Vision-based multi-level synthetical evaluation of seismic damage for RC structural components: a multi-task learning approach

Recent studies for computer vision and deep learning-based,post-earthquake inspections on RC structures mainly perform well for specific tasks,while the trained models must be fine-tuned and re-trained when facing new tasks and datasets,which is inevitably time-consuming.This study proposes a multi-task learning approach that simultaneously accomplishes the semantic segmentation of seven-type structural components,three-type seismic damage,and four-type deterioration states.The proposed method contains a CNN-based encoder-decoder backbone subnetwork with skip-connection modules and a multi-head,task-specific recognition subnetwork.The backbone subnetwork is designed to extract multi-level features of post-earthquake RC structures.The multi-head,task-specific recognition subnetwork consists of three individual self-attention pipelines,each of which utilizes extracted multi-level features from the backbone network as a mutual guidance for the individual segmentation task.A synthetical loss function is designed with real-time adaptive coefficients to balance multi-task losses and focus on the most unstably fluctuating one.Ablation experiments and comparative studies are further conducted to demonstrate their effectiveness and necessity.The results show that the proposed method can simultaneously recognize different structural components,seismic damage,and deterioration states,and that the overall performance of the three-task learning models gains general improvement when compared to all single-task and dual-task models.

Improving autoencoder-based unsupervised damage detection in uncontrolled structural health monitoring under noisy conditions

Structural health monitoring is widely utilized in outdoor environments,especially under harsh conditions,which can introduce noise into the monitoring system.Therefore,designing an effective denoising strategy to enhance the performance of guided wave damage detection in noisy environments is crucial.This paper introduces a local temporal principal component analysis(PCA)reconstruction approach for denoising guided waves prior to implementing unsupervised damage detection,achieved through novel autoencoder-based reconstruction.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed denoising method significantly enhances damage detection performance when guided waves are contaminated by noise,with SNR values ranging from 10 to-5 dB.Following the implementation of the proposed denoising approach,the AUC score can elevate from 0.65 to 0.96 when dealing with guided waves corrputed by noise at a level of-5 dB.Additionally,the paper provides guidance on selecting the appropriate number of components used in the denoising PCA reconstruction,aiding in the optimization of the damage detection in noisy conditions.

Numerical simulation study on monoblock casting process of ultra-slender structural components and experimental validation

Substrate, a typical ultra-slender aluminum alloy structural components with a large aspect ratio and complex internal structure, was traditionally manufactured by re-assembly and sub-welding. In order to realize the monoblock casting of the substrate, the Pro/E software was utilized to carry out three-dimensional(3D) modeling of the substrate casting, and the filling and solidification processes were calculated, as well as the location and types of casting defects were predicted by the casting simulation software Anycasting. Results of the filling process simulation show that the metal liquid is distributed into each gap runner evenly and smoothly. There is no serious vortex phenomenon in the mold cavity, and the trajectory of the virtual particles is clear. Results of the solidification process simulation show that shrinkage cavities mainly appear at the junction of gap runners and the rail surface of the substrate. The average deformation is 0.6 mm in X direction, 3.8 mm in Y direction, and 8.2 mm in Z direction. Based on the simulation results, the casting process of the substrate was optimized, and qualified castings were successfully produced, which will provide a reference for the casting process design of other ultraslender aluminum alloy structural components.

Thermoelastic Structural Topology Optimization Based on Moving Morphable Components Framework

This study investigates structural topology optimization of thermoelastic structures considering two kinds of objectives ofminimumstructural compliance and elastic strain energy with a specified available volume constraint.To explicitly express the configuration evolution in the structural topology optimization under combination of mechanical and thermal load conditions,the moving morphable components(MMC)framework is adopted.Based on the characteristics of the MMC framework,the number of design variables can be reduced substantially.Corresponding optimization formulation in the MMC topology optimization framework and numerical solution procedures are developed for several numerical examples.Different optimization results are obtained with structural compliance and elastic strain energy as objectives,respectively,for thermoelastic problems.The effectiveness of the proposed optimization formulation is validated by the numerical examples.It is revealed that for the optimization design of the thermoelastic structural strength,the objective function with the minimum structural strain energy can achieve a better performance than that from structural compliance design.

