Distributed cooperative task planning algorithm for multiple satellites in delayed communication environment

Multiple earth observing satellites need to communicate with each other to observe plenty of targets on the Earth together. The factors, such as external interference, result in satellite information interaction delays, which is unable to ensure the integrity and timeliness of the information on decision making for satellites. And the optimization of the planning result is affected. Therefore, the effect of communication delay is considered during the multi-satel ite coordinating process. For this problem, firstly, a distributed cooperative optimization problem for multiple satellites in the delayed communication environment is formulized. Secondly, based on both the analysis of the temporal sequence of tasks in a single satellite and the dynamically decoupled characteristics of the multi-satellite system, the environment information of multi-satellite distributed cooperative optimization is constructed on the basis of the directed acyclic graph（DAG）. Then, both a cooperative optimization decision making framework and a model are built according to the decentralized partial observable Markov decision process（DEC-POMDP）. After that, a satellite coordinating strategy aimed at different conditions of communication delay is mainly analyzed, and a unified processing strategy on communication delay is designed. An approximate cooperative optimization algorithm based on simulated annealing is proposed. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the method presented in this paper are verified via the simulation.

Benefits Analysis of Beam Hopping in Satellite Mobile System with Unevenly Distributed Traffic

Satellite mobile system and space-airground integrated network have a prominent superiority in global coverage which plays a critical role in remote and non-land regions, as well as emergency communications. However, due to the gradual angle attenuations of the satellite antennas, it is difficult to achieve full frequency multiplex among different beams as terrestrial 5G network. Multi-color frequency reuse is widely adopted in both academic and industry. Beam hopping scheme has attracted the attention of researchers recently due to the allocation flexibility. In this paper, we focus on analyzing the performance benefits of beam hopping compared with multi-color frequency reuse scheme in non-uniform user and traffic distributions in satellite system. Aerial networks are also introduced to form a space-airground integrated network for coverage enhancement,and the capacity improvement is analyzed. Besides,additional improved techniques are provided to make comprehensive analysis and comparisons. Theoretical analysis and simulation results indicate that the beam hopping scheme has a prominent superiority in the system capacity compared with the traditional multicolor frequency reuse scheme in both satellite mobile system and future space-air-ground integrated network.

Performance Analysis of Spectrum Sensing Based on Distributed Satellite Clusters under Perturbation

In this paper,we investigate the spectrum sensing performance of a distributed satellite clusters(DSC)under perturbation,aiming to enhance the sensing ability of weak signals in the coexistence of strong and weak signals.Specifically,we propose a cooperative beamforming(BF)algorithm though random antenna array theory to fit the location characteristic of DSC and derive the average far-field beam pattern under perturbation.Then,a constrained optimization problem with maximizing the signal to interference plus noise ratio(SINR)is modeled to obtain the BF weight vectors,and an approximate expression of SINR is presented in the presence of the mismatch of signal steering vector.Finally,we derive the closedform expression of the detection probability for the considered DSC over Shadowed-Rician fading channels.Simulation results are provided to validate our theoretical analysis and to characterize the impact of various parameters on the system performance.

Distributed Contact Plan Design for Multi-Layer Satellite-Terrestrial Network

In multi-layer satellite-terrestrial network, Contact Graph Routing(CGR) uses the contact information among satellites to compute routes. However, due to the resource constraints in satellites, it is extravagant to configure lots of the potential contacts into contact plans. What's more, a huge contact plan makes the computing more complex, which further increases computing time. As a result, how to design an efficient contact plan becomes crucial for multi-layer satellite network, which usually has a large scaled topology. In this paper, we propose a distributed contact plan design scheme for multi-layer satellite network by dividing a large contact plan into several partial parts. Meanwhile, a duration based inter-layer contact selection algorithm is proposed to handle contacts disruption problem. The performance of the proposed design was evaluated on our Identifier/Locator split based satellite-terrestrial network testbed with 79 simulation nodes. Experiments showed that the proposed design is able to reduce the data delivery delay.

Distributed Satellite Cluster Network:a Survey

The ability of the monolithic satellite,satellite orbit(especially GEO),and radio resource are very limited,so the development of distributed satellite cluster network(DSCN) receives more and more worldwide attention.In this paper,DSCN is surveyed and the study status of DSCN architecture design is summarized.The formation flying of spacecrafts,reconfiguration,networking,and applied research on distributed satellite spacecraft are described in detail.The DSCN will provide a great technology innovation for space information network,satellite communications,satellite navigation,deep space exploration,and space remote sensing.In addition,this paper points out future trends of the DSCN development.

