Reevaluating health metrics:Unraveling the limitations of disabilityadjusted life years as an indicator in disease burden assessment

In 1993,the World Bank released a global report on the efficacy of health promotion,introducing the disability-adjusted life years(DALY)as a novel indicator.The DALY,a composite metric incorporating temporal and qualitative data,is grounded in preferences regarding disability status.This review delineates the algorithm used to calculate the value of the proposed DALY synthetic indicator and elucidates key methodological challenges associated with its application.In contrast to the quality-adjusted life years approach,derived from multi-attribute utility theory,the DALY stands as an independent synthetic indicator that adopts the assumptions of the Time Trade Off utility technique to define Disability Weights.Claiming to rely on no mathematical or economic theory,DALY users appear to have exempted themselves from verifying whether this indicator meets the classical properties required of all indicators,notably content validity,reliability,specificity,and sensitivity.The DALY concept emerged primarily to facilitate comparisons of the health impacts of various diseases globally within the framework of the Global Burden of Disease initiative,leading to numerous publications in international literature.Despite widespread adoption,the DALY synthetic indicator has prompted significant methodological concerns since its inception,manifesting in inconsistent and non-reproducible results.Given the substantial diffusion of the DALY indicator and its critical role in health impact assessments,a reassessment is warranted.This reconsideration is imperative for enhancing the robustness and reliability of public health decisionmaking processes.

Low back pain in China:Disease burden and bibliometric analysis

BACKGROUND Low back pain has become a global problem.Since many traditional Chinese therapies are helpful for low back pain,the current status of low back pain in China may provide some insights to this issue.AIM To demonstrate the disease burden of low back pain in China and the response of Chinese scholars to this issue.METHODS The burden of low back pain in China was estimated using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 released by the American Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.The incidence,prevalence and disability-adjusted life years were analyzed.We also performed a bibliometric analysis to analyzed the publication trend,changes of cooperation models and research topics on low back pain.RESULTS Prevalence of low back pain increased from 69.61 million in 1990 to 102.96 million in 2021.New cases increased by a stunning 44.50 million in 2021.Low back pain led to an increase of 4.16 per 1000000 population in terms of disability-adjusted life years from 1990 to 2021.But the increase in China was slower than that of world average.As a response,publications of low back pain published by Chinese scholars were stably raised.From 1990 to 2023,domestic cooperation significantly increased,while international cooperation and no cooperation decreased.However,domestic cooperation decreased between 2021 and 2023.The number of studies on prevention and treatment of low back pain reduced from 1990 to 2023,while the mechanism,etiology and other aspects of low back pain augmented.CONCLUSION The burden of low back pain in China is heavy.Together with the government,Chinese institutions of medical science should do more in declining the impacts of low back pain.

Beyond Stitches: Analysis of Disease Burden in a Bangladeshi RMG Factory

Introduction: Bangladesh has experienced remarkable growth in RMG over the past 25 years. With the knitwear industry providing more than 4 million direct jobs, providing better occupational health and safety of workers remains a challenge. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to analyze the disease burden of a RMG factory, and to highlight occupational health risks. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed for this analysis. A 17-month data entry (January 2020 - May 2021) was gathered from the factory in-house clinic. The socio-demographic and clinical diagnosis entries of 8421 entries were analyzed. Result: The population of the factory workers is 5370, where 40% (2148) are female workers and 60% (3222) are male workers. The mean age of respondents is 30 years, with a SD of ±7 years. Among the chief complaints, the most common was vomiting (14%;2262) fever (14%;2247), runny nose (11%;1842), cough (9%;1465), and loose motion (8%;1364). In the diagnosis categories, gastrointestinal diseases were more predominantly diagnosed (35%;2978), followed by viral fever (21%;1772), neurological diseases (16.5%;1389) and musculoskeletal disorders (9%;768). The average cost of medicine for each respondent is BDT 36. The factory covered costs of all medication for 99% (8380) of respondents. Only 0.5% (37) was referred to a tertiary hospital for further evaluation. Conclusion: Garments workers suffer mostly from long-term occupational health hazards. Factory owners and policy makers can contribute in various ways to improving primary healthcare options for workers.

