Hot deformation behavior of spray forming LSHR alloy using constitutive equation and processing map

Flow behaviors of spray forming low solvus high refractory (LSHR) alloy were investigated using hot compression tests performed on a Gleeble?3500 thermal mechanical simulator at temperatures of 1020?1150 °C and strain rates of 0.0003?1.0 s?1. The constitutive equation was established, power dissipation (η) maps and hot processing maps were plotted. The microstructure evolution and dislocation distribution of domains with different values of η in power dissipation maps were also observed. The results show that the flow stress increases with decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate. The activation energy of the spray forming LSHR alloy is 1243.86 kJ/mol. When the value of η is 0.36 at the strain of 0.5, the domain in the processing map shows characteristics of typical dynamic recrystallization (DRX) and low dislocation density. According to the microstructure evolution and processing maps, the optimum processing condition for good hot workability of spray forming LSHR alloy can be summed up as:temperature range 1110?1150 °C; strain rate range 0.01?0.3 s?1.

Technological Aspect of Processing Maps for the AA2099 Alloy

Results of an experimental and modelling study of forming processes in the AA2099 Al–Cu–Li alloy, for a wide range of temperatures, strains and strain rates, are presented. The analyses are based on tensile testing at 20 °C at a strain rate of 0.02 s-1and uniaxial compression testing in the temperature range 400–550 °C at strain rates ranging from0.001 to 100 s-1, for constant values of true strain of 0.5 and 0.9. The stability of plastic deformation and its relationship with a sensitivity of stress to strain rate are considered. The power dissipation efficiency coefficient, g（%）, and the flow instability parameter, n B 0, were determined. The complex processing maps for hot working were determined and quantified, including process frames for basic forging processes： conventional forging and for near-superplastic and isothermal conditions. A significant aspect is the convergence of power dissipation when passing through the 500 °C peak.Deformation, temperature and strain-rate-dependent microstructures at 500 °C for strain rates of 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 s-1are described and analysed for the conventional die forging process frame, corresponding to 465–523 °C and strain rates of50–100 s-1.

Effects of lanthanum on hot deformation behaviour of Mn-Cr-Mo bainitic rail steel

Effects of lanthanum（La） as micro-alloying element on the hot deformation behaviour of the high strength Mn-Cr-Mo bainitic rail steel were investigated under a range of deformation conditions. The results indicate that La increases the flow stress by 10-30 MPa through strengthening nanoscale strain induced precipitation（SIP） θ-（Fe,La）3 C during hot deformation. The hot deformation activation energy increases by 10-40 kJ/mol due to the ＂Zener effect＂ of SIP and the dynamic recrystallization（DRX） is retarded due to the competitive behaviour between SIP and DRX. Bainite plates in the DRX domain can be refined by adding La, resulting in the improvement of hot workability. The DRX domain with peak power dissipation efficiency of 52% is determined to be the optimal processing region for Mn-Cr-Mo-La bainitic rail steel.

Analysis on hot deformation and following cooling technology of 25Cr2Ni4MoVA steel

The true stress–true strain curves of 25Cr2Ni4MoVA steel were obtained by uniaxial compression experiments at 850–1200℃ in the strain rate range of 0.001–10.0 s^(−1).And the dynamic continuous cooling transformation curves were obtained at the cooling rate range of 0.5–15.0℃ s^(−1) from the austenitization temperature of 1000℃ to the room temperature by pre-strain of 0.2 as well.The power dissipation map and the dynamic continuous cooling transformation diagram were constructed based on the data provided by these curves.Compared with the optical micrographs of the compressed samples,the full dynamic recrystallization region is located between 1000 and 1200℃ and at the strain rate range from 0.01 to 10.0 s^(−1) with the power dissipation efficiency not less than 0.33.In the full dynamic recrystallization region,the power dissipation efficiency increases and the dynamic recrystallization activation energy decreases with the temperature increasing.With the strain rate decreasing,the power dissipation efficiency increases firstly and then starts to decrease as the strain rate is less than 0.1 s^(−1),and dynamic recrystallization activation energy changes on the contrary.According to the dynamic continuous cooling transformation diagram,slow cooling is a better way for the hot-deformed piece with large size or complex shape to avoid cracking as the temperature of the piece is lower than 400℃,and different cooling ways can be used for the hot-deformed piece with small size and simple shapes to obtain certain microstructure and meet good compressive properties.