Simulation and test on the operation process of an intermittent filmpicking component on full-film mulched double ditches

In view of the problems in operation process of fixed rake-type residual recycling component,such as poor individual profiling effect in film picking,easy clogging of the compound of films,soil and corn stubbles,high power consumption in film picking,and strong disturbance to seedbed soil,in this study,an operation model of intermittent filmpicking on full-film mulched double ditches was proposed and an intermittent film picking component was designed.The DEMMBD coupled algorithm was adopted for numerical simulation on the operation process of the intermittent film-picking component on full-film mulched double ditches,and a comparative analysis was carried out on the seedbed disturbance effect and resistance variation characteristics in film-picking by fixed and intermittent film-picking components.By taking the forward speed in film-picking,cam arrangement angle of the film-picking component and rotating speed of the cam shaft as independent variables,film-picking rate as the response value,a mathematical model between test factors and the film-picking rate was established,to explore the influence order of the factors on film-picking rate,and the optimal working parameters of the intermittent film-picking component were obtained as follows:the forward speed in film-picking was 2 km/h,cam arrangement angle was 180°,rotating speed of the cam shaft was 120 r/min.Under the optimal parameter combination,the average film-picking rate of the simulation test was 96.1%.Field test showed that,the average film-picking rate of the intermittent film-picking component was 95.6%,and 0.5%higher than that of the simulation test.The working condition of the sample machine was basically consistent with the simulation process,and can accurately represent the operation mechanism of intermittent film-picking on full-film mulched double ditches,showing that the established discrete element simulation model and its parameters were accurate and reasonable.

Root distribution and influencing factors of dry-sowing and wet-growing cotton plants under different water conditions

To study the effect of soil water and salt environment factors on the root growth of cotton under different moisture control,three different emergence water volumes(60,105,and 150 m^(3)/hm^(2)),two different frequencies(high frequency and low frequency)and one double film cover winter irrigation control treatment(CK:2250 m^(3)/hm^(2))were set up to analyze the spatial distribution patterns of soil water and salt environment and root density in dry sown and wet emerged cotton fields under diffe-rent moisture control conditions.The results show that the soil water content and water infiltration range gradually become larger with the increase of seedling water quantity,and the larger the seedling water quantity,the higher the soil water content.With the same seedling water quantity,the soil water content of the high-frequency(HF)treatment becomes obviously larger.The soil conductivity of each treatment tends to decrease gradually with the increase of seedling water and drip frequency,among which the distribution of soil conductivity of S6 treatment is closest to that of CK.With the increase in soil depth,the soil conductivity tends to increase first and then decrease.Compared with the low-frequency(LF)treatment,the high-frequency treatment shows a significantly deeper soil salt accumulation layer.The root length density(RLD)of cotton gradually increases with the amount of seedling water and the frequency of dripping.The soil layer of root distribution gradually deepens with the amount of seedling water in the vertical direction,and the RLD value in the horizontal direction is significantly greater in the mulched area than that in the bare area between films.This research can serve as a solid scientific foundation for the use of dry sowing and wet emergence techniques in cotton fields in southern Xinjiang.

Numerical simulation and analysis of mechanized suppression process of seedbed with whole plastic film mulching on double ridges

In order to achieve the construction standard of high mechanized performance of the seedbed with whole plastic-film mulching on double ridges,in this study,the forms of suppression failure were analyzed,and the key factors influencing the suppression performance were determined based on the structure of the seedbed suppression device and its working principles.The discrete element method was adopted for numerical simulation on the suppression process of the seedbed with whole plastic film mulching on double ridges;the parameters during the interaction between the suppression device and seedbed soil were extracted and analyzed,such as contact area,sinkage and horizontal traction resistance trend of press wheels on big ridges and furrows of small ridge.Taking the suppression load on big ridges,suppression load on furrows of small ridge,and advancing velocity of the combined operation machine as the independent variables,qualified rate of suppression as the response value,a mathematical model between the test factors and qualified rate of suppression was established,to explore the influence sequence of the factors on suppression qualified rate.The optimal working parameters of the suppression device were finally obtained:the suppression load on big ridges was 40 N,suppression load on furrows of small ridge was 69.8 N and the machine advancing velocity was 0.98 m/s,and the achieved mean value of suppression qualified rate was 92.6%.Field verification test showed that the mean value of suppression qualified rate was 90.3%,a mere difference of 2.3%compared with the simulation result.The actual operation of the sample machine was basically consistent with the simulation process and could reveal the mechanized suppression operation mechanism of the seedbed with whole plastic film mulching on double ridges,indicating that the established DEM model and its parameter setting were relatively accurate and reasonable.