Changing trends of disease burden of gastric cancer in China from 1990 to 2019 and its predictions:Findings from Global Burden of Disease Study

Objective:China is one of the countries with the heaviest burden of gastric cancer(GC)in the world.Understanding the epidemiological trends and patterns of GC in China can contribute to formulating effective prevention strategies.Methods:The data on incidence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs)of GC in China from1990 to 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study(2019).The estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)was calculated to evaluate the temporal trends of disease burden of GC,and the package Nordpred in the R program was used to perform an age-period-cohort analysis to predict the numbers and rates of incidence and mortality in the next 25 years.Results:The number of incident cases of GC increased from 317.34 thousand in 1990 to 612.82 thousand in2019,while the age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR)of GC decreased from 37.56 per 100,000 in 1990 to 30.64 per 100,000 in 2019,with an EAPC of-0.41[95%confidence interval(95%CI):-0.77,-0.06].Pronounced temporal trends in mortality and DALYs of GC were observed.In the next 25 years,the numbers of new GC cases and deaths are expected to increase to 738.79 thousand and 454.80 thousand,respectively,while the rates of incidence and deaths should steadily decrease.The deaths and DALYs attributable to smoking were different for males and females.Conclusions:In China,despite the fact that the rates of GC have decreased during the past three decades,the numbers of new GC cases and deaths increased,and will continue to increase in the next 25 years.Additional strategies are needed to reduce the burden of GC,such as screening and early detection,novel treatments,and the prevention of risk factors.

Global and Regional Trends and Projections of Infective Endocarditis-Associated Disease Burden and Attributable Risk Factors from 1990 to 2030

Objective To forecast the future burden and its attributable risk factors of infective endocarditis(IE).Methods We analyzed the disease burden of IE and its risk factors from 1990 to 2019 using the Global Burden of Disease 2019 database and projected the disease burden from 2020 to 2030 using a Bayesian age-period-cohort model.Results By 2030,the incidence of IE will increase uncontrollably on a global scale,with developed countries having the largest number of cases and developing countries experiencing the fastest growth.The affected population will be predominantly males,but the gender gap will narrow.The elderly in high-income countries will bear the greatest burden,with a gradual shift to middle-income countries.The incidence of IE in countries with middle/high-middle social-demographic indicators(SDI) will surpass that of high SDI countries.In China,the incidence rate and the number of IE will reach 18.07 per 100,000 and 451,596 in 2030,respectively.IEassociated deaths and heart failure will continue to impose a significant burden on society,the burden on women will increase and surpass that on men,and the elderly in high-SDI countries will bear the heaviest burden.High systolic blood pressure has become the primary risk factor for IE-related death.Conclusions This study provides comprehensive analyses of the disease burden and risk factors of IE worldwide over the next decade.The IE-associated incidence will increase in the future and the death and heart failure burden will not be appropriately controlled.Gender,age,regional,and country heterogeneity should be taken seriously to facilitate in making effective strategies for lowering the IE disease burden.

Impact of adalimumab on disease burden in moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis patients: The one-year, real-world UCanADA study

BACKGROUND A gap remains in documenting the impact of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy on disease burden in ulcerative colitis(UC)patients treated in a real-world setting.The use of patient-reported outcomes(PROs)has been discussed as a primary endpoint in the context of the FDA PRO Guidance,for labelling purposes.Specifically,the efficacy and safety of adalimumab have been demonstrated in pivotal trials;however,data are needed to understand how clinical results translate into improvements in key aspects of the daily lives of UC patients,such as symptoms,health-related quality of life(HRQoL),and disability.AIM To assess real-world effectiveness of adalimumab on PRO measures in patients with moderate-to-severe UC.METHODS UCanADA was a single arm,prospective,1-year multicenter Canadian post-marketing observational study in which multiple PRO questionnaires were completed—with psychologic distress/depression symptoms as the primary endpoint—by patients with moderate-to-severe UC.Assessments were performed during patients’routine care visit schedule,which was at the initiation of adalimumab(baseline),after induction(approximately 8 wk),and 52 wk after baseline.Additional optional assessments between weeks 8 and 52 were collected at least once but no more than two times during this period.Serious safety events and per-protocol adverse events were collected.RESULTS From 23 Canadian centres,100 patients were enrolled and 48 completed the study.Measured with the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 items at week 52,61.5%(40/65)[95%confidence interval(CI):49.7%-73.4%]of the patients improved in psychologic distress/depression symptoms,which was slightly higher in completers[65.9%(29/44);95%CI:51.9%-79.9%].At week 52,clinical response and clinical remission were achieved respectively by 65.7%(44/73)and 47.8%(32/73)of the patients.The odds of improving depressive symptoms for those achieving a clinical remission at week 52 was 7.94 higher compared with those not achieving a clinical remission(CI:1.42,44.41;P=0.018).Significant changes from baseline to weeks 8 and 52 were observed in disability,HRQoL,and fatigue.Meaningful improvement was reported in work impairment.CONCLUSION At week 52,over 60%of the UCanADA patients had depressive symptoms significantly reduced,as well as HRQoL,fatigue symptoms,and work impairment improved.No new safety signals were detected.