Physicochemical and structural characteristics of the Venn components of wheat gliadin

The aim of this study was to analyze the physicochemical and structural characteristics of the Venn components of wheat gliadin to provide theoretical basis of gliadin for processing in dough and Chinese steamed bread. Eight Venn components, Gli-8, Gli-9, Gli-10, Gli-11, Gli-12, Gli-13, Gli-14, and Gli-15, were extracted from wheat gliadin based on their solubility. The results of physicochemical characteristics showed that the differences in the contents, TDS,electrical conductivity, particle size and zeta potential of Venn components were significant, respectively. The content of Gli-15 in gliadin was the highest, and the content of Gli-9 was the lowest. The TDS value of Gli-9 was the highest(336.0), and the TDS value of Gli-15 was the lowest(52.0). The electrical conductivity of Gli-9 was the highest,which was 7.54 times the lowest value of Gli-11. The zeta potential of Gli-9 was -25.2 mV, and the zeta potential of the Gli-15 was -7.64 mV. However, the difference in the p H values was not significant. The results of UV spectrum and FTIR analysis showed that the secondary structures of the Venn components had significant differences. The results of the XRD patterns indicated that the Venn components might not be a single substance. The results of CLSM images implied that the molecular interactions among the components were varied. Hence, the results could provide research materials and basic data for deep processing and utilization of gliadin.

中高压直流断路器的研究与应用

多端直流系统及直流电网是未来柔性直流输配电系统的发展方向,其安全可靠稳定运行需要有直流断路器作为保障。虽然国内外研究人员提出了各种直流断路器技术方案,但目前市场上能够满足实际工程应用的直流断路器产品仍十分缺乏。该文对直流断路器的研究工作进行了梳理。首先,分析了不同技术方案采取的换流方式及性能,并介绍了直流断路器中的核心组件及其驱动保护。其次,对各类型的直流断路器拓扑结构进行了总结,并归纳出改进优化的方向。最后,对直流断路器研制的关键技术与未来的发展趋势进行了讨论和总结,为中高压直流断路器研制与应用提供参考。

考虑填充墙的RC框架结构性能指标限值确定方法

填充墙钢筋混凝土(RC)框架结构是我国应用最为广泛的结构形式之一,而我国规范中给出的此类结构性能指标限值并未充分考虑填充墙对整体结构破坏状态的影响。遵循我国规范中对结构破坏状态的定义原则,提出基于构件破坏率的填充墙RC框架结构性能指标限值确定方法,为此类结构破坏状态与工程需求参数对应关系的研究提供新的思路。以典型结构为例建立数值分析模型,采用该文方法计算考虑填充墙的RC框架结构性能指标限值,并与不考虑填充墙的“纯框架”限值进行了对比分析。相较于“纯框架指标”,该文指标完好、轻微破坏、中等破坏和严重破坏四个破坏状态的层间位移角上限值均更小,其中,完好状态的上限值为1/832,远小于规范中规定的弹性层间位移角限值1/550,说明判定填充墙RC框架结构的破坏状态时,直接应用规范限值会低估结构的破坏程度。

