Wavelength-tunable organic semiconductor lasers based on elastic distributed feedback gratings

Wavelength-tunable organic semiconductor lasers based on mechanically stretchable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) gratings were developed. The intrinsic stretchability of PDMS was explored to modulate the period of the distributed feedback gratings for fine tuning the lasing wavelength. Notably, elastic lasers based on three typical light-emitting molecules show com-parable lasing threshold values analogous to rigid devices and a continuous wavelength tunability of about 10 nm by mechanic-al stretching. In addition, the stretchability provides a simple solution for dynamically tuning the lasing wavelength in a spec-tral range that is challenging to achieve for inorganic counterparts. Our work has provided a simple and efficient method of fab-ricating tunable organic lasers that depend on stretchable distributed feedback gratings, demonstrating a significant step in the advancement of flexible organic optoelectronic devices.

Numerical Simulation of External-Cavity Distributed Feedback Semiconductor Laser

We propose a theoretical model to describe external-cavity distributed feedback semiconductor lasers and investigate the impact of the number of external feedback points on linewidth and side-mode suppression ratio through numerical simulation. The simulation results demonstrate that the linewidth of external-cavity semiconductor lasers can be reduced by increasing the external cavity length and feedback ratio, and adding more external feedback points can further narrow the linewidth and enhance the side mode suppression ratio. This research provides insight into the external cavity distributed feedback mechanism and can guide the design of high-performance external cavity semiconductor lasers. .

2-μm single longitudinal mode GaSb-based laterally coupled distributed feedback laser with regrowth-free shallow-etched gratings by interference lithography

We report a type-I Ga Sb-based laterally coupled distributed-feedback（LC-DFB） laser with shallow-etched gratings operating a continuous wave at room temperature without re-growth process. Second-order Bragg gratings are fabricated alongside the ridge waveguide by interference lithography. Index-coupled LC-DFB laser with a cavity of 1500 μm achieves single longitudinal mode continuous-wave operation at 20℃ with side mode suppression ratio（SMSR） as high as 24 dB.The maximum single mode continuous-wave output power is about 10 mW at room temperature（uncoated facet）. A low threshold current density of 230 A/cm^2 is achieved with differential quantum efficiency estimated to be 93 mW/A. The laser shows a good wavelength stability against drive current and working temperature.

Design of surface emitting distributed feedback quantum cascade laser with single-lobe far-field pattern and high outcoupling efficiency

A 7.8-μm surface emitting second-order distributed feedback quantum cascade laser （DFB QCL） structure with metallized surface grating is studied. The modal property of this structure is described by utilizing coupled-mode theory where the coupling coefficients are derived from exact Floquet-Bloch solutions of infinite periodic structure. Based on this theory, the influence of waveguide structure and grating topography as well as device length on the laser performance is numerically investigated. The optimized surface emitting second-order DFB QCL structure design exhibits a high surface outcoupling efficiency of 22% and a low threshold gain of 10 cm-1. Using a π phase-shift in the centre of the grating, a high-quality single-lobe far-field radiation pattern is obtained.

Four distributed feedback laser array integrated with multimode-interference and semiconductor optical amplifier

Monolithic integration of four 1.55-μm-range InGaAsP/InP distributed feedback （DFB） lasers using varied ridge width with a 4 x 1-multimode-interference （MMI） optical combiner and a semiconductor optical amplifier （SOA） is demon- strated. The average output power and the threshold current are 1.8 mW and 35 mA, respectively, when the injection current of the SOA is 100 mA, with a side mode suppression ratio （SMSR） exceeding 40 dB. The four channels have a 1-nm average channel spacing and can operate separately or simultaneously.

Fabrication of 32 Gb/s Electroabsorption Modulated Distributed Feedback Lasers by Selective Area Growth Technology

A 32 Gb/s monolithically integrated electroabsorption modulated laser is fabricated by selective area growth technology. The threshold current of the device is below 13mA. The output power exceeds 10mW at 0V bias when the injection current of the distributed feedback laser is 100mA at 25℃. The side mode suppression ratio is over 50 dB. A 32Gb/s eye diagram is measured with a 3.SVpp nonreturn-to-zero pseudorandom modulation signal at -2.3 V bias. A clearly opening eyediagram with a dynamic extinction ratio of 8.01 dB is obtained.

Comparison of two kinds of active layers for high-power narrow-stripe distributed feedback laser diodes

Usually GaAs/AlGaAs is utilized as an active layer material in laser diodes operating in the spectral range of 800- 850 nm. In this work, in addition to a traditional unstrained GaAs/AlGaAs distributed feedback （DFB） laser diode, a compressively strained InGaAlAs/AlGaAs DFB laser diode is numerically investigated in characteristic. The simulation results show that the compressively strained DFB laser diode has a lower transparency carrier density, higher gain, lower Auger recombination rate, and higher stimulated recombination rate, which lead to better a device performance, than the traditional unstrained GaAs/AlGaAs DFB laser diode.

