Gulong shale oil enrichment mechanism and orderly distribution of conventional–unconventional oils in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation,Songliao Basin,NE China

Through the study of organic matter enrichment,hydrocarbon generation and accumulation process of black shale of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin,the enrichment mechanism of Gulong shale oil and the distribution of conventional–unconventional oil are revealed.The Songliao Basin is a huge interior lake basin formed in the Early Cretaceous under the control of the subduction and retreat of the western Pacific plate and the massive horizontal displacement of the Tanlu Fault Zone in Northeast China.During the deposition of the Qingshankou Formation,strong terrestrial hydrological cycle led to the lake level rise of the ancient Songliao Basin and the input of a large amount of nutrients,resulting in planktonic bacteria and algae flourish.Intermittent seawater intrusion events promoted the formation of salinization stratification and anoxic environment in the lake,which were beneficial to the enrichment of organic matters.Biomarkers analysis confirms that the biogenic organic matter of planktonic bacteria and algae modified by microorganisms plays an important role in the formation of high-quality source rocks with high oil generation capability.There are four favorable conditions for the enrichment of light shale oil in the Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin:the moderate organic matter abundance and high oil potential provide sufficient material basis for oil enrichment;high degree of thermal evolution makes shale oil have high GOR and good mobility;low hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency leads to a high content of retained hydrocarbons in the source rock;and the confinement effect of intra-layer cement in the high maturity stage induces the efficient accumulation of light shale oil.The restoration of hydrocarbon accumulation process suggests that liquid hydrocarbons generated in the early(low–medium maturity)stage of the Qingshankou Formation source rocks accumulated in placanticline and slope after long-distance secondary migration,forming high-quality conventional and tight oil reservoirs.Light oil generated in the late(medium–high maturity)stage accumulated in situ,forming about 15 billion tons of Gulong shale oil resources,which finally enabled the orderly distribution of conventional–unconventional oils that are contiguous horizontally and superposed vertically within the basin,showing a complete pattern of“whole petroleum system”with conventional oil,tight oil and shale oil in sequence.

SPECTRUM DISTRIBUTION OF THE SEDOND ORDER GENERALIZED DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER SYSTEMS

Spectrum distribution of the second order generalized distributed parameter system was discussed via the functional analysis and operator theory in Hilbert space. The solutions of the problem and the constructive expression of the solutions are given by the generalized inverse one of bounded linear operator. This is theoretically important for studying the stabilization and asymptotic stability of the second order generalized distributed parameter system.

Ordered Sn distribution adjacent to the precipitate-matrix interface in a Mg-9.8wt.%Sn alloy

The major interface betweenβ-Mg_(3)Sn precipitate plate and theα-Mg matrix in a Mg-9.8wt.%alloy has been investigated using aberrationcorrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations.It is found that Sn atoms orderly distribute in the single layer of theα-Mg matrix immediately adjacent to the broad surface ofβat the early stage of ageing.These Sn atoms substitute Mg atoms located at the centers of equilateral triangles constituted by three Mg columns in the outmost layer ofβ.First-principles calculations suggest that the ordered Sn distribution is energetically favored and it not only decreases the interfacial energy of theβ-matrix interface but also hinders the occurrence of 1/3<01■0>αshear that thickens theβplate.

Numerical analysis for viscoelastic fluid flow with distributed/variable order time fractional Maxwell constitutive models

Fractional calculus has been widely used to study the flow of viscoelastic fluids recently,and fractional differential equations have attracted a lot of attention.However,the research has shown that the fractional equation with constant order operators has certain limitations in characterizing some physical phenomena.In this paper,the viscoelastic fluid flow of generalized Maxwell fluids in an infinite straight pipe driven by a periodic pressure gradient is investigated systematically.Consider the complexity of the material structure and multi-scale effects in the viscoelastic fluid flow.The modified time fractional Maxwell models and the corresponding governing equations with distributed/variable order time fractional derivatives are proposed.Based on the L1-approximation formula of Caputo fractional derivatives,the implicit finite difference schemes for the distributed/variable order time fractional governing equations are presented,and the numerical solutions are derived.In order to test the correctness and availability of numerical schemes,two numerical examples are established to give the exact solutions.The comparisons between the numerical solutions and the exact solutions have been made,and their high consistency indicates that the present numerical methods are effective.Then,this paper analyzes the velocity distributions of the distributed/variable order fractional Maxwell governing equations under specific conditions,and discusses the effects of the weight coefficient(α)in distributed order time fractional derivatives,the orderα(r,t)in variable fractional order derivatives,the relaxation timeλ,and the frequencyωof the periodic pressure gradient on the fluid flow velocity.Finally,the flow rates of the distributed/variable order fractional Maxwell governing equations are also studied.