泥石流频发区不同土地利用类型下土壤分形维数与理化性质的关联度

为综合评价泥石流频发区不同土地利用类型下土壤的结构稳定性,本研究以蒋家沟为例,选取耕地、草地、林地为研究对象,裸地作为参照,基于分形理论分析了不同土地利用类型下土壤的分形特征,利用主成分分析方法,分析了影响土壤结构稳定性的主要影响因子,同时利用关联耦合度方法构建了土壤分形维数与理化性质间的耦合模型。结果表明,不同土地利用类型下土壤的分形维数介于2.71~2.75,0.5~2 mm土壤颗粒含量决定了不同土地利用类型下土壤的分形维数;土壤颗粒的分形维数与土壤碱解氮、容重、有机质含量显著相关,两者之间属于中等关联,土壤理化性质对分形维数的影响大小依次为容重>碱解氮>有机质;分形维数与理化指标的系统耦合度属于弱协调,未达到最佳状态;不同土地利用类型的系统耦合协调程度按大小排序为林地>草地>耕地>裸地。研究结果表明,增加植被覆盖和减少人为扰动有利于稳定的土壤结构形成。研究结论可以为流域植被恢复及土壤结构特征描述提供一定的理论依据。

考虑结构空间约束的现浇楼盖梁跨中受弯性能试验

为研究结构空间约束导致现浇钢筋混凝土楼盖梁跨中受弯承载力超强的机制,以楼盖梁在结构中的空间位置和配筋率为变量,设计12根上部架立筋不伸入支座的楼盖梁试件并开展跨中受弯静力试验,并基于建立经典混凝土理论的试验方法进行了4根简支梁对比试验。对梁试件破坏形态、承载力、变形能力、轴向伸长进行研究,结果表明:楼盖梁试件承载力与按受弯构件计算承载力之比为1.57~2.77,与相应矩形简支梁试件和T形简支梁试件承载力相比均有较大提高,超强程度与配筋率成反比;与简支梁试件相比,楼盖梁试件跨中截面破坏形态未因轴压力而发生显著改变,但楼盖梁试件延性降低;楼盖梁试件轴向伸长随挠度的增大而增大。将楼盖梁视为压弯构件,提出根据楼盖梁试验峰值荷载确定相应轴力和弯矩的方法。计算结果表明,楼盖梁试件跨中截面压弯状态弯矩与受弯状态弯矩的比值为1.28~2.19。楼盖梁试件有限元数值模拟结果表明,随着楼盖梁截面包含的楼板范围增大,轴力沿梁跨分布趋于均匀。

程序调试中的数据结构演变可视化方法

数据结构是程序执行时的重要信息载体,其演变过程往往较为复杂和抽象。针对程序设计初学者较难理解数据结构演变过程的问题,提出一种面向程序调试中的数据结构演变可视化方法。在调试开始时,首先使用组件表达式表示数据结构,然后通过配置表以及布局函数将组件表达式生成可视化视图。在进行单步调试后,通过对比单步调试前后的可视化数据方式生成组件演变行为,运用有限状态机理论构建数据结构演变模型,该模型的执行使得组件发生演变,同时生成可视化动作。使用动画单元执行可视化动作,实现数据结构演变的可视化呈现,帮助初学者理解数据结构相关程序的执行过程。实验结果表明,将该方法应用于1个数据结构演变可视化框架StructV,并应用于1个在线可视化编程实训云平台的研发,可有效降低初学者理解数据结构演变过程的难度,并提升编程实训时的程序调试效率。

明清家具一腿三牙结构部件类型与匠意研究

通过书籍、博物馆、拍卖会等渠道收集统计了52例具有一腿三牙结构部件的明清家具,根据一腿三牙结构部件中角牙的造型,将一腿三牙结构部件分为A类型、B类型和C类型。分类的目的是为了更好地探讨构件与构件之间的关系,分析出不同类型构造规律、构造原理以及蕴含的匠意。经探究得出,一腿三牙部件在家具中的构造原理为受力解力、加固稳定以及家具顺纹而做遵循木材的物理力学性能。此外,总结了一腿三牙结构部件所蕴含的美学内涵、线脚艺术以及其中的榫卯结构。研究结果有助于深化对一腿三牙部件的认识,同时为研究明清家具中的结构部件提供新思路。

