Effects of Rice-duck Mutualism on Diseases Insect Pests and Weeds and Economic Benefits

[Objective] Study on the effects of rice-duck mutualism on weeds and insects pests and economic benefits of paddy field. [Method] Comparison of the incidence of weeds, sheath blight and insects pest under rice-duck mutualism, conventional cultivation and control treatment, the yield and economic benefits were analyzed under the 3 treatments. [Result] Average occurrence of weeds in rice-duck mutualism group decreased by 2.33 and 52.0g ind/m^2 compared with that in conventional cultivation and control treatment ; the control rate of mutualism was up to 75% against rice hopper, but just between 25% -60% against rice leaf roller and Chilo suppressalis. The rates of diseased plant and diseased bell against rice sheath blight were higher and disease indices were lower compared with control group. The yield of mutualism group was identical with conventional cultivation, Which was greatly higher than that of control group. The results suggested an higher economic benefits and lower cost benefit ratio for rice-duck mutualism treatment. [Conclusion] Rice-duck mutualism gives birth to a positive effect to control the diseases, insect pests and weeds, as well as to economic benefits, providing basis on extension of rice-duck mutualism system.

Effects of Paddy Field Rotation on Diseases,Pests and Weeds of Rice

[ Objective] The paper was to explore ecological effect of paddy field rotation on reducing disease, pests and weeds of rice. [ Method] With long-term continuous cropping rice as control, according to field location experiments for consecutive 14 years, the effects of paddy field rotation on diseases, pests and weeds of rice were studied in details. [ Result] Paddy field rotation in some extent could reduce diseases, pests and weeds of rice. The diseased plant rate and disease in- dex of rice sheath blight in early rice under paddy field rotation treatment were averagely 10% and 0.4% lower than those in continuous cropping treatment, respec- tively. The diseased plant rate and disease index of rice sheath blight in late rice were 17.7% and 13.3% lower than those in treatments with continuous cropping mode, respectively. The diseased plant rate and disease index of rice false smut in both early rice and late rice under rotation treatments were lower than those in treatments with continuous cropping mode. White leaf rate caused by rice leaf roller and dry heart rate caused by striped rice borer under rotation treatments were significantly lower than those under continuous cropping treatment. The growth status of weeds under rotation treatments was weaker than that under continuous cropping treatment. [ Conclusion] The paper has important significance on alleviating diseases, pests and weeds of rice and improvement of ecological environment of farmland, and provides theoretical basis for sustainable development of agriculture.

Preliminary Report on Species and Occurrence Regularity of Diseases,Pests and Weeds of Corn in Angola

[ Objective] The paper was to understand species of diseases, pests and weeds and their occurrence periods and dynamic changes of quantity during corn growing period in rainy and dry seasons in Angola. [ Method] Using systematic investigation method, the species and occurrence regularity of diseases, pests and weeds of corn in Pedras Negras farm （ Malanje）, Sanza Pombo farm （Uige） and Catete farm （Luanda） in the Mrican continent, the Republic of Angola, were studied in two dry seasons and a rainy season from 2011 to 2012. [ Result] The occurrence status of pests and diseases of corn during dry and rainy seasons were basically similar, and only individual diseases and pests had different incidence degrees. The corn varieties from the United States and Brazil had prominent advan- tages in resistance to diseases and barren. Due to different climate environments in dry and rainy seasons, the unearthed rate of weeds in fields was also different. Soil moisture had great impact on weed population and density. Soil layer depth greatly influenced unearthed speed and unearthed rate of weeds. [ Conclusion ] The study cleared species, occurrence period and harmful levels of pests, diseases and weeds of corn in three provinces of Angola.

Occurrence, Damage and Control Strategies of Major Pests, Diseases and Weeds in Sugarcane Areas of Lincang Nanhua Sugar Industry Co., Ltd.

The pests, diseases and weeds in sugarcane areas of Lincang Nanhua Sugar Industry Co.,Ltd. were investigated at seedling stage, growth stage and maturity stage of sugarcane from 2012 to 2016. The occurrence and damage of diseases, pests and weeds were analyzed, and the problems in prevention and control were discussed based on the local conditions of sugarcane production. The species, occurrence and damage characteristics of diseases, pests and weeds were ascertained, and the corresponding strategies and technical measures were proposed.

Technical Points of Green Prevention and Control Technology of Major Diseases and Pests in Lixian Rhubarb(Rheum palmatum L.)

Based on different types of diseases,pests and weeds in the whole growth period of rhubarb(sowing period-harvesting period),the corresponding green prevention and control technology is proposed,aiming to further reduce the application amount of pesticides and fertilizers in the production of medicinal sources of Lixian rhubarb during the"14 th Five-Year Plan"period.The results will provide a theoretical basis for increasing the promotion and application of agricultural prevention and control(including disease-resistant varieties,ecological regulation),physical prevention and control,biological prevention and control measures,thus ensuring effective protection of the ecological environment,green,healthy and sustainable development of traditional Chinese medicine agriculture in Longnan,and source quality of authentic medicinal materials.