Mechanism analysis and performance improvement of mechanized ridge forming of whole plastic film mulched double ridges

In order to achieve high-performance and mechanization construction standard of whole plastic mulched double ridge seedbed,and to meet its forming process and corresponding agronomic requirements of the mechanized double ridge seedbed,the key working parameters such as the speed of rotary blade group,the thickness of upturned sod and the power consumption of rotary blade group under different parameters were analyzed based on related working performance in ridge forming.Also,the test factors and their range of values were finally determined in this study.Discrete element method(DEM)simulation was applied in the numerical simulation of the mechanized ridge forming process of whole plastic mulched double ridges,and the ridge forming effect and digging resistance variation characteristics of different types of shovels were compared.Taking the forward speed of the combined machine,the penetration angle of the arc-shaped shovel and the depth of rotary tillage as independent variables,and the qualified rate of seedbed tillage as the response value,the mathematical model between the test factors and the qualified rate of the seedbed tillage was established,to explore the influence sequence of the factors on the qualified rate of seedbed tillage,and obtained the following optimal working parameters of the ridge forming device:the advancing velocity of the combined machine of 0.50 m/s,penetration angle of the arc-shaped shovel of 31°,rotary tillage depth of 140 mm,and average qualified rate 95.20%of seedbed tillage in corresponding simulation verification test.Field test showed that the average qualified rate of seedbed tillage in ridge forming device was 93.60%,which was close to that of the simulation results.The actual working condition of the sample machine was basically in line with the simulation process and could relatively precisely reflect the mechanized ridge forming mechanism of whole plastic double ridges.The results showed that the established DEM model and its parameter setting were relatively accurate and reasonable.

玉米全膜双垄沟直插式精量穴播机设计与试验

为适应我国西北地区旱地玉米全膜双垄沟播作业需求,解决传统膜上播种机具作业存在挑膜、撕膜、种穴与幼苗错位等问题,设计了一种玉米全膜双垄沟直插式精量穴播机。该机采用凸轮-曲柄滑块机构、运动放大机构实现了成穴器的投种控制与定点强制开启。仿真分析与田间验证试验表明,直插式精量穴播机在覆膜垄沟播种作业时,成穴器位于播种段与出土段的水平分速为零,播种株距可在一定范围内调节,穴孔布置、成穴器运动轨迹均合理,满足玉米全膜双垄沟播作业的农艺技术要求。

玉米全膜双垄沟残膜回收机作业性能优化与试验

为进一步提高玉米全膜双垄沟残膜回收机工作性能,对玉米全膜双垄沟膜-茬分布特性与对应的机械化残膜回收工艺进行了探讨,通过对玉米全膜双垄沟残膜回收机关键部件相关作业机理进行分析,确定了影响样机残膜漏收率、缠膜率作业效果的相关参数。采用四因素三水平Box-Behnken试验设计方法,建立了关键参数与残膜漏收率、缠膜率之间的数学模型,确定了样机较优的运动参数组合(样机前进速度0.46 m/s、偏心挑膜滚筒转速163 r/min、卷膜主动辊转速77 r/min和中间送膜轴转速45 r/min),并对最优作业参数间的关系进行了分析。田间验证试验表明,作业机残膜漏收率均值为6.06%、缠膜率均值为0.73%,试验结果满足国家相关标准规定的要求。研究方法与结果可为西北旱区玉米全膜双垄沟残膜回收装备的研发提供参考。

半干旱地区播前灌溉和地膜覆盖对春小麦产量形成的影响

两年大田试验研究了播前灌溉和地膜覆盖对春小麦产量形成及水分利用的影响。试验设4个处理,对照(CK)、播种前灌水30mm(W),覆膜60d(M)和播种前灌水30mm加覆膜60d(WM)。结果表明,播前灌溉后土壤水分状况得到明显改善,但由于土壤温度显著下降,播前灌水会影响春小麦苗期的干物质积累。地膜覆盖在作物生育前期可以改善土壤水温条件,促进干物质积累,在后期则会导致土壤水分状况恶化,导致收获指数的下降,影响产量的形成和水分利用。在春小麦生产中将播前灌溉与地膜覆盖相结合:一方面可以在作物出苗时及苗期改善土壤水温条件,促进作物生长发育;另一方面在产量形成的关键时期可以通过更好的水分条件去除覆膜的负效,获得产量和水分利用效率的显著提高。