Whole petroleum system and hydrocarbon accumulation model in shallow and medium strata in northern Songliao Basin,NE China

Based on the oil and gas exploration practice in the Songliao Basin,combined with the latest exploration and development data such as seismic,well logging and geochemistry,the basic geological conditions,oil and gas types and distribution characteristics,reservoir-forming dynamics,source-reservoir relationship and hydrocarbon accumulation model of the whole petroleum system in shallow and medium strata in the northern part of Songliao Basin are systematically studied.The shallow-medium strata in northern Songliao Basin have the conditions for the formation of whole petroleum system,with sufficient oil and gas sources,diverse reservoir types and well-developed transport system,forming a whole petroleum system centered on the source rocks of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation.Different types of oil and gas resources in the whole petroleum system are correlated with each other in terms of depositional system,lithologic association and physical property changes,and they,to a certain extent,have created the spatial framework with orderly symbiosis of shallow-medium conventional oil reservoirs,tight oil reservoirs and shale oil reservoirs in northern Songliao Basin.Vertically,the resources are endowed as conventional oil above source,shale oil/tight oil within source,and tight oil below source.Horizontally,conventional oil,tight oil,interlayer-type shale oil,and pure shale-type shale oil are developed in an orderly way,from the margin of the basin to the center of the depression.Three hydrocarbon accumulation models are recognized for the whole petroleum system in northern Songliao Basin,namely,buoyancy-driven charging of conventional oil above source,retention of shale oil within source,and pressure differential-driven charging of tight oil below source.

分布鲁棒二阶随机占优约束优化问题的稳定性

为规避真实分布的不确定性导致的风险,提出分布鲁棒二阶随机占优约束优化问题,矩信息和Wasserstein球相结合构造分布集合,采用离散近似方法处理该问题,并在适当的假设条件下,讨论近似问题可行集、最优值和最优解集的收敛性。

考虑风电高阶不确定性的分布式鲁棒优化调度模型

传统计及风电不确定性优化调度方法忽略了风电概率分布规律的高阶不确定性特征,在运行成本、风电消纳水平方面存在进一步优化的空间,为此,建立一种考虑风电高阶不确定性的分布式鲁棒优化调度模型。首先,引入云模型理论,建立能够同时描述风电功率及其概率分布不确定性的风电高阶不确定性模型;在此基础上,结合分布式鲁棒优化理论,以系统综合运行成本最低为优化目标,建立考虑风电高阶不确定性的分布式鲁棒优化调度模型;引入多维序列运算理论,离散化处理风电高阶不确定性云模型,将分布式鲁棒优化模型转换为两阶段非线性优化模型,简化求解。最后,以某地区电网为例,验证了所提模型在提升含风电接入系统优化调度效果方面的有效性。

带矩约束的二阶段分布式鲁棒优化

针对带有矩约束的两阶段分布式鲁棒优化问题,当随机变量的支撑集是多面体时,利用线性规划对偶、无穷维规划对偶、二次规划的Wolfe对偶等理论研究两阶段分布式鲁棒优化问题的等价可求解模型.在分布式鲁棒优化的决策变量服从线性决策和第二阶段中的右端项为随机变量两种不同的情形下,给出对应的两阶段分布式鲁棒优化均能等价转化为可用已有算法求解的二阶锥优化问题.

考虑源荷双侧不确定的孤岛型微网能量管理优化模型

鉴于源侧风电出力和负荷侧预测误差的双重不确定性对微电网规划运行的影响愈发显著,采取分布式鲁棒优化联合机会约束方法对孤岛型微电网进行能量管理优化,降低系统运行成本,通过历史数据将风电出力和负荷侧预测误差转化为盒式模糊集,将机会约束转化为易求解的形式,建立了混合整数二阶锥规划模型。通过孤岛运行的微网算例分析及与其他优化方法的对比求解,验证了所提模型和求解策略的有效性。

REGULARITY OF SOLUTIONS TO NONLINEAR TIME FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

We find an upper viscosity solution and give a proof of the existence-uniqueness in the space C^∞（t∈（0,∞）;H2^s＋2（R^n））∩C^0（t∈[0,∞）;H^s（R^n））,s∈R,to the nonlinear time fractional equation of distributed order with spatial Laplace operator subject to the Cauchy conditions ∫0^2p（β）D＊^βu（x,t）dβ=△xu（x,t）＋f（t,u（t,x））,t≥0,x∈R^n,u（0,x）=φ（x）,ut（0,x）=ψ（x）,（0.1） where △xis the spatial Laplace operator,D＊^β is the operator of fractional differentiation in the Caputo sense and the force term F satisfies the Assumption 1 on the regularity and growth. For the weight function we take a positive-linear combination of delta distributions concentrated at points of interval （0, 2）, i.e., p（β） =m∑k=1bkδ（β-βk）,0〈βk〈2,bk〉0,k=1,2,…,m.The regularity of the solution is established in the framework of the space C^∞（t∈（0,∞）;C^∞（R^n））∩C^0（t∈[0,∞）;C^∞（R^n））when the initial data belong to the Sobolev space H2^8（R^n）,s∈R.