Effects of Six Cultivation Patterns on Occurrence of Major Diseases and Pests and Yield of Rice

The occurrence rules of major diseases and pests in rice were investigated under six cultivation patterns, i.e., mechanical plowing-artificial transplanting, mechanical plowing-mechanical transplanting, mechanical plowing-scattered transplanting,cattle plowing-artificial transplanting, cattle plowing-mechanical transplanting and cattle plowing-scattered transplanting. The results showed that the six cultivation patterns showed small effects on the occurrence of rice sheath blight, second-generation rice planthopper, rice stem borer and rice false smut, but showed great effects on the occurrence of rice leaf folder, third-and fourth-generation rice planthopper and weeds; there were certain differences in the rice yield among different cultivation patterns, and the rice yield under the pattern of mechanical plowing-mechanical transplanting ranked first, while that under the pattern of cattle plowing-scattered transplanting ranked last.

云南曲靖和蒙自万寿菊主栽区有害生物调查与分析

近年来,我国万寿菊单一种植规模不断扩大,有害生物的发生越发严重,影响万寿菊产量与品质,造成较大的经济损失。关于万寿菊有害生物调查,前人报道多集中于吉林、海南、黑龙江、贵州、甘肃、山西等地,对云南万寿菊主产区的有害生物缺乏系统调查。因此,本次研究在全国最大的万寿菊种植区和近两年来万寿菊叶黄素含量最高的种植区,即曲靖市沾益区和蒙自市冷泉镇进行有害生物系统调查,发现曲靖地区万寿菊主要病害有褐斑病和枯萎病;主要害虫包括美洲斑潜蝇、斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫等10种;主要杂草有粗毛牛膝菊、鬼针草、马唐、千针苋等19种。蒙自地区万寿菊主要病害有褐斑病和炭疽病;主要害虫包括美洲斑潜蝇、四斑长跗萤叶甲、棉铃虫等9种;主要杂草有粗毛牛膝菊、马唐、尼泊尔蓼、细柄野荞麦等13种。

河南省小麦病虫草害用药现状调查及管理建议

本文通过对河南小麦病虫草害发生情况和农药使用情况进行调查,分析了河南小麦农药使用现状,针对小麦用药及管理中存在的问题提出了部分意见建议。

稻-龟-鳖-鱼综合种养模式对稻田病虫草害和水稻产量、品质的影响

设置稻-龟-鳖-鱼综合种养(DGBY)、稻-龟-鱼综合种养(DGY)、水稻单作(DCK)及水稻生态空白种植(DCK0)4个处理,研究不同综合种养模式对稻田病虫草害的防治效果及对水稻产量和品质的影响,以期促进稻渔综合种养生产力的提质增效。结果表明,与DCK0处理相比,DGBY和DGY处理对水稻纹枯病、稻瘟病和稻曲病均有防治效果,其中对纹枯病的防效最好,但防效较DCK处理极显著降低,分别为15.36%和13.19%;DGBY和DGY处理对第5代稻飞虱的防治效果较好,虫量较DCK0处理分别降低56.79%和48.85%,较DCK处理分别降低32.29%和16.95%,对第3代二化螟幼虫的防效次之,虫量较DCK0处理降低39.29%和33.93%,比DCK处理降低15.00%和7.50%。动物放养后50 d,DGBY处理对杂草密度、干质量的防效分别为38.38%、40.15%,DGY处理分别为32.99、35.39%,均与DCK处理无显著差异。除了DCK处理水稻实际产量显著高于DCK0处理外,其他处理间无显著差异。DGBY和DGY处理精米率均较DCK0处理极显著提高,垩白粒率和垩白度均较DCK处理降低,具有改善稻米品质的作用。综上,稻-龟-鳖-鱼、稻-龟-鱼综合种养模式均能在一定程度上减少病虫草的危害,达到稳产增质,减少化肥、农药使用量的目的。

2023年邹城市春花生植保贡献率的测算评估

为了客观反映植保工作在花生生产中对病虫草害的控制效果,评价植保工作在花生生产中的作用,2023年选取全国花生绿色防控示范县邹城为测试点,开展花生重大病虫害植保贡献率的评价。试验设严格综防区、农户自防区和空白对照区,通过试验示范区的防控效果、花生产量、投入成本三个指标进行综合评估。结果表明:2023年邹城市试验区花生病虫草害的防控植保贡献率为33.1%,严格综防区较农户自防区增收11642.85元/hm^(2),表明农户自防区还有很大的增收空间。本项工作通过科学防控可实现增产增效目的,为其他地区春花生植保贡献率的评估提供了技术参考。