Epidemiological and Disease Burden Profiles of Leukemias and Malignant Lymphomas: Overview and Trends in the Republic of Moldova and Worldwide

Introduction: Hematological malignancies (HM) are relatively frequent nosological entities within the structure of morbidity by malignant tumors, exhibiting a severe evolution, restrained prognosis and negative socio-economic impact in the advanced stages and phases. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify the epidemiological patterns, and to evaluate the epidemiological trends and disease burden issues of HM in the Republic of Moldova and worldwide. Materials and Methods: The following research methods were used: epidemiological, descriptive statistics, clinico-analytic. The diagnosis was proved in all cases by histopathological, cytological, cytogenetic, molecular and immunophenotyping examinations. The qualitative type researches were performed and enriched by the narrative synthesis of the data. From the specialized international bibliographic sources and official statistics concerning HM. The narrative review of the reference sources was fulfilled in the form of a synthesis. Results: The number of newly diagnosed and followed-up patients with HM at the Institute of Oncology in 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 amounted respectively to 725, 802, 613, 628, 536 and 528, the incidence (new cases per 100,000 population) being 17.6, 19.5, 14.9, 17.7, 15.1 and 20.3. In 2021 HM constituted 6.2% of all newly-diagnosed cases with malignant tumors in the Republic of Moldova. In the same year Hodgkin lymphoma was diagnosed in 10.04% of cases, non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas—in 31.63%, multiple myeloma and plasma cells neoplasms—in 7.77%, lymphoid leukemias—in 17.42%, myeloid leukemias—in 12.31%, monocytic leukemias—in 0.95%, and other leukemias—in 16.29%. In 2019 the male rate was 51.5%, and the female rate—48.5%. Within 2 years males were 266 (50.4%), females—262 (49.6%). The age of 50 - 79 years prevailed in both genders (males—65%, females—72.5%). The children constituted 4.0% of the newly diagnosed cases, 4.8% of those under the follow-up at the end of the year 2019 and 6.4% of the newly diagnosed cases in 2021. The disease span from the onset to diagnosis ranged between 1 - 24 months and constituted on average 5.63 months, without a significant difference as compared to 2019 (5.76 months). The incidence of HM in Western countries is 14 - 19 new cases per 100,000 population (4% of all cases with malignant tumors). The incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas increased by 45% between 2006 and 2016, from 319,078 to 461,000 cases. Between 2006 and 2016, the incidence of leukemias increased by 26%, from 37,000,000 to 467,000 cases. Conclusions: The epidemiological study revealed slightly lower morbidity by HM in the Republic of Moldova as compared to the West European countries mainly due to the migration of a workable population. The patients with malignant lymphomas, male gender and age categories of 50 - 79 years proved to be commonly registered epidemiological patterns. The narrative analysis of the literature revealed that patients with HM may experience a considerable disease burden with a negative impact on their employment status, working productivity and annual household income.

Global burden of inflammatory bowel disease 1990-2019:A systematic examination of the disease burden and twenty-year forecast

BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)is an idiopathic intestinal disease with various levels and trends in different countries and regions.Understanding the current burden and trends of IBD in various geographical locations is essential to establish effective strategies for prevention and treatment.We report the average annual percentage change(AAPC)and estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)in age-standardized rates(ASR)of IBD in different regions based on the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)study from 1990-2019,and the relationships between IBD and the human development index(HDI)and socio-demographic index(SDI).The prevalence trends of IBD were predicted by gender from 2019-2039.AIM To comprehensively investigate IBD data,providing further insights into the management of this chronic disease.METHODS We collected the information on the incidence of IBD from the GBD study from 1990-2019 to calculate the AAPC and EAPC in ASR of IBD in different regions.The relationships between IBD,HDI,and SDI were analyzed.The Nordpred and Bayesian age-period-cohort models were used to predict the prevalence trends of IBD by gender from 2019-2039,and the reliability of the results was validated.RESULTS North America consistently had the highest IBD ASR,while Oceania consistently had the lowest.East Asia had the fastest average annual growth in ASR(2.54%),whereas Central Europe had the fastest decline(1.38%).Countries with a low age-standardized incidence rates in 1990 showed faster growth in IBD while there was no significant correlation in 2019.Additionally,IBD increased faster in countries with a low age-standardized death rates in 1990,whereas the opposite was true in 2019.Analysis of SDI and IBD ASR showed that countries with a high SDI generally had a higher IBD ASR.Finally,the projections showed a declining trend in the incidence of IBD from 2019-2039,but a gradual increase in the number of cases.CONCLUSION As the global population increases and ages,early monitoring and prevention of IBD is important to reduce the disease burden,especially in countries with a high incidence of IBD.

Non-communicable disease burden among inpatients at a rural district hospital in Malawi

Background The burden of non-communicable diseases(NCDs)is high in Malawi.However,resources and training for NCD care remain scarce,especially in rural hospitals.Current care for NCDs in the developing world focuses on the WHO’s traditional 4×4 set.However,we do not know the full burden of NCDs outside of that scope,like neurological disease,psychiatric illness,sickle cell disease,and trauma.The goal of this study was to understand the burden of NCDs among inpatients in a rural district hospital in Malawi.We broadened our definition of NCDs beyond the traditional 4×4 set of NCDs,and included neurological disease,psychiatric illness,sickle cell disease,and trauma.Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of all inpatients who were admitted to the Neno District Hospital between January 2017 and October 2018.We broke patients down by age,date of admission,type,and number of NCD diagnoses,and HIV status,and constructed multivariate regression models for length of stay and in-hospital mortality.Results Of 2239 total visits,27.5%were patients with NCDs.Patients with NCDs were older(37.6 vs 19.7 years,p<0.001)and made up 40.2%of total hospital time.We also found two distinct populations of NCD patients.The first were patients 40 years and older with primary diagnoses of hypertension,heart failure,cancer,and stroke.The second were patients under 40 years old with primary diagnoses of mental health conditions,burns,epilepsy,and asthma.We also found significant trauma burden,accounting for 40%of all NCD visits.In multivariate analysis,carrying a medical NCD diagnosis was associated with longer length of stay(coefficient 5.2,p<0.001)and a higher risk of in-hospital mortality(OR 1.9,p=0.03).Burn patients also had significantly longer length of stay(coefficient 11.6,p<0.001).Conclusions There is a significant burden of NCDs in a rural hospital in Malawi,including those outside of the traditional 4×4 set.We also found high rates of NCDs in the younger population(under 40 years of age).Hospitals must be equipped with adequate resources and training to meet this burden of disease.

Optimal decision-making in relieving global high temperature-related disease burden by data-driven simulation

The rapid acceleration of global warming has led to an increased burden of high temperature-related diseases(HTDs),highlighting the need for advanced evidence-based management strategies.We have developed a conceptual framework aimed at alleviating the global burden of HTDs,grounded in the One Health concept.This framework refines the impact pathway and establishes systematic data-driven models to inform the adoption of evidence-based decision-making,tailored to distinct contexts.We collected extensive national-level data from authoritative public databases for the years 2010–2019.The burdens of five categories of disease causes–cardiovascular diseases,infectious respiratory diseases,injuries,metabolic diseases,and non-infectious respiratory diseases–were designated as intermediate outcome variables.The cumulative burden of these five categories,referred to as the total HTD burden,was the final outcome variable.We evaluated the predictive performance of eight models and subsequently introduced twelve intervention measures,allowing us to explore optimal decision-making strategies and assess their corresponding contributions.Our model selection results demonstrated the superior performance of the Graph Neural Network(GNN)model across various metrics.Utilizing simulations driven by the GNN model,we identified a set of optimal intervention strategies for reducing disease burden,specifically tailored to the seven major regions:East Asia and Pacific,Europe and Central Asia,Latin America and the Caribbean,Middle East and North Africa,North America,South Asia,and Sub-Saharan Africa.Sectoral mitigation and adaptation measures,acting upon our categories of Infrastructure&Community,Ecosystem Resilience,and Health System Capacity,exhibited particularly strong performance for various regions and diseases.Seven out of twelve interventions were included in the optimal intervention package for each region,including raising low-carbon energy use,increasing energy intensity,improving livestock feed,expanding basic health care delivery coverage,enhancing health financing,addressing air pollution,and improving road infrastructure.The outcome of this study is a global decision-making tool,offering a systematic methodology for policymakers to develop targeted intervention strategies to address the increasingly severe challenge of HTDs in the context of global warming.