Real-time online rescheduling for multiple agile satellites with emergent tasks

The emergent task is a kind of uncertain event that satellite systems often encounter in the application process.In this paper,the multi-satellite distributed coordinating and scheduling problem considering emergent tasks is studied.Due to the limitation of onboard computational resources and time,common online onboard rescheduling methods for such problems usually adopt simple greedy methods,sacrificing the solution quality to deliver timely solutions.To better solve the problem,a new multi-satellite onboard scheduling and coordinating framework based on multi-solution integration is proposed.This method uses high computational power on the ground and generates multiple solutions,changing the complex onboard rescheduling problem to a solution selection problem.With this method,it is possible that little time is used to generate a solution that is as good as the solutions on the ground.We further propose several multi-satellite coordination methods based on the multi-agent Markov decision process(MMDP)and mixed-integer programming(MIP).These methods enable the satellite to make independent decisions and produce high-quality solutions.Compared with the traditional centralized scheduling method,the proposed distributed method reduces the cost of satellite communication and increases the response speed for emergent tasks.Extensive experiments show that the proposed multi-solution integration framework and the distributed coordinating strategies are efficient and effective for onboard scheduling considering emergent tasks.

The digital mapping of satellite images under no ground control and the distribution of landform, blue ice and meteorites in the Grove Mountains, Antarctica

The colorful satellite image maps with the scale of 1∶100000 were made by processing the parameters-on-satellite under the condition of no data of field surveying. The purpose is to ensure the smooth performance of the choice of expedition route, navigation and research task before the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE) first made researches on the Grove Mountains. Moreover, on the basis of the visual interpretation of the satellite image, we preliminarily analyze and discuss the relief and landform, blue ice and meteorite distribution characteristics in the Grove Mountains.

Survey on autonomous task scheduling technology for Earth observation satellites

How to make use of limited onboard resources for complex and heavy space tasks has attracted much attention.With the continuous improvement on satellite payload capacity and the increasing complexity of observation requirements,the importance of satellite autonomous task scheduling research has gradually increased.This article first gives the problem description and mathematical model for the satellite autonomous task scheduling and then follows the steps of"satellite autonomous task scheduling,centralized autonomous collaborative task scheduling architecture,distributed autonomous collaborative task scheduling architecture,solution algorithm".Finally,facing the complex and changeable environment situation,this article proposes the future direction of satellite autonomous task scheduling.

Satellite breakup behaviors and model under the hypervelocity impact and explosion:A review

The primary causes of satellite breakups are hypervelocity impact and explosion,the research on satellite breakup can be used not only to evaluate the influence of breakup event on the space environment,but also to trace whether the satellite has been deliberately attacked.It is of great significance in both civil and military aspects.The study of satellite breakup behaviors and model is reviewed to summarize the research progress and insufficiency in recent decades,including the satellite breakup experiment,measurement and characterization of fragments,distribution characteristics of breakup fragments,satellite breakup model,etc.The classical studies are introduced in detail,and the limitations of the current research are pointed out.According to the current research results,the contemporary challenges and future directions for satellite breakup study are presented.The research on satellite breakup is developing in two directions:the miniaturization of satellite size and the complexity of satellite component.The study on satellite breakup needs to be explored and deepened on improving the experimental launch speed,expanding the model application range and breakup revealing the results under combined effect of impact and explosion.

Design and Application of Power Supply and Distribution System of Chang'e 4 Relay Satellite

A 28 V-half-regulated power bus topology and an integrated PCDU (Power Conditioning and Distribution Unit) were adopted to meet the energy demand for the Chang'e 4 relay satellite.This paper first introduces the mission features and composition of the PSDS (Power Supply and Distribution System) for the Chang'e 4 relay satellite.Due to this satellite's unusual orbit,operational mode and project restrictions,special analysis and design was conducted on the PSDS from the perspective of weight-reduction,power management,and reliability and so on.Extreme low temperature storage of SA (Solar Array) was considered and how the antenna affects the SA was analyzed.A new kind of high-specific-energy 45 Ah (Ampere-hour) battery cell was used for the first time.To make sure that the satellite would successfully pass the long shadow zones,a 100% DOD (Depth of Discharge) experiment was carried out on the battery.Since the sunlight is almost always available and there are very few times for the battery to charge or discharge,battery care to extend its lifetime is also discussed.PCDU is a device that integrates power conditioning and power distribution in one unit.The PCDU on Chang'e 4 relay satellite can output more power with less weight because of the adoption of a 28 V-half-regulated power bus topology which was also used for the first time and used lighter material for its mechanical framework.Experiment under low temperature on PCDU was conducted as well and a hot backup equalizing charge technique which is beneficial to keep performance of the battery is illustrated.The power distribution module,which is a module of PCDU,enhances the power utilization security by utilizing a static impedance measurement and build-in-test to avoid possible short circuits.As for EED (Electrical Explosive Device) module,a protection plug was specially designed and three switches with different functions were connected in series to prevent the EED from exploding by error.In addition,the allowable minimum EED bus voltage for each EED was evaluated in case of low battery voltage caused by the possible postponement of the launching time.Complete verification experiments on the ground were conducted to confirm the correctness of the design and on-orbit test data conformed to the expected results and theoretical calculation.The power supply and distribution system has been working normally since the day the Chang'e 4 relay satellite was launched into space.

An Integrated Image Task Planning in Satellite Networks:From Instruction Release and Observation Perspective

The unreasonable observation arrangements in the satellite operation control center(SOCC)may result in the observation data cannot be downloaded as scheduled.Meanwhile,if the operation instructions released by the satellite telemetry tracking center(STTC)for the on-board payloads are not injected on the specific satellites in time,the corresponding satellites cannot perform the observation operations as planned.Therefore,there is an urgent need to design an integrated instruction release,and observation task planning(I-IRO-TP)scheme by efficiently collaborating the SOCC and STTC.Motivated by this fact,we design an interaction mechanism between the SOCC and the STTC,where we first formulate the I-IRO-TP problem as a constraint satisfaction problem aiming at maximizing the number of completed tasks.Furthermore,we propose an interactive imaging task planning algorithm based on the analysis of resource distribution in the STTC during the previous planning periods to preferentially select the observation arcs that not only satisfy the requirements in the observation resource allocation phase but also facilitate the arrangement of measurement and control instruction release.We conduct extensive simulations to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in terms of the number of completed tasks.

基于卫星图像的城区屋面分布式光伏潜力评估

结合市辖区层面光伏发展情况以及城市中不同用地的特点,利用卫星图片识别长沙市各地区适合装设分布式光伏的建筑区域。基于太阳高度角和方位角,通过山体阴影分析屋顶上的建筑阴影,计算地区屋面光伏可承载容量。对市场侧、制造商及电网部门的分布式光伏规划进行研究。通过识别结果可为光伏建设方及电网提供明确地域列表及可用面积,以及可实现基于实际建设项目的可新增光分布式光伏装机容量的预测,以期为分布式光伏电站用地不足问题提供新的解决思路。

长白山区4种针叶林有效叶面积指数遥感精细反演及空间分布规律

[目的]研究快速、准确、宏观获取不同森林类型有效叶面积指数(LAI_(e))的方法,探讨其空间分布规律,为中小尺度森林LAI_(e)遥感产品的开发提供新思路,为林业精细化监测和森林生态系统碳水循环模拟提供科学可靠的技术手段。[方法]以长白山为研究区,基于Sentinel-2A多光谱影像,运用三维卷积神经网络提取研究区4种针叶林型(长白落叶松、樟子松、红松和红皮云杉)的空间分布;采用区分林型和全样本2种方案,分析样地实测LAI_(e)与7种植被指数(增强植被指数、反红边叶绿素指数、改进简单植被指数、归一化水体指数、归一化植被指数、土壤调节植被指数、简单植被指数)的相关关系;利用各林型对应的最优植被指数,构建区分林型和全样本LAI_(e)与植被指数的回归模型,并基于验证样本数据对比区分林型模型、全样本模型和PROSAIL模型在LAI_(e)反演中的精度表现;结合地理因子分析4种针叶林型LAI_(e)空间格局及变化规律。[结果]所有样本组中7种植被指数与相对的LAI_(e)均存在极显著相关关系(P<0.01),除增强植被指数(EVI)与红松LAI_(e)、简单植被指数(SR)与红皮云杉LAI_(e)外,相关系数均大于0.6,但组间LAI_(e)与不同植被指数相关性具有较大差异;红松、长白落叶松和樟子松LAI_(e)与反红边叶绿素指数(IRECI)相关性最高,红皮云杉、红松LAI_(e)分别与EVI、改进简单植被指数(MSR)相关性最高;4种不同林型模型比全样本模型的R2提高12.7%以上,RMSE降低34.5%;研究区内4种林型LAI_(e)范围在0.37~5.86之间,平均LAI_(e)由高至低依次为红松、长白落叶松、樟子松、红皮云杉。红松对海拔、坡度、坡向的变化最为敏感,红皮云杉、樟子松次之,长白落叶松最小。[结论]不同林型LAI_(e)与遥感植被指数的相关程度存在明显差异,区分林型构建回归模型能够提高LAI_(e)反演精度;区分林型后拟合的线性模型精度整体较PROSAIL模型和全样本模型更高,但LAI_(e)高值区域没有PROSAIL模型表现稳定;4种针叶林型LAI_(e)对地理因子变化的反应差异较大。本研究可为精细区分森林类型的中小尺度针叶林LAI_(e)遥感反演研究提供参考。