考虑风电高阶不确定性的电气综合系统分布鲁棒协同优化调度

电力系统中大规模风电功率的接入和燃气机组装机的不断扩展使得电力网络和天然气网络联系日益密切,电力-天然气双网耦合系统的协同运行为风电消纳提供了新的途径。针对历史样本数据不准确性及其概率分布建模不完备性导致风电功率呈现出的高阶不确定性问题,提出考虑风电概率分布不确定性的电-气综合能源系统分布鲁棒协调优化调度模型。首先,基于风电出力概率密度函数置信带构造不确定量的模糊集,在此基础上,结合双重因子仿射可调策略建立电力系统两阶段分布鲁棒经济调度主问题,并将上述具min-max形式的含有不确定量的优化问题转化为混合整数线性规划问题;其次,建立考虑燃气机组备用配置有效性的天然气系统运行可行性检验子问题;再次,提出主、子问题迭代求解的协同框架,通过耦合元件决策变量及不可行约束集进行信息交互博弈,实现电力、天然气系统的协调优化调度。最后,通过3个不同规模测试系统的算例验证所提模型和方法的有效性。

Feedback Stabilization for a Class of Second Order Singular Distributed Parameter System in Hilbert Space

Feedback stabilization for a class of second order singular distributed parameter system with multi- inputs is discussed via functional analysis and operator theory in Hilbert space, the solutions of the problem and the constructive expressions of the solutions are given by the generalized inverse of bounded linear operator. This research is theoretically important for studying the stability of the singular distributed parameter system.

Memory dependent anomalous diffusion in comb structure under distributed order time fractional dual-phase-lag model

This paper considers a novel distributed order time fractional dual-phase-lag model to analyze the anomalous diffusion in a comb structure,which has a widespread application in medicine and biology.The newly proposed constitution model is a generalization of the dual-phase-lag model,in which a spectrum of the time fractional derivatives with the memory characteristic governed by the weight coefficient is considered and the formulated governing equation contains both the diffusion and wave characteristics.With the L1-formula to discrete the time Caputo fractional derivatives,the finite difference method is used to discretize the model and the related numerical results are plotted graphically.By adding a source term,an exact solution is defined to verify the correctness of the numerical scheme and the convergence order of the error in spatial direction is presented.Finally,the dynamic characteristics of the particle distributions and the effects of involved parameters on the total number of particles in the x-direction are analyzed in detail.

Mechanical response and simulation for constitutive equations with distributed order derivatives

Mechanical response and simulation for constitutive equation with distributed order derivatives were considered.We investigated the creep compliance,creep recovery,relaxation modulus,stress–strain behavior under harmonic deformation for each case of two constitutive equations.We express these responses and results as easily computable forms and simulate them by using MATHEMATICA 8.The results involve the exponential integral function,convergent improper integrals on the infinite interval(0,+∞)and the numerical integral method for the convolution integral.For both equations,stress responses to harmonic deformation display hysteresis phenomena and energy dissipation.The two constitutive equations characterize viscoelastic models of fluid-like and solid-like,respectively.

Distributed order estimation for continuous-time stochastic systems

In this paper,we investigate the distributed estimation problem of continuous-time stochastic dynamic systems over sensor networks when both the system order and parameters are unknown.We propose a local information criterion(LIC)based on the L_(0)penalty term.By minimizing LIC at the diffusion time instant and utilizing the continuous-time diffusion least squares algorithm,we obtain a distributed estimation algorithm to simultaneously estimate the unknown order and the parameters of the system.By dealing with the effect of the system noises and the coupling relationship between estimation of system orders and parameters,we establish the almost sure convergence results of the proposed distributed estimation algorithm.Furthermore,we give a simulation example to verify the effectiveness of the distributed algorithm in estimating the system order and parameters.

DBSTC:an effective method for discovering cluster features with different spatiotemporal densities

Spatiotemporal clustering is one of the most advanced research topics in geospatial data mining.It has been challenging to discover cluster features with different spatiotemporal densities in geographic information data set.This paper presents an effective density-based spatiotemporal clustering algorithm(DBSTC).First,we propose a method to measure the degree of similarity of a core point to the geometric center of its spatiotemporal reachable neighborhood,which can effectively solve the isolated noise point misclassification problem that exists in the shared nearest neighbor methods.Second,we propose an ordered reachable time window distribution algorithm to calculate the reachable time window for each spatiotemporal point in the data set to solve the problem of different clusters with different temporal densities.The effectiveness and advantages of the DBSTC algorithm are demonstrated in several simulated data sets.In addition,practical applications to seismic data sets demonstrate the capability of the DBSTC algorithm to uncover clusters of foreshocks and aftershocks and help to improve the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of dynamic spatiotemporal processes in digital earth.