Global burden of enteric infections related foodborne diseases,1990-2021:findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background:Understanding the global burden of enteric infections is crucial for prioritizing control strategies for foodborne and waterborne diseases.This study aimed to assess the global burden of enteric infections in 2021 and identify risk factors from One Health aspects.Methods:Leveraging the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,the incidence,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and deaths of enteric infections and the subtypes were estimated,including diarrheal diseases,typhoid and paratyphoid fever,invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella(iNTS)infections,and other intestinal infectious diseases.The estimates were quantified by absolute number,age-standardized incidence rate(ASIR),agestandardized mortality rate(ASMR)and age-standardized DALY rate with 95%uncertainty intervals(UIs).Thirteen pathogens and three risk factors associated with diarrheal diseases were analyzed.Results:In 2021,the global age-standardized DALY rate of enteric infections was 1020.15 per 100,000 popultion(95%UI:822.70-1259.39 per 100,000 population)with an estimated annual percentage change(EAPC)of-4.11%(95%confidence interval:-4.31%to-3.90%)in 1990-2021.A larger burden was observed in regions with lower socio-demographic index(SDI)levels.Diarrheal disease was the most serious subtype with Western Sub-Saharan Africa exhibiting the highest age-standardized DALY rate(2769.81 per 100,000 population,95%UI:1976.80-3674.41 per 100,000 population).Children under 5 and adults over 65 years suffered more from diarrheal diseases with the former experiencing the highest global age-standardized DALY rate(9382.46 per 100,000 population,95%UI:6771.76-13,075.12 per 100,000 population).Rotavirus remained the leading cause of diarrheal diseases despite a cross-year decline in the observed age-standardized DALY rate.Unsafe water,sanitation,and handwashing contributed most to the disease burden.Conclusion:The reduced burden of enteric infections suggested the effectiveness of previous control strategies;however,more efforts should be made in vulnerable regions and populations through a One Health approach.

Trend Analysis of the Burden of Hypertensive Heart Disease in China from 1990 to 2021

Objective:To quantitatively analyze the burden of hypertensive heart disease(HHD)in China and provide a scientific basis for prevention and control strategies.Methods:Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database were used to assess the disease burden,deaths,years lived with disability(YLDs),and risk factors for HHD in the Chinese population from 1990 to 2021.Results:From 1990 to 2021,HHD cases in China increased from 1.5 million to 3.9 million,with an average annual growth rate of 2.83%.Prevalence rose from 127.76/100,000 to 259.00/100,000,while age-standardized prevalence decreased by 0.68%annually.HHD deaths increased from 232,478 to 320,247,with a mortality rate rise from 19.76/100,000 to 22.56/100,000,though age-standardized mortality decreased by 2.68%annually.YLDs rose from 124,386 to 301,426,with the rate increasing by 2.20%annually,while age-standardized YLDs decreased by 0.67%annually.High sodium intake and low fruit consumption were key risk factors for HHD deaths.Deaths related to low vegetable intake decreased until 2005 and then rose,while deaths from lead exposure showed a similar pattern.Conclusion:HHD cases and prevalence increased significantly,but age-standardized prevalence and mortality rates declined,reflecting the impact of an aging population and improved health interventions.The rise in YLDs highlights the long-term impact on patients’quality of life.Key risk factors included high sodium intake and low fruit consumption,emphasizing the importance of dietary improvements in HHD prevention.HHD remains a significant public health challenge in China,requiring continuous research and targeted prevention strategies.