Theoretical modelling of the effect of photon lifetime on the output dynamics of Er-doped distributed feedback fibre lasers

By employing a simple model of describing three-level lasers, we have theoretically investigated the effect of photon lifetime on the output dynamics of Er-doped distributed feedback fibre lasers. And based on the theoretical analysis we have proposed a promising method to suppress self-pulsing behaviour in the fibre lasers.

A 795 nm gain coupled distributed feedback semiconductor laser based on tilted waveguides

The 795 nm distributed feedback lasers have great application in pumping the Rb D1 transition.In this paper,in order to realize specific 795 nm lasing,we designed tilted ridge distributed feedback lasers based on purely gain coupled effect induced by periodic current injection windows through changing the angle of the tilted ridge.The fabricated devices were cleaved into 2 mm-cavity-length,including 5 tilted angles.The peak output powers of all devices were above 30 mW.Single longitudinal mode lasing was realized in all tilted Fabry-Perot cavities using periodic current injection windows,with side mode suppression ratio over 30 dB.The total wavelength range covered 8.656 nm at 20℃.It was disclosed theoretically and experimentally that the output powers,threshold currents,and central wavelengths of the tilted ridge purely gain coupled DFB lasers were relevant to the tilted angles.The results will be instructive for future design of DFB laser arrays with different central wavelengths.

Measurement and Characterization of Microwave Interaction between Integrated Distributed Feedback Laser Diode and Electro-Absorption Modulator

Integrated electro-absorption-modulated distributed feedback laser diodes(EMLs)are attracting much interest in optical communications for the advantages of a compact structure,low power consumption,and high-speed modulation.In integrated EML,the microwave interaction between the distributed feedback laser diode(DFB-LD)and the electro-absorption modulator(EAM)has a nonnegligible influence on the modulation performance,especially at the high-frequency region.In this paper,integrated EML was investigated as a three-port network with two electrical inputs and a single optical output,where the scattering matrix of the integrated device was theoretically deduced and experimentally measured.Based on the theoretical model and the measured data,the microwave equivalent circuit model of the integrated device was established,from which the microwave interaction between DFB-LD and EAM was successfully extracted.The results reveal that the microwave interaction within integrated EML contains both the electrical isolation and optical coupling.The electrical isolation is bidirectional while the optical coupling is directional,which aggravates the microwave interaction in the direction from DFB-LD to EAM.

Development of Surface Grating Distributed Feedback Quantum Cascade Laser for High Output Power and Low Threshold Current Density

We report on the room-temperature cascade laser （QCL） at λ -4.7μm. cw operation of a surface grating Both grating design and material distributed feedback （DFB） quantum optimization are used to decrease the threshold current density and to increase the output power. For a high-reflectivity-coated 13-μm-wide and 4- mm-long laser, high wall-plug efficiency of 6% is obtained at 20℃ from a single facet producing over I W of ew output power. The threshold current density of DFB QCL is as low as 1.13kA/cm^2 at 10℃ and 1.34kA/cm2 at 30℃ in cw mode. Stable single-mode emission with a side-mode suppression ratio of about 30 dB is observed in tile working temperature range of 20-50℃.

Rubidium-beam microwave clock pumped by distributed feedback diode lasers

A rubidium-beam microwave clock, optically pumped by a distributed feedback diode laser, is experimentally investigated. The clock is composed of a physical package, optical systems, and electric servo loops. The physical package realizes the microwave interrogation of a rubidium-atomic beam. The optical systems, equipped with two 780-nm distributed feedback laser diodes, yield light for pumping and detecting. The servo loops control the frequency of a local oscillator with respect to the microwave spectrum. With the experimental systems, the microwave spectrum, which has an amplitude of 4 n A and a line width of 700 Hz, is obtained. Preliminary tests show that the clock short-term frequency stability is 7 × 10^-11 at 1 s, and 3 × 10^-12 at 1000 s. These experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the scheme for a manufactured clock.

Hundred-watt level high-order mode all-fiberized random distributed feedback Raman fiber laser with high mode purity

An all-fiberized random distributed feedback Raman fiber laser(RRFL)with LP_(11) mode output at 1134 nm has been demonstrated experimentally,where an intracavity acoustically induced fiber grating is employed for modal switching.The maximum output power of LP_(11) mode is 93.8 W with the modal purity of 82%,calculated by numerical mode decomposition technology based on stochastic parallel-gradient descent algorithm.To our best knowledge,this is the highest output power with high purity of LP_(11) mode generated from the RRFL.This work may pave a path towards advanced fiber lasers with special temporal and spatial characteristics for applications.