黄土高原地区玉米双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培技术土壤水温条件及其产量效应

田间比较玉米双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培技术新型覆膜方式(SL)与其他覆膜方式———条膜起垄覆盖(TL),条膜平铺覆盖(TP),全膜平铺覆盖(QP)以及不覆膜(CK)在土壤含水量,土壤温度及玉米产量三个方面差别。分析结果显示:新型覆膜方式SL在作物苗期和成株期的表层土壤含水量最高,地表蒸发量较小,集水效果最好;在苗期的表层地温高于其他处理,超出对照6.1℃。各处理玉米产量从高到低次序为SL>QP>TL>TP>CK。其中SL比QP增加21.9%,比TL增加64.8%,比TP增加32.1%,较CK提高了1045%。SL的经济收益是QP的1.2倍,TL的1.7倍,TP的1.3倍,CK的10.2倍。双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培技术是黄土高原半干旱区一项有效的增产和提高农民经济收入的措施。

全膜双垄沟播起垄施肥铺膜机的研制

针对全膜双垄沟播种植的农艺要求,研制了一种起垄施肥铺膜机,可完成起垄、施肥、喷药、铺膜和覆土压膜联合作业。用旋耕方式整地起垄,覆土装置实现地膜纵向两边均匀覆土和地膜横向间隔覆土。采用旋耕前喷药和铺膜前施肥的作业方式,保证药效和肥效最大限度地发挥作用。试验表明,垄面光滑,无明显缺陷且覆土后的地膜无机械破膜现象。膜横向覆土距离的平均值为102 cm,纵向覆土厚度和宽度的平均值为5.1 cm和11.4 cm,大垄的垄宽和垄高的平均值分别为69.3 cm和14.9 cm,小垄的垄宽和垄高的平均值为40.5 cm和15.2 cm,满足全膜双垄沟播种植农艺要求。覆土的厚度、宽度的变异系数分别为4.83%和7.52%,大垄宽度、高度的变异系数为1.22%和2.14%,小垄宽度、高度的变异系数为2.26%和1.58%,符合设计要求。

甘肃省旱地全膜双垄沟播技术研究与应用进展

系统分析了旱地全膜双垄沟播技术体系的研究阶段、技术创新、应用状况、技术评价和发展前景。结果表明,旱地全膜双垄沟播及其配套技术集覆膜抑蒸、垄面集流、雨水富集于一体,极显著地提高了农田降水保蓄率、利用率和作物水分利用效率,使秋季全覆膜和顶凌全覆膜1 m土壤贮水分别较常规播前半膜平铺增加50.2mm和31.7 mm;降水利用率最高达到75.2%,平均达到70.0%;玉米水分利用效率最高达到37.8 kg/(mm.hm2),平均达到33 kg/(mm.hm2)。从而有效解决了黄土高原旱作农业区玉米等大秋作物因春旱无法播种、出苗的瓶颈,大幅度提高了作物产量,使玉米产量平均达到8 374.5 kg/hm2,增产37.1%。

覆膜时期对全膜双垄沟播玉米籽粒灌浆特性的影响

采用田间试验,研究了秋季覆膜、春季顶凌覆膜和播前覆膜对全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤温度、籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响。结果表明：春季顶凌覆膜处理可显著提高全膜双垄沟播玉米15 cm土层温度,较播前覆膜和秋季覆膜处理分别提高4.10℃和7.76℃,差异极显著,秋季覆膜处理可使20 cm和25 cm土层温度较春季顶凌覆膜和播前覆膜处理高4.07℃～5.35℃和3.15℃～5.07℃,差异极显著;秋季覆膜处理籽粒灌浆速率较春季顶凌覆膜和播前覆膜处理高45.93%和36.28%,均达极显著水平,籽粒产量分别高18.17%和7.98%,均达极显著水平,百粒重较春季顶凌覆膜处理高15.28%,达显著水平。相关性分析表明,秋季覆膜处理下玉米灌浆期20 cm和25cm土层温度与最大灌浆速率呈极显著正相关关系,与籽粒产量呈正相关关系。研究得出秋季覆膜处理可显著提高全膜双垄沟播玉米20 cm土层以下土壤温度,缩短籽粒最大灌浆速率出现的时间,加快籽粒的灌浆速率,提高单位面积的籽粒产量,是干旱半干旱地区玉米生产获得高产的最佳覆膜时期。

密度和施氮量互作对全膜双垄沟播玉米产量、氮素和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】本研究旨在探讨旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米产量、氮素和水分利用效率对种植密度和施氮量的响应。【方法】选择甘肃省定西市安定区农业部西北黄土高原地区作物栽培科学观测试验站,作物一年一熟,无灌溉,为典型旱地雨养农业区。2016和2017年,以耐密品种‘先玉335’为试验材料进行了大田试验。设置了3个种植密度(45000、60000、75000株/hm^2)和4个施氮量(N0、138、207、276 kg/hm^2,分别表示为N0、N138、N207、N276)。收获期调查分析了玉米籽粒产量、氮素和水分利用效率。【结果】种植密度和施氮量均显著影响玉米籽粒产量、氮素和水分利用效率,且两者互作效应显著。在中密度(60000株/hm^2)条件下,玉米籽粒产量较低密度(45000株/hm^2)和高密度(75000株/hm^2)分别增加了24.86%～26.91%和25.83%～34.34%,氮素利用效率分别提高了41.07%和41.63%,水分利用效率分别提高了9.87%～18.09%和17.81%～32.89%,且差异性均达到了显著水平。施氮量在138～276 kg/hm^2范围内的玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率均显著高于无氮处理,各施氮处理表现为N276> N207> N138> N0,且N276、N207与N138、N0处理间差异显著。随着施氮量的增加,氮肥偏生产力呈下降趋势,氮肥利用率呈先升高后降低趋势,以施氮量为207 kg/hm^2时玉米氮肥吸收利用率最大,较N276和N138处理分别提高了4.23%和27.37%。玉米产量提高引起了氮肥吸收利用率和水分利用效率的协同提高。【结论】综合考虑产量、氮素利用率和水分利用效率等因素,在本试验条件下,旱地全膜双垄沟播玉米栽培以种植密度为60000株/hm^2,施氮量为207 kg/hm^2较为适宜。

双垄耕作施肥喷药覆膜机工作参数优化

为进一步改进双垄耕作施肥喷药覆膜机工作性能,以作业机前进速度、土壤升运器速度、覆土侧流槽角和覆土直流槽角为自变量,采光面地膜机械破损率为响应值,依照Box-Behnken试验设计原理,采用四因素三水平响应面分析方法,建立了各因素与采光面地膜机械破损率之间的数学模型,并对各因素及其交互作用进行分析。试验结果表明:4个因素对采光面地膜机械破损率影响的主次顺序为:土壤升运器速度、作业机前进速度、覆土侧流槽角和覆土直流槽角;作业机最佳工作参数为:土壤升运器速度0.67 m/s、作业机前进速度0.70 m/s、覆土侧流槽角75°和覆土直流槽角48°。验证试验表明,采光面地膜机械破损率均值为0.216%,较优化前有显著下降。

追氮和垄膜沟播种植对晋南旱地冬小麦氮素利用的影响

在自然降水条件下,通过2年大田试验研究了追氮、垄膜沟播种植对晋南旱地冬小麦生育期地上部氮素吸收累积,0—2 m土层氮素残留、损失及氮肥利用率和氮素平衡的影响。结果表明:追氮和垄膜沟播种植均可显著提高旱地冬小麦地上部氮素累积量和氮肥利用率,苗期和返青至抽穗期是冬小麦氮素吸收累积的两个高峰期,分别占到最大累积量的20%～46%和29%～57%。追施氮的利用率高于基施氮的利用率;随施氮量增加,土壤残留无机氮(Nmin)增加,主要集中在0—60 cm土层,20—40 cm土层为硝态氮积累的峰值区,垄膜沟播种植可以减少土壤残留无机氮(Nmin),但增加了氮的表观损失量;冬小麦生长季土壤氮输出以表观损失为主,氮肥表观损失率在40.87%～76.29%之间,且主要发生在播前至返青期。本试验条件下,综合氮素吸收累积、土壤残留、氮肥利用率及氮素平衡等因素,旱地冬小麦应采取氮肥后移顶凌追施和垄膜沟播相配套的种植方式。

半干旱地区地膜覆盖、底墒和氮肥对春小麦根系生长的集成效应

在年降水量 4 1 5 m m的黄土高原中部黄绵土上 ,以春小麦 (Triticum aestivum)为供试作物进行大田试验 ,研究地膜覆盖 (设不覆膜、播种后覆膜 30 d、覆膜 6 0 d和全程覆膜 )、底墒 (设低、高 2种底墒 )和施氮 (设不施氮和施氮 75 kg/hm2 )对春小麦根系生长的影响。结果表明 ,覆膜后作物根系生长加快 ,中下层根系比例增加 ,有利于吸收土壤深层水分。相对发达的根系保证了作物吸收器官 (根 )和失水器官 (叶 )间的平衡 ,协调根冠间的干物质分配关系 ,能在不影响根系吸收能力的前提下 ,提高光合产物的繁殖分配比例。适时揭膜能够改善光合产物分配 ,促进根系生长下扎 ,维持生长后期活性。全程覆膜处理的表层和中层 (30～ 6 0 cm)土壤中 ,根系生物量显著低于其他处理 ,原因在于后期覆膜使土壤温度急剧升高 ,造成根系大量死亡和活性下降。因此及时揭膜 ,有利于作物生长后期的根冠比保持在较高水平 。

地膜覆盖和底墒灌溉对春小麦产量形成的影响

大田试验研究了地膜覆盖和底墒灌溉对春小麦产量形成的影响.地膜覆盖利于作物前期生长和水分利用,但不利于后期干物质积累和产量的形成.底墒灌溉对春小麦干物质积累和水分利用均有不利影响.对照 CK 、覆膜 M 、底墒灌溉 W 和覆膜+底墒灌溉 MW 4个处理产量分别为2554.0、2750.1、2424.3、3123.1kg·hm-2,补灌底墒与地膜覆盖具有协同促进作用.

半干旱黄土高原地区地膜覆盖和底墒对春小麦生长及产量的影响

在年均降水量为 4 1 5 m m的半干旱地区黄绵土旱地上 ,以春小麦为供试作物进行大田实验 ,研究不同底墒 包括低底墒、中底墒和高底墒 下 ,地膜覆盖 包括不覆膜、播种后覆膜 30 d、覆膜 6 0 d和覆膜 1 2 0 d即全程覆膜 进程对作物生产的影响 .结果表明 ,增加底墒和合理的覆膜进程均会显著增加作物的生长和产量 ,但底墒不同 ,其最佳覆膜进程不同 :在低底墒时 ,覆膜处理反而使产量低于不覆膜处理 ;在中底墒时 ,覆膜 30 d产量最高 ,随着覆膜时间延长 ,产量呈下降趋势 ,甚至全程覆膜产量低于不覆膜处理 ;高底墒以覆膜 6 0 d产量最高 .综合作物生长和产量 ,全程覆膜并没有多少实际意义 .在同种覆膜处理下 ,随着底墒的增加 ,根生物量、地上干物质、叶面积及产量也增加显著 ,高底墒覆膜 6 0

旱地玉米全膜覆盖双垄沟精量播种机工作参数优化

旱地玉米全膜覆盖双垄沟精量播种机采用凸轮与曲柄组合机构控制成穴器,能够实现播种时成穴器水平绝对速度为零,可改善播种作业过程中成穴器撕膜、挑膜及穴孔错位。以播种机前进速度、曲柄机构转速、凸轮机构转速和切膜刀角为自变量,穴孔错位率为响应值,依照Box-Behnken试验设计原理,采用四因素三水平响应面分析方法,建立了各因素与穴孔错位率之间的数学模型,并对各因素及其交互作用进行分析。试验结果表明:4个因素对穴孔错位率影响的主次顺序依次为凸轮机构转速、曲柄机构转速、播种机前进速度和切膜刀角;最佳工作参数为:播种机前进速度0.50 m/s、曲柄机构转速50.2 r/min、凸轮机构转速46.4 r/min和切膜刀角23.6°,此条件下穴孔错位率为1.221%。验证试验表明该组合下试验相对误差较小。

不同覆盖种植方式与平衡施肥对旱地春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了不同覆盖种植方式与平衡施肥对旱地春玉米产量及其水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,三种覆盖种植方式中,全膜双垄沟播种植方式有利于玉米碳水化合物的合成,增加玉米干物质积累量,N、P、K平衡施肥干物质积累量增加效果明显;与全膜双垄沟播相比,半膜覆盖和裸地种植玉米籽粒产量分别减产8.5%-17.6%和61.1%-95.3%,水分利用效率分别降低3.5%-15.1%和52.8%-60.2%;N、P2O5和K2O的用量分别为225、120、60 kg·hm-2时,F1N1处理玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率最高。研究表明,在玉米全膜双垄沟播栽培技术条件下,平衡施肥可显著提高玉米籽粒产量和水分利用效率。

旱地全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜对玉米产量和水分利用率的影响

在推广应用旱地玉米全膜双垄沟播栽培技术基础上,为了进一步减少冬春季土壤水分的无效蒸发,提高土壤含水量,改善玉米经济性,提高玉米产量,采用全膜双垄沟播秋覆膜对旱地玉米产量和降水利用率影响进行研究。结果发现:全膜双垄秋覆膜沟播栽培的玉米产量比全膜双垄沟播栽培播种前覆膜和半膜覆盖栽培分别增产16.13%和46.08%,水分生产率比全膜双垄沟播栽培播种前覆膜和半膜覆盖栽培分别提高34.5%和57.8%。全膜双垄秋覆膜沟播栽培可明显减少冬春季土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加土壤水分含量,增产效果明显,玉米的经济性状明显改善。