Global burden of HIV-negative multidrug-and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis based on Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background:Tuberculosis(TB),caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis,remains the second leading cause of death from a single infectious disease globally and poses a significant economic and clinical burden in the world in 2022.Of particular concern is the emergence of drug-resistant TB,accounting for 15%-20%of TB deaths.It is imperative to delve into the global trends of incidence and death rate for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDRTB)and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis(XDR-TB),drawing upon the comprehensive Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 drug-resistant tuberculosis dataset.Methods:From the GBD 2021,data on incidence,prevalence,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and death of MDR-TB and XDR-TB from 1990 to 2021 were collected.We calculated the estimated annual percentage changes in age standardized incidence rate(ASIR)and age-standardized death rate(ASDR),segmented by age,sex,and socio-demographic index(SDI).The impacts of various risk factors on MDR-TB and XDR-TB were also analyzed.Results:In 2021,there were an estimated 443,680(95%uncertainty interval[UI]:259,196-766,545)incident cases of MDR-TB,and an estimated 106,818(95%UI:41,612-211,854)death cases of MDR-TB,while there were an estimated 24,036(95%UI:17,144-34,587)incident cases of XDR-TB and 7,946(95%UI:3,326-14,859)death cases of XDR-TB.The incidence and death cases of MDR-TB were lowest in high SDI regions,whereas the incidence rates of XDR-TB in high-middle SDI regions were higher than those in middle SDI and high SDI regions.Conclusion:This study reported the disease burden of drug-resistant TB from 1990 to 2021.Until 2021,drugresistant TB is still a serious problem in low SDI countries,especially for high-risk age populations with highrisk factors.Controlling drug-resistant TB requires effective control strategies and healthcare systems.

Trends in epidemiological characteristics and etiologies of diarrheal disease in children under five:an ecological study based on Global Burden of Disease study 2021

Background:Diarrhea remains a significant health threat to children under five years of age.The study aims to systematically elucidate the global burden of diarrhea in children,providing scientific insights for effective prevention and control strategies.Methods:The data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 study was analyzed to assess the trends in incidence,prevalence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)of diarrhea in children under five years across the globe,21 geographical region,and 204 countries and territories,stratified by age group,sex,and socio-demographic index(SDI)levels.The trend of the disease burden for childhood diarrhea from 1990 to 2021 was described and estimated using the average annual percent change(AAPC),and a Bayesian age-period-cohort(BAPC)model was employed to predict the future burden of diarrhea in children.Results:From 1990 to 2021,there was a significant decline in the global burden of diarrhea among children under five years of age.The AAPC for incidence(-4092.18,95%confidence interval[CI]:-4224.60 to-3959.76),prevalence(-70.98,95%CI:-72.67 to-69.28),mortality(-6.89,95%CI:-6.95 to-6.83),and DALYs rate(-621.79,95%CI:-627.20 to-616.38)of diarrhea in children all showed a marked downward trend.Diarrheal incidence(r=-0.782,P<0.001),prevalence(r=-0.777,P<0.001),mortality(r=-0.908,P<0.001),and DALYs rate(r=-0.904,P<0.001)were negatively correlated with the SDI.Between 2022 and 2035,the global incidence,prevalence,and mortality rates of diarrhea in children under five years are projected to continue declining.The leading causes of diarrheal mortality in children include wasting,underweight,and non-exclusive breastfeeding.Rotavirus remains the predominant pathogen associated with diarrhea-related mortality rate and DALY rate.Conclusion:Although the global burden of diarrhea in children under five has steadily declined,it remains a significant health threat.Rotavirus is the leading pathogen,highlighting the importance of expanding rotavirus vaccination.Additionally,improving nutritional status,increasing exclusive breastfeeding rates,and enhancing access to sanitation and clean drinking water are crucial measures that,when widely implemented,can effectively reduce the health risks posed by diarrhea in children.

Global,regional,and national burden of upper respiratory infections,1990–2021:findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021

Background:Upper respiratory infections(URIs)are common infectious diseases worldwide.Accurate and timely assessment of the disease burden of URIs is crucial for governments to develop comprehensive prevention and control strategies,and to allocate and utilize healthcare resources more efficiently.Methods:For URIs in Global Burden of Disease(GBD)2021 database,age-standardized incidence rates(ASIR),age-standardized prevalence rates(ASPR),age-standardized mortality rates(ASMR),disability-adjusted life-years(DALYs),and case numbers for incidence,prevalence,deaths,and DALYs across the globe,five socio-demographic index(SDI)regions,21 geographical regions,and 204 countries and territories were provided and analyzed.Trends from 1990 to 2021 were described using the average annual percentage change(AAPC),and future URIs burden was projected with a Bayesian age-period-cohort(BAPC)model.Results:From 1990 to 2021,there was a significant decline in global ASIR(APCC=-289.86,95%confidence interval[CI]:-298.59 to-281.12),ASPR(AAPC=-4.04,95%CI:-4.16 to-3.92),ASMR(AAPC=-0.02,95%CI:-0.02 to-0.03)and age-standardized DALY rate(AAPC=-0.75,95%CI:-0.76 to-0.74).The ASIR,ASPR,ASMR,and age-standardized DALY rate were high in elderly for both males and females,and both genders.Similarly,the number of incident cases,prevalence cases,deaths,and DALY cases for URIs was highest in children under five years.The ASMR and age-standardized DALY rate exhibited a negative correlation with SDI across 204 countries and territories in 2021.The ASIR and ASPR for URIs will show an upward trend from 2022 to 2050,while ASMR and age-standardized DALY rate are expected to decline.Low birth weight for gestation remains the leading contributor to deaths related to URIs.

