven iterative learning control(ILC) scheme based on the zeroing neural networks(ZNNs) is proposed. First, the equivalent dynamic linearization data model is obtained by means of dynamic linearization technology, which exists theoretically in the iteration domain. Then, the iterative extended state observer(IESO) is developed to estimate the disturbance and the coupling between systems, and the decoupled dynamic linearization model is obtained for the purpose of controller synthesis. To solve the zero-seeking tracking problem with inherent tolerance of noise,an ILC based on noise-tolerant modified ZNN is proposed. The strict assumptions imposed on the initialization conditions of each iteration in the existing ILC methods can be absolutely removed with our method. In addition, theoretical analysis indicates that the modified ZNN can converge to the exact solution of the zero-seeking tracking problem. Finally, a generalized example and an application-oriented example are presented to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed process.

A NOTE ON THE GENERAL STABILIZATION OF DISCRETE FEEDBACK CONTROL FOR NON-AUTONOMOUS HYBRID NEUTRAL STOCHASTIC SYSTEMS WITH A DELAY

Discrete feedback control was designed to stabilize an unstable hybrid neutral stochastic differential delay system(HNSDDS) under a highly nonlinear constraint in the H_∞ and exponential forms.Nevertheless,the existing work just adapted to autonomous cases,and the obtained results were mainly on exponential stabilization.In comparison with autonomous cases,non-autonomous systems are of great interest and represent an important challenge.Accordingly,discrete feedback control has here been adjusted with a time factor to stabilize an unstable non-autonomous HNSDDS,in which new Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals and some novel technologies are adopted.It should be noted,in particular,that the stabilization can be achieved not only in the routine H_∞ and exponential forms,but also the polynomial form and even a general form.

Construction of the particle simulation model for ginger-soil system using discrete element method

In order to systematically obtain the excavation characteristic parameters for ginger harvesting, experimental analysis was conducted on the discrete elemental parameters in a particle simulation model of the ginger-soil system. Through stacking tests, the surface energy of soil-ginger tuber JKR was determined to be 3.7 J/m2, the coefficient of static friction of soil-steel (65 Mn) was 0.56, the coefficient of rolling friction was 0.03, and the coefficient of restitution of collision was 0.40. Utilizing normal and lateral compression tests conducted on the soil body, the soil base parameters required for the Bonding model were determined. Subsequently, a three-dimensional model of ginger root and stem was constructed using these parameters. With the aid of 3D scanning technology, a discrete element parameter model was established for the ginger field during the harvesting period. On the basis of the measured parameters, a three-dimensional model of ginger rhizome was established and finally a discrete parameter model of ginger field was constructed in the harvesting period. The calibration parameters are highly reliable after the model’s tightness and field harvesting test, which provides reliable data support for the soil flow and the force of the soil-touching parts during the later simulation of ginger harvesting and digging operation.

Discrete Choice Models and Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Predicting the Determinants of Transport Mode Choice--A Systematic Review

Forecasting travel demand requires a grasp of individual decision-making behavior.However,transport mode choice(TMC)is determined by personal and contextual factors that vary from person to person.Numerous characteristics have a substantial impact on travel behavior(TB),which makes it important to take into account while studying transport options.Traditional statistical techniques frequently presume linear correlations,but real-world data rarely follows these presumptions,which may make it harder to grasp the complex interactions.Thorough systematic review was conducted to examine how machine learning(ML)approaches might successfully capture nonlinear correlations that conventional methods may ignore to overcome such challenges.An in-depth analysis of discrete choice models(DCM)and several ML algorithms,datasets,model validation strategies,and tuning techniques employed in previous research is carried out in the present study.Besides,the current review also summarizes DCM and ML models to predict TMC and recognize the determinants of TB in an urban area for different transport modes.The two primary goals of our study are to establish the present conceptual frameworks for the factors influencing the TMC for daily activities and to pinpoint methodological issues and limitations in previous research.With a total of 39 studies,our findings shed important light on the significance of considering factors that influence the TMC.The adjusted kernel algorithms and hyperparameter-optimized ML algorithms outperform the typical ML algorithms.RF(random forest),SVM(support vector machine),ANN(artificial neural network),and interpretable ML algorithms are the most widely used ML algorithms for the prediction of TMC where RF achieved an R2 of 0.95 and SVM achieved an accuracy of 93.18%;however,the adjusted kernel enhanced the accuracy of SVM 99.81%which shows that the interpretable algorithms outperformed the typical algorithms.The sensitivity analysis indicates that the most significant parameters influencing TMC are the age,total trip time,and the number of drivers.

Model Order Reduction Methods for Discrete Systems via Discrete Pulse Orthogonal Functions

This paper explores model order reduction(MOR)methods for discrete linear and discrete bilinear systems via discrete pulse orthogonal functions(DPOFs).Firstly,the discrete linear systems and the discrete bilinear systems are expanded in the space spanned by DPOFs,and two recurrence formulas for the expansion coefficients of the system’s state variables are obtained.Then,a modified Arnoldi process is applied to both recurrence formulas to construct the orthogonal projection matrices,by which the reduced-order systems are obtained.Theoretical analysis shows that the output variables of the reducedorder systems can match a certain number of the expansion coefficients of the original system’s output variables.Finally,two numerical examples illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods.