Production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller's grains

Abstract： Daqu distiller＇s grains were co-fermented as raw materials by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum to produce microbial oils, which can provide raw materials for bio-diesel development. The single factor tests were used to investigate the effects of ratio of strains, inoculum size, culture temperature and culture time on the production of microbial oils. The best processing conditions were obtained by orthogonal test through measuring the content of microbial oils in product. The result shows that the microbial oils content of the co-fermented product under the ratio of Trichoderma.koningii to Trichosporon cutaneum of 1：1, the inoculum size of strains of 11% at 28 ℃ for 6 d is 7.15 g/L. It is shown that the production of microbial oils co-fermented by Trichoderma.koningii and Trichosporon cutaneum with Daqu distiller＇s grains is possible. The research provides a new idea for the reuse of Daqu distiller＇s grains and also provides a new way for the development of microbial oils.

Effects of Organic Fertilizers Made from Distiller＇s Grains on the Growth and Development of Flue-cured Tobacco

Pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of different organic fertilizers made from distiller＇s grains on the physiological characteristics and growth of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that the agronomic traits and biomass of flue-cured tobacco in the three treatments were higher than that of the control group,and the mixed application of different organic fertilizers made from distiller＇s grains and compound fertilizer could promote the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco significantly.

Effects of Distiller's Grain Substrate with Acid Regulation on the Growth of Tobacco Seedlings in Floating Breeding System

In order to reduce the use of peat resources and realize the sustainable development of tobacco, the pH of distiller s grain substrate was adjusted with humic acid, and the effects of various distiller s grain substrates on the growth of tobacco seedlings were studied to find out the method of cultivating high-quality tobacco seedlings by using distiller s grain substrate. The results showed that when 60% of humic acid was added to the distiller s grain substrate made from coarse distiller s grains, fine distiller s grains, perlite and vermiculite, both the pH and electrical conductivity decreased significantly and were similar to that of the conventional substrate. Moreover, the emergence rate of tobacco seedlings, the rate of strong tobacco seedlings, leaf number, stem height, root growth and quality of tobacco seedlings were good.

The Current Situation and Development of Grain Storage Technologies and Facilities for Chinese Farmers

In China, the quantity of farmer＇s grain storage covers about 40% of the total grain yield every year. While, the losses of farms＇ grain storage are up to 8%, which is due to the lack of grain storage facility and technology. The losses of farmer＇s grain storage could reach nearly 20 million tons every year. In this paper, the current situation and development of grain storage technology and facility for Chinese farmers were presented. And a series of policy and research work for reducing the losses of farms＇ grain storage was introduced. The large scale farmers are now developing quickly in China, the new storage warehouse and mechanized facility should be developed adaptively. So, the new storage technology and policy to meet the need of large scale farmers were also introduced in this paper.

Effect of Grain Size of CaCO_3 and SiO_2 on the Formation of C_3S Under Different Conditions

The effect of grain size of CaCO3 and SiO2 on the formation of C3S under various conditions, such as rapid heating rate（800 ℃/min）, normal heating rate（30 ℃/min） and in the presence or absence of ZnO, was studied. The results show that the decomposition temperature of CaCO3, the temperature of appearance of liquid phase and the f-CaO content descend when the grain size of CaCO3 and SiO2 becomes smaller, which attributes to the reactive activity enhancement of powders due to the decrease of the particle size. When the grain size of CaCO3 and SiO2 is below 1 μm, the rate of the formation of C3S is greatly raised. A rapid sintering rate and the presence of ZnO have an important effect on the formation of C3S and can lower the temperature of the formation of C3S by about 50 ℃.

An Elasticity Model Considering Grain Boundaries and Tensile Orientations for Directionally Solidified Superalloys

In order to investigate the elastic properties of directionally solidified(DS)superalloys,an elasticity model called boundaries elastic model(GBE model),considering grain boundaries and tensile orientations,is proposed in this paper.Two assumptions are adopted in the GBE model:(1)The displacement of grains,which moves along the perpendicular direction,is restricted by the grain boundaries;(2)Grain boundaries influence region(GBIR)is formed around the grain boundaries.Based on the single crystal(SC)calculation method of elastic properties,the GBE model can well predict macroscopic equivalent elastic modulus(Young’s modulus)of DS superalloys under different tensile orientations effectively.To demonstrate the correctness of the GBE model,3D finite element simulation is adopted and tensile experiments on a Ni3Al?base DS superalloy(IC10)along five tensile orientations are carried out.Meanwhile,the grain boundaries are observed by light microscopy and transmission electron microscope(TEM).Therefore,the GBE model is proved to be feasible by comparing the simulated results with the experiments.

(NH_(4))_(2)S修饰SnO_(2)/钙钛矿界面对钙钛矿太阳能电池性能的影响

为了降低电子传输层(Electron transport layer,ETL)与钙钛矿层之间的界面缺陷态密度,通过旋涂法在氧化铟锡(Indium tin oxide,ITO)透明导电玻璃上制备一层SnO_(2)电子传输层,并在其上表面旋涂(NH_(4))_(2)S以修饰SnO_(2)和钙钛矿光吸收层之间的界面。通过X射线光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜、电化学阻抗谱等表征手段分析(NH_(4))_(2)S修饰对钙钛矿太阳能电池(Perovskite solar cells,PSCs)光电性能的影响。结果表明:NH_(4)^(+)降低了SnO_(2)的表面羟基(—OH)缺陷态密度,增强了界面的疏水性,减少了钙钛矿的形核位点,增大了钙钛矿晶粒;S^(2-)填补了SnO_(2)表面的氧空位(OV),同时部分S^(2-)还与未配位Pb^(2+)连接减少界面处Pb缺陷,抑制了界面处载流子复合;经过(NH_(4))_(2)S的修饰,PSCs开路电压从1.07 V提高到1.11 V,光电转化效率达到了20.53%。(NH_(4))2S修饰后的PSCs具有更高的光电转化效率、更好的长期稳定性。该研究可为PSCs商业化提供新的思路。

Techniques Optimization of Combined Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Brewers＇ Spent Grain from Novozymes

Purpose： To extract protein, decrease the cellulose and facilitate the digestion and absorption of brewers＇ spent grain by animal. Topic： Discuss and optimize the hydrolysis conditions of the combined enzymatic hydrolysis by Novozymes. Method： The fresh brewers＇ spent grain was firstly dried, smashed and sifted. Then as indicators of the protein extraction rate in the enzyme solution and the content of cellulose in the index, the parameters of enzymatic hydrolysis, such as the solid-liquid ratio, reaction temperature, pH, enzyme dosage and reaction time, were investigated in detailed. After hydrolysis, the brewers＇ spent grain was put in the boiling water bath for inactivation for 15 minutes, and centrifuged, the supernatants were volume to 100 mL and the protein content was measured. After the precipitate was dried, the cellulose content was also measured. Achievements： The optimized conditions were with temperature of 50 ℃, pH 6.5, enzyme amount of 30 mg for Novozymes enzyme and 2.5 h for reaction time. Under these conditions, the protein extraction rate in the enzyme reaction reached 41.82%, and the cellulose content reached 13.90%, the degradation rate of cellulose was 18.86%.

China’s Price System Jeopardizes its Grain Reserves

2008 is a year of bumper harvest in summer grain across China. The failure of numerous state-owned grain depots to purchase grain in times of bumper harvest, however, directly threatens grain reserve security and state control over grain prices in the upcoming year. An important factor underpinning the difficulty of state grain depots to purchase grain is the unwillingness of farmers to sell grain due to the excess of the current market price over the government "protected price" aimed at preventing cheap grain from harming farmers. When grassroots grain depots find themselves in trouble, foreign capital stealthily moves in by taking advantage of this situation. To fulfill grain storage tasks and receive various state subsidies, some state-owned grain depots have no alternative but to surreptitiously raise the purchase price. By contrast, some not so courageous state-owned grain depots can only borrow money to finance the purchase of commodity grain at market prices and subsequently figure out a way to pay back such loans. Behind such distorted grain purchase behavior lies a rough and rugged history of grain price reform in China.

The Economic Potential of Brewer’s Spent Grain (BSG) as a Biomass Feedstock

This paper analyzes a pro-forma economic market and supply chain system for the reuse of a lignocellulose (brewer’s spent grain) in an industrial biotechnology environment. An extant literature review was conducted, followed by a technical analysis of BSG, and the development of a supply chain system and economic market analysis based upon a participant brewing company and industry experts. In this paper, it was found that, even with the potential for future improvements in the conversion of brewer’s spent grain (BSG) from an efficiency standpoint, this industrial residual is supply chain prohibitive as a biofeedstock in comparison to other lignocellulose materials, therefore, centralized market relationships would not be advantageous for sellers and buyers. Future research should consider the viability of centralized supply chain structures for alternatives that may exist as future bio-feedstocks.

Challenges or Opportunities?——Developments of China's Grain Industry since WTO Entry

Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy,while grain is the cornet stone of that foundation.It is also essential for subsistence and development of the mankind. In recent years,especially since its entry into the WTO, China has been undergoing a period of twists and turns in the development of its grain production and trade which used to be sound and stable.

Soaring Grain Prices Raise Global Concerns

Grain prices often dominate all other product prices,and an increase in their price is usually considered as a prelude to inflation.The three fairly serious inflations,in 1985,1988-1989,and 1993-1995 respectively,were all preceded by grain price hikes.Furthermore,the money supply surged in the preceding year or during the same year in which these inflations occurred.This year has witnessed the same symptoms. High grain prices,which still have a possibility to go up further,have attracted wide attention across the world,including in China.As early as the end of last year,the State Council issued a circular that mandated the stabilization of grain prices in order to strictly crack down on illegal actions such as dishonest merchants driving up grain prices.One time,five State-level Departments led by National Development and Reform Commission,released an urgent announcement in order to safeguard the stability of grain prices in the domestic market.Wu Xiaoling,Vice Governor of the People's Bank of China,said that the negative influences exerted on other product prices by the rise in global grain price should not be ignored.According to Wu,the People's Bank of China will continue to closely watch the price changes. From a global and comprehensive viewpoint,the article analyzes the features of the recent grain price hike and the reasons for its dramatic rise,as well as,the impact it will have on the global economy.

CHINA'S GRAIN SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN THE 21ST CENTURY

This paper makes predictions for China’s grain production and its associated supply and demand situation up to 2030 by using input-occupancy-output techniques and systems science methodology. It argues that, taking into account its basic situation and world grain resources, China has no other choice but to count on self-sufficiency in terms of grain supply.

TIBET'S LAST CARAVAN CHARGED WITH TRANSPORTING SALT(Ⅶ):Barter Trade between Food Grains and Salt

By setting out for saline lakes in spring, Tibetan caravans on horseback return to farmlands in autumn to barter salt for agricultural products.

CHINA'S INDISPENSABLE WAY TO GRAIN SELF-SUFFICIENCY

In China’s countryside today, so far the foodstuffs for daily-life subsistence are still taken from the traditional farming production in addition to the yield of animal husbandry, while crop plantation takes the lion’s share in our rural economy. During the Medieval Age of the Western countries, however, special stress was placed on raising livestock on pastureland until the Industrial Revolution occurred in the 18th century when grain-oriented agriculture came into being. As a result of the unprecedented boom of modern science and technology now sweeping the whole world, farming productivity has sky-

高标准农田建设参与对农民种粮收益的影响——基于农业新质生产力的中介作用

基于全国10省1032份农户的微观调查数据,使用内生转换回归模型实证分析了高标准农田建设参与对农民种粮收益的影响。研究发现:(1)高标准农田建设参与显著提升农民种粮收益,且平均处理效应表明,参与高标准农田建设可使农民种粮收益提高2.77%。(2)异质性分析表明,相较于小农户,规模户参与高标准农田建设能够提升种粮收益;高标准农田建设参与不仅促进兼业农户增加种粮收益,而且促进纯农户增加种粮收益;相较于非粮食主产区,粮食主产区农户参与高标准农田建设的种粮收益提升效果更明显。(3)机制分析表明,高标准农田建设参与通过提升农业新质生产力水平,从而提高农民种粮收益。据此,鼓励农民积极参与高标准农田建设管理工作,制定出台农户参与高标准农田建设的差异化政策,同时加快培育和发展农业新质生产力,以实现农民种粮收益提升。

酒糟蛋白替代豆粕对九斤黄鸡生长性能、血清生化和免疫指标的影响

[目的]研究不同比例的湿磨预处理去壳酱香型酒糟蛋白(wet milling pretreated and dehulled-moutai distiller's grains, WDMDG)替代豆粕对九斤黄鸡生长性能、血清生化和免疫指标的影响,为WDMDG替代豆粕提供科学依据。[方法]选取1日龄健康九斤黄公雏450只,随机分为3组,每组设3个重复,每个重复50只鸡,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ和试验Ⅱ组分别在基础日粮中添加5%、8%WDMDG等营养替代豆粕,试验为期26 d,分别测定九斤黄鸡平均日增质量、平均日采食量、料重比和死淘率,并对九斤黄鸡血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、尿素氮含量、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活力和IgG、IgA、lgM水平进行测定。[结果]与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ和试验Ⅱ组九斤黄鸡的各项生产性能均没有显著差异,试验Ⅰ和试验Ⅱ组鸡血清中尿素氮含量分别提高了4.88%(P>0.05)和19.51%(P<0.05),各组鸡血清中总蛋白、白蛋白含量、谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活力及IgG、IgA和IgM水平差异均不显著。[结论]在九斤黄鸡日粮中采用5%WDMDG等营养替代基础日粮中部分豆粕,对其日增质量、料重比、死淘率、血清生化指标和免疫指标均无显著负面影响。

新发展阶段粮食安全与农民增收路径

运用2010-2021年我国26个省份的面板数据,以粮食产量为产出变量,以劳动力、资本、水资源、土地资源、农药、化肥为投入变量,计算粮食生产效率,运用回归模型分析粮食生产效率对农民收入的影响。回归分析结果显示粮食生产效率对农民收入具有正的影响,据此提出降低农业生产成本、促进城镇化与农业现代化协同发展、优化财政支农形式等建议,以提高粮食生产效率,促进农民增收。

SO_3掺杂对高镁熟料中方镁石含量,C_3S晶粒尺寸及晶型的影响

随着水泥行业的快速发展,高品质石灰石成为日趋紧缺的资源,合理有效地利用高镁质石灰石原料煅烧水泥熟料又被赋予更加重要的资源综合利用的意义。本文借助化学分析、岩相分析、胶砂试验研究、XRD等检测方法等,探讨了不同掺量的SO3对高镁熟料中方镁石含量、C3S晶粒尺寸及晶型的影响。结果表明:适当的SO3掺加量能够有效减少高镁熟料中方镁石含量,有利于高镁熟料中氧化镁的固溶,促进C3S晶粒尺寸的增大,稳定熟料中M1型C3S,提高熟料的力学性能,在SO3掺量为1%时,得到的熟料力学性能最好,为高镁石灰石今后在水泥行业的利用提供一定理论和实验依据。

酒糟纤维素纳米晶的制备,表征及离子染料吸附研究

为了探索酒糟纤维素纳米晶(Cellulose nanocrystals,CNCs)在废水处理领域的应用潜力,拓宽酒糟的高值化利用途径,研究通过洗涤、漂白和碱提等步骤制备酒糟纤维素,再以1∶20固液比加入50%(v/v)硫酸溶液水解纤维素制备酒糟纤维素纳米晶,并对其进行化学成分测定和结构表征,最后研究其对亚甲基蓝和刚果红水溶液的吸附能力。结果发现,制备的酒糟CNCs中的纤维素纯度超过90%,粒径分布集中在180~300 nm范围内,Zeta-电位值为-30.1 mV。酒糟CNCs对刚果红和亚甲基蓝染料的平衡吸附率分别达到75.5%和90.57%,展现出不同的吸附机制,分别对应一阶动力学模型和二阶动力学模型,表明酒糟CNCs对离子染料具有良好的吸附特性,为酒糟CNCs在工业废水处理领域的可持续应用提供了低成本且高效的新途径。