Burden of mental disorders and risk factors in the Western Pacific region from 1990 to 2021

BACKGROUND The burden of mental disorders(MD)in the Western Pacific Region(WPR)re-mains a critical public health concern,with substantial variations across demogra-phics and countries.AIM To analyze the burden of MD in the WPR from 1990 to 2021,along with associated risk factors,to reveal changing trends and emerging challenges.METHODS We used data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021,analyzing prevalence,incidence,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)of MD from 1990 to 2021.Statistical methods included age-standardisation and uncertainty analysis to address variations in population structure and data completeness.RESULTS Between 1990 and 2021,the prevalence of MD rose from 174.40 million cases[95%uncertainty interval(UI):160.17-189.84]to 234.90 million cases(95%UI:219.04-252.50),with corresponding DALYs increasing from 22.8 million(95%UI:17.22-28.79)to 32.07 million(95%UI:24.50-40.68).During this period,the burden of MD shifted towards older age groups.Depressive and anxiety disorders were predominant,with females showing higher DALYs for depressive and anxiety disorders,and males more affected by conduct disorders,attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,and autism spectrum disorders.Australia,New Zealand,and Malaysia reported the highest burdens,whereas Vietnam,China,and Brunei Darussalam reported the lowest.Additionally,childhood sexual abuse and bullying,and intimate partner violence emerged as significant risk factors.CONCLUSION This study highlights the significant burden of MD in the WPR,with variations by age,gender,and nation.The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has exacerbated the situation,emphasizing the need for a coordinated response.

Epidemiological characteristics and disease burden of infectious mononucleosis in hospitalized children in China:A nationwide retrospective study

Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)is very common,with the infection rate in adults over 90%worldwide.Infectious mononucleosis(IM)is caused by primary infection with EBV.Most IM patients are generally considered to have a favorable prognosis,but a few patients will also develop complications.Children with severe symptoms will require hospitalization.However,the disease burden of children hospitalized with IM in China has been rarely described.In this study,we included the Face sheets of discharge medical records from 27 member children's hospitals of Futang Research Center of Pediatric Development from Jan 1st,2016 to Dec 31st,2020,and medical information such as gender,age,region,time of admission,length of stay and expenditure were extracted.There were 24,120 IM cases,which accounted for 0.42%(24,120/5,693,262)of all hospitalized cases during this period.The ratio of male to female was 1.48:1.Hospitalization for IM in the 4-6 years age group was the highest among inpatients of all age groups.Case numbers increased year by year between 2016 and 2020,and the monthly hospitalization was generally high from Jul to Sep but reduced from Jan to Feb per year.Bronchitis/pneumonia and hepatic dysfunction were two common complications in hospitalized IM patients.The median length of stay was 8 days,and the median cost of hospitalization was 970.59 US dollars.This study will help understand the epidemiological characteristics and disease burden of hospitalized children with IM in China.

Clinical epidemiology and disease burden of bronchiolitis in hospitalized children in China:a national cross-sectional study