基于RUSLE模型的京津冀地区土壤侵蚀时空变化分析

【目的】土壤侵蚀是一种日益严重的生态问题,已经成为全球性的环境挑战,对人类的生存和可持续发展产生了极大的威胁。因此基于多源遥感数据,【方法】通过RUSLE模型和地理探测器模型研究了1990—2020年京津冀地区土壤侵蚀在时空尺度上的动态变化,并对其驱动因素进行了分析。【结果】结果显示:(1) 1990—2020年京津冀地区的土壤侵蚀总体呈现东南低西北高的分布特征,且以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,其百分比达到73.79%。(2)京津冀大部分地区土壤侵蚀等级主要由高向微强度侵蚀转移,且转移比例都在50%以上,整体有所好转,但存在局部加剧。(3)各个影响因子对土壤侵蚀的解释力依次为:坡度>高程>土地覆盖类型>植被覆盖度>降雨量>人口密度>GDP。【结论】相关结论可为水土流失治理以及防治提供一定的科学参考,同时也可为其他地区的土壤侵蚀治理提供参考。

卫星网络混合负载均衡策略下的多径流量分配算法

为均衡卫星网络流量分配,满足用户QoS需求,提出一种全局和局部结合的混合负载均衡策略下的多径流量分配算法(HLB-MTD)。根据QoS业务需求进行部分路径筛选,基于表的散列算法进行流量的初次分配;在初次分配的基础上针对突发拥塞进行局部调整,建立重映射目标函数,通过改进交叉和变异概率的遗传算法求出最优解;求得局部优化的,流到路径的映射策略。仿真结果表明,该算法可有效缓解卫星网络拥塞,实现流量均衡分配,在丢包率、平均排队时延、等指标上有更好的提升。

卫星系统作战效能评估辅助DSS研究

卫星系统作战效能评估是开发、使用和优化卫星系统的基础。从系统的角度探讨了卫星系统效能评估的方法论,建立并讨论了包括效能度量维、系统建模维和效能评估方法维的系统效能评估三维结构。在此基础上,提出了卫星系统作战效能评估辅助DSS的概念和结构,构建了卫星系统作战效能评估辅助DSS的模型体系,为科学、有效地进行卫星系统作战效能评估提出了新的途径,最后指出了深化效能评估的几个关键问题。

基于Open DSS的配电网低电压问题治理优化策略研究

电压质量低和系统网损较大是困扰偏远地区配电系统的两个主要问题,也是近几年配电网研究的重点。基于美国电科院(EPRI)开发的Open Distribution System Simulator(Open DSS)平台,进行了三相不平衡配电系统的潮流计算,分析了三相平衡负荷与不平衡负荷对电压和有功网损的影响。以Matlab为平台,设计了Open DSS的COM接口,使得在Matlab程序中能够反复调取Open DSS对配电网进行三相潮流计算,由此建立了配电网无功优化和低电压治理决策模型,将电压分段罚函数引入扩展的无功优化目标函数中,并将高斯罚函数用于处理无功优化变量,使得最终得到的解尽可能地逼近离散值。基于粒子群优化算法(PSO)实现了无功优化问题的求解。实际仿真算例验证了所建立的无功优化模型和算法的有效性与可行性。

一种基于移动Agent的分布式DSS模型

剖析了目前分布式决策的需求,结合面向服务的思想,应用移动Agent技术,提出了一种网格平台上的分布式决策支持系统(DSS)模型和设计思路,说明了该模型的层次结构和运行机制.这种新的模型通过引入移动Agent技术,将复杂的决策任务求解分布到网格的各节点上,实现决策问题的并行异步处理,提高了系统效率,减轻了网格负载和系统对网络带宽的依赖,并应用WebService技术利用丰富的网格决策资源,最大限度地扩展模型库,知识库和数据库,提高DSS的问题求解能力.

基于自适应强跟踪Kalman滤波的GNSS跟踪环路设计

为提高GNSS接收机跟踪环路在复杂环境下的跟踪性能,提出一种基于自适应强跟踪Kalman滤波(ASTKF)的跟踪环路,在传统跟踪环路的基础上,以鉴相器输出为观测量进行自适应强跟踪Kalman滤波,滤波结果用于计算导航滤波器的观测量,同时将伪码频率和载波多普勒频率反馈到码NCO和载波NCO,在ASTKF中使用基于卡方分布的渐消因子计算方法,提升跟踪环路鲁棒性。半物理仿真实验表明,相比于基于Kalman滤波的跟踪环路和基于强跟踪Kalman滤波(STKF)的跟踪环路,所提出方法在水平方向上的位置误差和速度误差减小20%以上,有效提高了卫星导航接收机的定位性能。