InAs/GaAs quantum dot laterally coupled distributed feedback lasers at 1.3μm

We report the InAs/GaAs quantum dot laterally coupled distributed feedback(LC-DFB)lasers operating at room temperature in the wavelength range of 1.31μm.First-order chromium Bragg gratings were fabricated alongside the ridge waveguide to obtain the maximum coupling coefficient with the optical field.Stable continuous-wave single-frequency operation has been achieved with output power above 5 mW/facet and side mode suppression ratio exceeding 52 dB.Moreover,a single chip integrating three LC-DFB lasers was tentatively explored.The three LC-DFB lasers on the chip can operate in single mode at room temperature,covering the wavelength span of 35.6 nm.

Holographic fabricated continuous wave operation of distributed feedback quantum cascade lasers atλ≈8.5μm

The fabrication and characterization of distributed feedback（DFB） quantum cascade lasers emitting atλ≈8.5μm are reported.The first-order DFB grating structure was defined using the holographic lithography technique.Reliable dynamic single-mode emission with a side-mode suppression ratio of 20 dB and a tuning coefficient of-0.277 cm^（-1）/K from 93 to 210 K is obtained in continuous wave mode by using high-reflectivity coating on the rear facet.The output power is over 100 mW at a temperature of 80 K.

1.82-μm distributed feedback lasers with InGaAs/InGaAsP multiple-quantum wells for a H_2 O sensing system

High-strained InGaAs/InGaAsP multiple quantum wells （MQWs） distributed feedback （DFB） lasers, fab- ricated using metal organic chemical vapor deposition, are presented at 1,82 μm with a high side-mode- suppression ratio of 49.53 dB. The current- and temperature-tuning rates of the DFB mode wavelength are 0.01 nm/mA and 0.13 nm/℃, respectively. A characteristic temperature of 51 K is also confirmed. The DFB laser demonstrates good performance and can be apt）lied to H2O concentration sensing.

High power 980 nm broad area distributed feedback laser with first-order gratings

To achieve high pumping efficiency and stability, a wavelength stabilized 980 nm broad area distributed feedback laser was realized. A nanoimprint lithography technique was used to fabricate the first-order gratings. The stripe width was 90 #m and the cavity length was 2 mm. Under continuous wave condition, the output laser power reached 1.2 W, with the slope efficiency of 0.7 W/A. The current and thermal dependence of the spectrum peak was measured to be approximately 0.19 nm/A and 0.064 nm/K respectively, and the wavelength-locking range reached over 50 ℃.

Preparation for Bragg grating of 808 nm distributed feedback laser diode

The second-order Bragg grating structure of an 808 nm distributed feedback semiconductor laser diode was designed and optimized. The grating with a period of 240 nm was fabricated on GaAs substrate by holographic photolithography and wet etching. Images of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy show that the grating has a period of 240 nm, duty cycle of 0.25, depth of 80 nm, with perfect surface morphology, good fringe continuity and uniformity.

High frame rate multi-resonance imaging refractometry with distributed feedback dye laser sensor

High frame rate and highly sensitive imaging of refractive index changes on a surface is very promising for studying the dynamics of dissolution,mixing and biological processes without the need for labeling.Here,a highly sensitive distributed feedback(DFB)dye laser sensor for high frame rate imaging refractometry without moving parts is presented.DFB dye lasers are low-cost and highly sensitive refractive index sensors.The unique multi-wavelength DFB laser structure presented here comprises several areas with different grating periods.Imagingin two dimensions of space is enabled by analyzinglaser light from all areasin parallelwith an imaging spectrometer.With this multi-resonance imaging refractometry method,the spatial position in one direction is identified from the horizontal,i.e.,spectral position of the multiple laser lines which is obtained from the spectrometer charged coupled device(CCD)array.The orthogonal spatial position is obtained from the vertical spatial position on the spectrometer CCD array as in established spatially resolved spectroscopy.Here,the imaging technique is demonstrated by monitoring the motion of small sucrose molecules upon dissolution of solid sucrose in water.The omission of moving parts improves the robustness of the imaging system and allows a very high frame rate of up to 12 Hz.

Directly modulated active distributed reflector distributed feedback lasers over wide temperature range operation(-40 to 85℃)

We experimentally demonstrated that the distributed feedback(DFB) lasers with the active distributed reflector achieved a 25.8 Gb/s operation over a wide temperature range of -40 to 85℃. The DFB lasers can achieve additional feedback from an active distributed reflector with accurately controlled phase, and single-mode yields are not related to the position of cleave. The threshold currents of the fabricated laser are 6 mA and 20 mA at -40℃ and 85℃, respectively. The side mode suppression ratio of the fabricated laser is above 50 dB at all temperatures. Transmissions of 25.8 Gb/s after 10 km single-mode fibers with clear eye openings and less than 0.8 dB power penalty over a wide temperature range have been demonstrated as well.