Background Bronchiolitis is a common acute lower respiratory tract infection(ALRTI)and the most frequent cause of hospitalization of infants and young children with ALRTI.Respiratory syncytial virus is the main pathogen that leads to severe bronchiolitis.The disease burden is relatively high.To date,few descriptions of the clinical epidemiology and disease burden of children hospitalized for bronchiolitis are available.This study reports the general clinical epidemiological characteristics and disease burden of bronchiolitis in hospitalized children in China.Methods This study included the face sheet of discharge medical records collected from 27 tertiary children’s hospitals from January 2016 to December 2020 that were aggregated into the FUTang Update medical REcords(FUTURE)database.The sociodemographic variables,length of stay(LOS)and disease burden of children with bronchiolitis were analyzed and compared using appropriate statistical tests.Results In total,42,928 children aged 0–3 years were hospitalized due to bronchiolitis from January 2016 to December 2020,accounting for 1.5%of the total number of hospitalized children of the same age in the database during the period and 5.31%of the hospitalizations for ALRTI.The male to female ratio was 2.01:1.Meanwhile,more boys than girls were observed in different regions,age groups,years,and residences.The 1–2 year age group had the greatest number of hospitalizations for bronchiolitis,while the 29 days–6 months group had the largest proportion of the total inpatients and inpatients with ALRTI in the same age group.In terms of region,the hospitalization rate of bronchiolitis was the highest in East China.Overall,the number of hospitalizations from 2017 to 2020 showed a decreasing trend from that in 2016.Seasonally,the peak hospitalizations for bronchiolitis occurred in winter.Hospitalization rates in North China in autumn and winter were higher than those in South China,while hospitalization rates in South China were higher in spring and summer.Approximately,half of the patients with bronchiolitis had no complications.Among the complications,myocardial injury,abnormal liver function and diarrhea were more common.The median LOS was 6 days[interquartile range(IQR)=5–8],and the median hospitalization cost was 758 United States dollars(IQR=601.96–1029.53).Conclusions Bronchiolitis is a common respiratory disease in infants and young children in China,and it accounts for a higher proportion of both total hospitalizations and hospitalizations due to ALRTI in children.Among them,children aged 29 days–2 years are the main hospitalized population,and the hospitalization rate of boys is significantly higher than that of girls.The peak season for bronchiolitis is winter.Bronchiolitis causes few complications and has a low mortality rate,but the burden of this disease is heavy.

Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Attributable to High Temperature in 204 Countries and Territories from 1990 to 2019

Objective This study aimed to estimate spatiotemporal variations of global heat-related cardiovascular disease(CVD)burden from 1990 to 2019.Methods Data on the burden of heat-related CVD were derived from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.Deaths and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs)were used to quantify heat-induced CVD burden.We calculated the age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR)and DALY rate(ASDR)per 100,000population to compare this burden across regions.Generalized linear models were applied to evaluate estimated annual percentage changes(EAPC)for temporal trends from 1990 to 2019.The correlation between the socio-demographic index(SDI)and age-standardized rate was measured using the Spearman rank test.Results Heat-induced CVD caused approximately 90 thousand deaths worldwide in 2019.Global ASMR and ASDR of heat-related CVD in 2019 were 1.17[95%confidence interval(CI):0.13-1.98]and 25.59(95%CI:2.07-44.17)per 100,000 population,respectively.The burden was significantly increased in middle and low-SDI regions and slightly decreased in high-SDI regions from 1990 to 2019.ASMR showed an upward trend,with the most considerable increase in low-latitude countries.We observed a negative correlation between SDI and EAPC in ASMR(rs=-0.57,P<0.01)and ASDR(rs=-0.59,P<0.01)among204 countries.Conclusion Heat-attributable CVD burden substantially increased in most developing countries and tropical regions.

Changes on Stroke Burden Attributable to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter in China

Objective In recent decades,China has implemented a series of policies to address air pollution.We aimed to assess the health effects of these policies on stroke burden attributable to ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)).Methods Joinpoint regression was applied to explore the temporal tendency of stroke burden based on data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study.Results The age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life year(DALY)for stroke attributable to ambient PM2.5 in China,increased dramatically during 1990-2012,subsequently decreased at an annual percentage change(APC)of-1.98[95% confidence interval(CI):-2.26,-1.71]during 2012-2019.For ischemic stroke(IS),the age-standardized DALY rates doubled from 1990 to 2014,and decreased at an APC of-0.83(95%CI:-1.33,-0.33)during 2014-2019.Intracerebral hemorrhage(ICH)showed a substantial increase in age-standardized DALY rates from 1990 to 2003,followed by declining trends,with APCs of-1.46(95%CI:-2.74,-0.16)during 2003-2007 and-3.33(95%CI:-3.61,-3.06)during 2011-2019,respectively.Conversely,the age-standardized DALY rates for subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH)generally declined during 1990-2019.Conclusion Our results clarified the dynamic changes of the ambient PM_(2.5)-attributable stroke burden in China during 1990-2019,highlighting the health effects of air quality improvement policies.