凤阳县玉米高产栽培及病虫草害防治

针对凤阳县玉米栽培及病虫草害防治等方面存在的问题,从选种、播种、施肥、田间管理及病虫草害防治等方面介绍该地区的玉米栽培技术,为帮助种植户提高玉米品质和产量、增加农民收益提供参考,以期进一步推动凤阳玉米产业发展。

湖南省大豆玉米带状复合种植模式及病虫草害综合防控技术

大豆作为我国重要的粮油兼用作物,在国家粮食安全中占有重要地位。但是,我国大豆种植面积有限,单作产量较低,常年依赖进口。因此,我国提出了大豆玉米带状复合种植模式。近年来,湖南省大力发展大豆玉米带状复合种植,围绕种植技术的田间试验、集成应用和示范推广开展了深入研究。本文从品种选择、行比配置、播种、田间管理、收获等方面总结了湖南省大豆玉米带状复合种植技术,并总结了病虫草害综合防控技术,分析了种植技术环节存在的问题,以期为该种植模式的推广应用提供参考。

小麦病虫草害综合防控及减药增效技术示范

通过推广小麦抗性品种、药剂拌种、适期适量播种、精选高效药剂等综合防控措施,对小麦病虫草害进行全程综合防控,研究病虫草防控效果、农药减量增效成果及小麦增产情况。结果表明:小麦病虫草全程综合防控区赤霉病、叶锈病、穗蚜、杂草防效及小麦产量等均高于群众自防区,全程综合防控区农药用量减少29.13%,用药成本降低22.14%,增加的纯收益是群众自防区的2.37倍,减药增效成果显著,且全程综合防控区小麦生长好,籽粒饱满,品质良好。

水稻秸秆全量还田对小麦生产的影响及应对策略

为落实保护生态环境的政策,农业生产中产生的秸秆已全面禁止露天焚烧。秸秆综合利用的一个主要方式是全量还田,由此引起土壤环境、耕种方式、播种要求、病虫草发生特点等方面都发生了明显的变化,对小麦的生产产生了不利的影响。为了消除秸秆全量还田对小麦种植的影响,提出了相应的调整策略,以保证小麦生产的高产和稳产。

稻田生态系统多个物种共存对病虫草害的控制

建立多个物种共存的农作模式、利用物种多样性控制有害生物是农业可持续发展的重要途径.本文综述了国内外稻田物种多样性利用模式的研究进展,论述了稻田多个物种共存对水稻病、虫、草的控制效果及作用机理.稻田系统多个物种共存模式如稻田养鱼模式、稻田养鸭模式、稻-萍-鱼或稻-萍-鸭模式等,对水稻纹枯病、稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟和杂草有显著的控制作用;稻田系统多个物种共存的另一类模式如水稻品种多样性混合种植、稻-茭白间作和稻-湿生作物间作等,可明显降低稻瘟病等病害的发生与流行.稻田多个物种共存模式对病虫草控制的效果和机理研究仍需要从作物、分子生物学和化学生态等方面做进一步的研究探讨.

数字图像处理技术在农作物病虫草识别中的应用

综述了近年来国内外在农作物病虫草识别中应用的主要图像处理方法,包括颜色空间区分法、纹理特征分析法、形态特征分析法、小波分析法、多种参数结合分析法以及特殊图像的分析法,概述了各种方法的原理,比较了各种处理方法的优缺点,并对相关的模式识别方法做了简要概括,最后指出目前研究存在的问题及今后的研究方向。

稻区杂草上的梨孢菌与稻瘟病发生的关系

从水稻和稻田周围常见的１０种杂草上来集梨孢属菌株，以涂沫法作交互接种，分离自牛筋草、狗尾草、法氏狗尾草、李氏禾、罗氏草、铺地黍、稗和马唐的梨孢菌与分离自水稻的梨孢菌可以交叉侵染其寄主，茭白和碎米莎草梨孢菌与稻梨孢菌不能交互侵染；自然诱发条件下来自牛筋草和狗尾草的梨孢菌与来自水稻的梨孢菌对其寄主同样发生交叉侵染。直接从杂草寄主上分离的梨孢菌株对水稻的致病性较弱，接种到水稻感病品种发病后再分离的菌株，对水稻致病性增强，对原寄主的致病性基本保持不变。推断稻瘟病区稻田周围牛筋草、狗尾草、法氏狗尾草、李氏禾、罗氏草、铺地黍、稗和马唐等杂草寄主上的梨孢菌在稻瘟病菌的积累和传播方面具有作用。