一种波段聚类和多尺度结构特征融合的高光谱图像分类模型

高光谱图像包含丰富的地物信息,在农业、工业和军事等领域应用广泛。因此,高光谱图像的识别与分类是一项重要的研究课题。然而,高光谱图像存在光谱维度高、噪声大、标记样本有限等问题,并未取得很好的分类效果。针对以上问题,提出一种波段聚类和多尺度结构特征融合的高光谱图像分类模型(ASPS-MRTV)。该方法主要包括以下几个步骤,首先,对高光谱数据进行归一化处理,将归一化后的三维图像按光谱维等分为n个子空间;其次,采用粗细划分策略构造自适应子空间光谱特征提取框架,将每个空间波段拉伸为一维向量后用信息散度构造波段的相似性矩阵,按照聚类的思想对n个子空间进行自适应;然后,将每个自适应子空间的光谱波段平均值进行叠加,形成光谱特征;最后,对所得到的光谱特征数据利用多尺度相对全变分技术提取结构特征。为了增强样本的线性可分性,在数据堆叠之后进行核主成分分析,最终形成空谱特征。对比实验中统一使用惩罚参数C和核参数σ都为24.5的SVM进行分类。经测试,ASPS-MRTV网络模型在Indian Pines、 University of Pavia两个数据集上分别以5%, 1%的训练样本达到了97.06%、 98.98%的总体分类精度。实验结果表明,该模型与SVM、 ASPS(ED)、 ASPS(ID)、 ASPS-LBP、 ASPS-GlCM、 ASPS-BF模型相比,在分类性能和计算效率方面都取得了更优的效果,有效提高小样本下高光谱图像的分类精度。

柠檬草乙醇提取物的化学成分研究

通过重结晶、硅胶柱层析、反相柱色谱、制备薄层色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、高效液相色谱等方法对柠檬草乙醇提取物的化学成分进行了分离纯化,并通过^(1)HNMR、^(13)CNMR对其结构进行了鉴定。结果表明,从柠檬草乙醇提取物中分离得到8个化合物,分别鉴定为β-谷甾醇(1)、齐墩果酸(2)、乌苏醇(3)、山奈酚(4)、白桦脂酸(5)、坡塻酸(6)、4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基反式肉桂酸(7)、4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基顺式肉桂酸(8)。

制浆造纸电磁感应加热压光机结构设计研究

压光整饰是制浆造纸过程中的重要工序,压光机作为制浆造纸工业中必不可少的纸张表面压光加工装置,其压光效果直接影响纸张的质量、应用和性能。对此,简述了传统制浆造纸压光机的弊端,介绍了电磁感应加热原理和电磁感应加热压光机的应用优势,设计了一种采用电磁感应加热方式的制浆造纸压光机,确定了压光机的总体结构和加热方案,并对压光机的加热线圈、加热辊筒、电机、轴承等关键部件进行设计与分析。以期开发节能高效的新型制浆造纸压光设备,使其应用领域更加广泛。

甘肃积石山6.2级地震村镇建筑震害调查与分析

积石山地震对甘肃和青海部分地区房屋建筑造成了严重破坏。调查了地震烈度7度和8度地区的11个调查点的村镇建筑震害。震害调查表明:地震灾区主要为乡镇和农村地区,房屋结构类型主要为土木、砖木和未设防砖混结构;在烈度8度地区,土木结构房屋主要表现为严重破坏或倒塌破坏,砖木结构和未设防砖混结构房屋主要表现为中等破坏和严重破坏,设防砖混和钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋主要表现为轻微破坏和中等破坏;在烈度7度地区,土木结构房屋以中等破坏为主,砖木结构和未设防砖混结构房屋以轻微破坏和中等破坏为主,设防砖混和钢筋混凝土框架结构房屋以轻微破坏和基本完好为主。此次地震震害较同级别地震偏重,与震区复杂地形、地震动峰值放大效应、建筑砌筑质量差和结构受力不合理等因素相关。建议进一步开展复杂地形场地放大效应及频谱影响研究,重视建筑非结构构件抗震宣传与实用技术研发。

正弦波纹管填充乳化液式吸能构件吸能特性研究

预折纹式吸能构件是目前冲击地压矿井中唯一使用的吸能结构,具有优异的吸能特性,但在屈曲变形过程中存在载荷波动较大、由于摩擦的作用产生火花等问题。针对上述情况,设计了一种正弦波纹管(变径圆管)填充乳化液构成固液耦合体吸能构件(组合构件),研究了波纹管壁厚、母线振幅与出液口直径三个因素对吸能构件吸能特性的影响。建立平均载荷、载荷波动系数与比吸能的预测模型,利用Abaqus有限元软件的光滑粒子流体动力学(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics,SPH)粒子算法对模型进行流固耦合分析,通过响应面法对吸能构件的结构参数进行寻优并得到优化结果。研究结果表明,当波纹管壁厚3.959 mm,母线振幅3.721 mm,出液口直径22.161 mm时的吸能构件吸能特性最佳,平均载荷为438.684 kN,载荷波动系数为1.178,比吸能12.123 kJ/kg。通过对比验证,结果具有较高的可信度,为防冲支护装备的吸能环节提供了一种优越的吸能构件。

南京小西湖街区微更新中结构改造的“构件——体系”方法

结构与空间的关系处理是既有建筑改造的关键问题。本文基于小西湖街区4个建筑改造工程项目的观察,归纳了“微更新”背景下既有建筑改造的多元设计目标、空间设计策略、结构改造策略,建构了结构与空间协同的改造设计方法体系,揭示了结构改造的“构件—体系”策略与空间改造的“形态—性能”策略的协同机制,为建筑改造设计提供了理论基础和实证参考。

地震动平动与转动分量耦合作用对隔震结构动力响应的影响

为分析地震动摇摆和扭转分量对隔震结构的动力响应影响,建立5层隔震钢框架结构模型,对比有限元分析结果与振动台试验实测数据,验证建模分析的精度。将地震动平动分量、平动分量耦合转动分量输入,分析隔震结构动力响应。结果表明:有、无速度脉冲的地震动平扭耦合与平摆耦合作用,均大于平动地震动单独作用的隔震结构动力响应;有速度脉冲的地震动平动耦合转动分量对隔震结构动力响应的影响,高于无速度脉冲的地震动平动耦合转动分量;平扭耦合作用的隔震层位移响应增幅大于平摆耦合作用。

基于298/77 K循环处理回收PCB中非金属组分

为解决废印制电路板(PCB)中非金属组分回收难且二次污染率大的问题,引入298/77 K循环处理技术,首先分析温度改变对PCB内部结构所造成的影响及PCB内部力学性能的变化,测试静电分选和离心分选对PCB非金属组分回收率的实际影响,之后引入CaF_(2)作为精炼过程中的强氧化剂,测试PCB内部结构发生改变后的硅组分回收率,最后测定回收后硅元素的实际纯度。结果表明:PCB在经过298/77 K循环处理后,内部结构受温度循环影响发生明显变化;各项力学性能均实现明显下降;PCB非金属组分实际产出量和硅组分回收率,相比于传统处理方式实现了明显提升,且对原PCB中各项杂质有较好的去除效果,硅元素占比在97%以上。

基于Lamb波损伤特征融合模型的金属结构件疲劳裂纹扩展预测

针对动态载荷环境下机械装备金属结构件疲劳裂纹扩展延伸问题,提出一种基于Lamb波损伤特征融合的疲劳裂纹扩展预测模型。首先从Lamb波信号传播特性出发,分析对比对称模式下Lamb波损伤信号和基准信号传播过程中的特性变化,在此基础上提取能够敏感表达结构损伤的相关系数和相位差异特征,通过变量标准化变换后进一步构建出疲劳裂纹扩展预测模型,最后利用金属结构件全寿命周期疲劳实验数据对模型进行验证。结果表明:所提模型能够准确预测动态载荷环境下疲劳裂纹扩展过程,与其他预测模型相比优势明显,可为机械装备关键结构件合理检修计划制定提供一定参考借鉴。