水稻与水芹间作栽培对水稻病虫草害和产量的影响

通过田间对比试验,研究了水稻(Oryza sativa)常规单作栽培(CR)、水芹(Oenanthe javanica)常规单作栽培(CO)、水稻与水芹常规间作栽培(CRO)和水稻与水芹有机间作栽培(ORO)4种处理对水稻病虫草害和水稻产量的影响效应。结果表明,两种间作栽培处理水稻主要病虫草害均显著低于CR处理;在水稻分蘖初期,CRO和ORO处理叶瘟病病丛率分别比CR处理降低45.12%和47.58%;在水稻分蘖末期,CRO和ORO处理叶瘟病病叶率分别比CR处理降低41.38%和6.80%。在水稻孕穗期和成熟期,CRO和ORO处理稻飞虱数量分别比CR处理减少69.77%、44.39%和82.80%、78.08%。在稻田杂草防控方面,CRO和ORO处理杂草密度较CR处理分别降低48.36%和39.34%。CRO和ORO处理的土地当量比分别为1.11和1.33,较CR处理分别增产11.31%和33.11%。认为水稻与水芹间作栽培模式能有效控制水稻病虫草害的发生,并能起到良好的增产效果,其中水稻与水芹有机间作栽培的综合效益更为明显。

稻鸭共作对稻田主要病、虫、草的生态控制效应

通过鸭子在稻田食物链的增加,研究了稻鸭共作对稻田生态系统主要病、虫、草发生规律的影响。结果表明,稻鸭共作对杂草的防除效应达到96.1%,降低了稻田杂草的发生种类,Pielou均匀度指数显著提高;稻鸭共作对稻飞虱具有明显的生物控制效应,综合防效达到65.49%;稻鸭共作因鸭子对蜘蛛的捕食,虽然降低了稻田蜘蛛的数量,但由于稻飞虱数量明显减少,因此显著提高了稻田蜘蛛与稻飞虱的比例;鸭子对稻纵卷叶螟和二化螟有一定的控制效应,但控制能力随着水稻株高的增加而逐渐下降;稻鸭共作虽不能因鸭子的活动而控制纹枯病的发生,但能减轻纹枯病的发病程度;稻鸭共作对稻瘟病也有明显的抑制作用,综合防效达到57.02%。此外,还探讨了稻鸭共作对稻田病、虫、草的生态控制机制。

全程机械化生产对双季稻病虫草发生及产量的影响

为探索不同翻耕栽植方式对双季稻病虫草发生和产量的影响，对旋耕．机插、旋耕＋牛耕．机插、牛耕一机插、旋耕．手插等4种翻耕栽植方式进行了比较试验。结果表明，未施药区4种翻耕栽植方式早稻主要病虫草为纹枯病（Rhizoctoniasolani）、稻纵卷叶螟（Cnaphalocrocismedinalis）、鸭舌草（Monochoriavaginalis）和稗草（Echinochloacrusgalli），晚稻主要病虫草为纹枯病、稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱（Sogatellafurcifera，Nilaparvatalugens）、鸭舌草和稗草。在肥水管理相同的条件下，早、晚稻纹枯病病情指数孕穗期分别为8．25～13.31和17．60-23．10，乳熟期分别达13．75-20．90和20．02-23．76，其中旋耕一手插方式重于旋耕．机插方式，牛耕一机插方式重于旋耕．机插方式。早稻二代稻纵卷叶螟发生较重，卷叶率为15．03％～16．67％；晚稻四代和五代稻纵卷叶螟发生较重，卷叶率分别为29．67％33．48％和60．09％～65．45％，4种翻耕栽植方式早、晚稻稻纵卷叶螟发生量差异不显著。晚稻稻飞虱前期虫口密度偏低，齐穗期为425-550头／百丛，至乳熟期达1200-1600头／百丛，其中以旋耕．手插处理虫口密度最高，旋耕．机插虫口密度最低。早稻稻田杂草有鸭舌草、稗草、矮慈姑、千金子、水竹叶等，均以鸭舌草和稗草为优势种群，分别占总草的68．00％和29．70％；晚稻稻田杂草有鸭舌草、稗草、节节菜、千金子、香附子、空心莲子草等，均以鸭舌草和稗草为优势种群，分别占总草的69．60％和17．40％。早、晚稻以牛耕．机插处理杂草发生量最大，其次分别为旋耕＋牛耕．机插和旋耕．机插处理，旋耕．手插处理杂草发生量最小。测产对比方差分析表明，4个种翻耕栽植方式产量差异不显著。在病虫草发生初期，选用适当的农药可有效控制不同翻耕栽植方式病虫草发生，早、晚稻平均增产10．00％和7．88％。该研究为双季稻区水稻全程机械化生产病虫草防治技术的推广提供参考。